Johne’s Disease-Beef, Spring 2010, Vol. 1, no.4

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Spring 2011, Vol. 3, no.3

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Summer 2010, Vol. 1, no.4

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Summer 2011, Vol. 3, no.4

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Winter 2010, Vol. 1, no.3

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Winter 2011, Vol. 3, no.2

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Johne’s Disease-Beef, Winter 2012, Vol. 4, no.2

Animal science newsletter about Johne's Disease in cattle. Statistics, treatments, information about the disease itself and more.

Melhoria da qualidade de jerked beef pela substituição de nitrito de sódio por extratos naturais de própolis e erva mate como agente antioxidante

Jerked beef, an industrial meat product obtained from beef with the addition of sodium chloride and curing salts and subjected to a maturing and drying process is a typical Brazilian product which has been gradually discovered by the consumer. The replacement of synthetic antioxidants by natural substances with antioxidant potential due to possible side effects discovered by lab tests, consumer health, is being implemented by the meat industry. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid oxidation of jerked beef throughout the storage period by replacing the sodium nitrite by natural extracts of propolis and Yerba Mate. For jerked beef processing brisket was used as raw material processed in 6 different formulations: formulation 1 (control - in nature), formulation 2 (sodium nitrite - NO), formulation 3 (Yerba Mate - EM), formulation 4 (propolis extract - PRO), formulation 5 (sodium nitrite + Yerba Mate - MS + NO), formulation 6 (propolis extract + sodium nitrite - PRO + NO). The raw material was subjected to wet salting, dry salting (tombos), drying at 25°C, packaging and storage in BOD 25°C. Samples of each formulation were taken every 7 days for analysis of lipid oxidation by the TBARS method. In all formulations, were carried out analysis of chemical composition at time zero and sixty days of storage. The water activity analysis and color (L *, a *, b *) was monitored at time zero, thirty and sixty days of storage. The Salmonella spp count, Coliform bacteria, Termotolerant coliforms and coagulase positive staphylococci were taken at time zero and sixty days. The activity of natural antioxidants evaluated shows the decline of lipid oxidation up to 2.5 times compared with the product in natura and presented values with no significant differences between treatments NO and EM, confirming the potential in minimize lipid oxidation of Jerked beef throughout the 60 days of storage. The results also showed that yerba mate has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the propolis except the PRO + NO formulation. When associated with yerba mate with sodium nitrate, TBARS values become close to values obtained only for the control samples with the addition of sodium nitrite. The proximal composition of the formulations remained within the standards required in the IN nº22/2000 for jerked beef. Samples that differ significantly at 5% are directly related to the established type of formulation. The count of microorganisms was within the standards of the DRC nº12/2001 required for matured meat products. The intensity of the red (a*) decreased with storage time and increase the intensity of yellow (b*) indicates a darkening of the product despite L* also have been increased. These results suggest that yerba mate is a good alternative to meat industry in reducing healing addition salts when associated with another antioxidant.

Evaluación del sistema de análisis, puntos críticos y control de riesgo en el matadero NICA BEEF PACKERS S.A, del municipio de Condega, departamento de Estelí, en el año 2015

La higiene de los alimentos para el consumo humano es un derecho que tienen todas las personas, pues esto les evita daños a la salud. La incidencia de las enfermedades por transmisión alimentaria ha ido en aumento, y pueden llevar en muchos casos incluso hasta la muerte. Asimismo, hay efectos negativos en el deterioro de los alimentos, significan costos y pérdidas económicas para los países. Estas son razones por las que se deben tener sistemas que aseguren la higiene de los alimentos. Los riesgos alimentarios pueden ser de tipo microbiológico, residuos de plaguicidas, utilización inadecuada de los aditivos alimentarios, contaminantes químicos, incluidas las toxinas biológicas, adulteraciones. Así también se pueden incluir organismos genéticamente modificados, alérgenos, residuos de medicamentos veterinarios y hormonas. Por estas razones, es necesario un control eficaz de la higiene para evitar las enfermedades y por el daño en alimentos a la economía de un país. Cada vez que un consumidor paga por un alimento, bien sea para consumo inmediato o para un proceso de cocción y luego ser ingerido, espera que lo puede consumir sin ningún peligro, ya que confía en que las autoridades sanitarias encargadas en cada uno de los eslabones de la cadena alimenticia (Finca, Planta, Expendio, Comercio, Transporte) han desarrollado actividades que le den la garantía al consumidor de pagar por el producto e ingerirlo sin pensar en que afectará su salud. Hoy en día, se observa, como sigue en aumento los índices de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos (ETA´s), mientras que, los esfuerzos por disminuir e identificar las fallas en el aseguramiento de la inocuidad de los alimentos en todo el proceso son insuficientes. El Gobierno de Nicaragua, ha tomado conciencia y se está preparando para los próximos desafíos que presentará el comercio mundial en cuanto a garantizar productos de alta calidad e inocuidad. Por lo tanto, el MAG para mejorar y asegurar la inocuidad de los productos de origen animal y vegetal se ha basado en la implementación del sistema HACCP cuyo enfoque principal es la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, en conjunto con la implementación de los programas prerrequisitos como son las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA), Buenas Prácticas de manufactura (BPM), Programas de Operación y Sanitización (SOP's).(Picado, 2002).El objetivo del presente estudio de caso fue: Contrastar la aplicación de las normas Sistemas de Análisis de Peligro y Puntos Críticos de Control (HACCP) en el periodo 2014 – 2015, en el MATADERO NICA BEEF PACKERS S.A, que funciona en el municipio de Condega, Departamento de Estelí, Nicaragua. Para alcanzar el objetivo se aplicó una metodología comparativa entre un estudio anterior y las nuevas realidades generadas en la empresa, apoyándonos para tal efecto de técnicas e instrumentos aplicados por la ciencia como son: la entrevista, la observación, el análisis documental, y programas de aplicación Microsoft Word y Excel 2010, las que fueron utilizadas pertinentemente en su momento, permitiendo el procesamiento de datos y su posterior análisis. El punto de partida de este proceso investigativo fue la búsqueda de información relacionada al objeto de estudio, determinándose los tres puntos críticos de control y las variables que influyen en el fenómeno estudiado.. Las variables tomadas en cuenta fueron: Buenas prácticas de manufacturación, Procedimientos operativos estandarizados de Higiene, Análisis de riesgos, identificación y control de puntos críticos (HACCP). En lo concerniente a la primer variable las buenas prácticas de manufactura que realiza el personal de la empresa, se cumplen en un 91 % en ambos estudios, destacándose en forma ascendente las condiciones de edificio con el 94% y el personal con 93%; la segunda variable referida a los Procedimientos Operacionales Estándares (POE), se cumplen en un 88.65 %, ubicándose en un lugar privilegiado la salud de los trabajadores al tener 99% de cumplimiento. En promedio estos prerrequisitos generales se cumplen en un 89.82 %. La tercera variable las acciones correctivas de los PCC del sistema HACCP presentaron un 95.22% de cumplimiento, mostrando así que los equipos de trabajo de la empresa tienen un alto grado de conocimiento y la práctica requerida para las labores que realizan; en esta última sobresale el PCC N°2 que en cuanto a intervención antimicrobiano tuvo el 100% de cumplimiento, y un rango aceptable en la concentración de la solución de ácido orgánico de 1.5 a 2% y pH entre 3 y 4.4 unidades después del rociado,. En el PCC N°3 relacionada a la etapa de enfriamiento, se está cumpliendo con las normas establecidas en el reglamento HACCP, manteniendo temperatura de canales ≤ 8.33333 Grados Celsius, y 24 horas de refrigeración, impidiendo todas estas aplicaciones el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas.

Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 1. Comparison of response surfaces for young steers

Response curves were established for different supplements, offered at intakes ranging from 0 to 20 g/kg liveweight (W).day to young Bos indicus crossbred steers fed low-quality Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum in two pen experiments. Supplements included protein meals of varying rumen-degradability (cottonseed meal (CSM) or fishmeal), as well as ‘energy sources’ comprising grains of high and low ruminal starch degradability (barley and sorghum) and a highly fermentable sugar source (molasses), with all diets adjusted for rumen-degradable nitrogen and mineral content. Unsupplemented steers gained 0.08 and 0.15 kg/day, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Growth of steers increased linearly with intake of ‘energy source’ supplements in increasing order of molasses, sorghum and barley (all differences P < 0.05). Steer growth rate also increased linearly with fishmeal, albeit over a narrow intake range (0–4.1 g/kg W.day), whereas the response with CSM was asymptotic, showing a steep response at low intake before levelling at ~1.2 kg/day. All supplement types were associated with a linear reduction in hay intake by the steers (energy substitution) where the reduction was greater (P < 0.05) for barley and molasses (not different) than for sorghum (P < 0.05), and for fishmeal compared with CSM (P < 0.05). In concurrent metabolism studies with the same rations, organic matter digestibility of the total ration (561–578 g/kg DM, unsupplemented) was increased linearly by barley and molasses (both P < 0.05) but was unaffected by CSM and sorghum supplements. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers increased linearly, from 91 g microbial crude protein/kg digestible organic matter (unsupplemented), in both molasses and CSM-supplemented steers, with the trend for a higher response to molasses (P = 0.05), and appeared most closely related to digestible organic matter intake. The response curves from these studies provide the practical framework upon which to formulate rations for cattle grazing low-quality forages.

Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 2. Effect of stage of maturity of steers

Dose response curves to various supplements were established in two pen-feeding experiments (Exp1 and Exp2) with Bos indicus crossbred steers of two age groups (Young, 10–12 months; Old, 33–36 months) fed low-quality tropical grass hays ad libitum. Diets included supplements based on (Exp1) cottonseed meal (CSM; intake (as fed) 0–10 g/kg liveweight (W).day) and a barley mix (Bar; 0–20 g/kg W.day) and (Exp2) a molasses mix (MUP) and a Bar mix, both fed at 0–20 g/kg W.day. Urea was provided with the Bar mixes and urea/copra meal with the MUP mix. Growth rates of Young steers increased linearly with Bar and MUP supplements but asymptotically with CSM whereas those of Old steers increased asymptotically with all supplement types. With supplement intake expressed on a liveweight basis (g/kg W.day), responses were greater for both steer age groups with CSM compared with Bar (Young, P < 0.001; Old, P < 0.01) and Bar compared with MUP treatments (Young, P < 0.01; Old, P < 0.05). Furthermore, Old steers outperformed their Young counterparts with both CSM (P < 0.05) and Bar (P < 0.001) supplements fed in Exp1 and with Bar and MUP supplements (P < 0.01) fed in Exp2. When supplement intake was expressed in absolute terms (kg/day), growth responses were not different between age groups for different supplements except that Old steers had a higher daily W gain on Bar than their Young counterparts (P < 0.05). Intake of hay (W-corrected) was higher for Young compared with Old steers without supplement but was variably reduced for both steer groups with increasing supplement intake. The results of these experiments have implications for supplement formulation for steers at different stages of maturity grazing low-quality forages.

Climate Clever Beef: options to improve business performance and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in northern Australia

The Rangeland Journal – Climate Clever Beef special issue examines options for the beef industry in northern Australia to contribute to the reduction in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to engage in the carbon economy. Relative to its gross value (A$5 billion), the northern beef industry is responsible for a sizable proportion of national reportable GHG emissions (8–10%) through enteric methane, savanna burning, vegetation clearing and land degradation. The industry occupies large areas of land and has the potential to impact the carbon cycle by sequestering carbon or reducing carbon loss. Furthermore, much of the industry is currently not achieving its productivity potential, which suggests that there are opportunities to improve the emissions intensity of beef production. Improving the industry’s GHG emissions performance is important for its environmental reputation and may benefit individual businesses through improved production efficiency and revenue from the carbon economy. The Climate Clever Beef initiative collaborated with beef businesses in six regions across northern Australia to better understand the links between GHG emissions and carbon stocks, land condition, herd productivity and profitability. The current performance of businesses was measured and alternate management options were identified and evaluated. Opportunities to participate in the carbon economy through the Australian Government’s Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) were also assessed. The initiative achieved significant producer engagement and collaboration resulting in practice change by 78 people from 35 businesses, managing more than 1 272 000 ha and 132 000 cattle. Carbon farming opportunities were identified that could improve both business performance and emissions intensity. However, these opportunities were not without significant risks, trade-offs and limitations particularly in relation to business scale, and uncertainty in carbon price and the response of soil and vegetation carbon sequestration to management. This paper discusses opportunities for reducing emissions, improving emission intensity and carbon sequestration, and outlines the approach taken to achieve beef business engagement and practice change. The paper concludes with some considerations for policy makers.

Use of business analysis in beef businesses to direct management practice change for climate adaptation outcomes

Beef businesses in northern Australia are facing increased pressure to be productive and profitable with challenges such as climate variability and poor financial performance over the past decade. Declining terms of trade, limited recent gains in on-farm productivity, low profit margins under current management systems and current climatic conditions will leave little capacity for businesses to absorb climate change-induced losses. In order to generate a whole-of-business focus towards management change, the Climate Clever Beef project in the Maranoa-Balonne region of Queensland trialled the use of business analysis with beef producers to improve financial literacy, provide a greater understanding of current business performance and initiate changes to current management practices. Demonstration properties were engaged and a systematic approach was used to assess current business performance, evaluate impacts of management changes on the business and to trial practices and promote successful outcomes to the wider industry. Focus was concentrated on improving financial literacy skills, understanding the business’ key performance indicators and modifying practices to improve both business productivity and profitability. To best achieve the desired outcomes, several extension models were employed: the ‘group facilitation/empowerment model’, the ‘individual consultant/mentor model’ and the ‘technology development model’. Providing producers with a whole-of-business approach and using business analysis in conjunction with on-farm trials and various extension methods proved to be a successful way to encourage producers in the region to adopt new practices into their business, in the areas of greatest impact. The areas targeted for development within businesses generally led to improvements in animal performance and grazing land management further improving the prospects for climate resilience.

The effect of earlier mating and improving fertility on greenhouse gas emissions intensity of beef production in northern Australian herds

Approximately 5% of Australian national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are derived from the northern beef industry. Improving the reproductive performance of cows has been identified as a key target for increasing profitability, and this higher efficiency is also likely to reduce the GHG emissions intensity of beef production. The effects of strategies to increase the fertility of breeding herds and earlier joining of heifers as yearlings were studied on two properties at Longreach and Boulia in western Queensland. The beef production, GHG emissions, emissions intensity and profitability were investigated and compared with typical management in the two regions. Overall weaning rates achieved on the two properties were 79% and 74% compared with typical herd weaning rates of 58% in both regions. Herds with high reproductive performance had GHG emissions intensities (t CO2-e t–1 liveweight sold) 28% and 22% lower than the typical herds at Longreach and Boulia, with most of the benefit from higher weaning rates. Farm gross margin analysis showed that it was more profitable, by $62 000 at Longreach and $38 000 at Boulia, to utilise higher reproductive performance to increase the amount of liveweight sold with the same number of adult equivalents compared with reducing the number of adult equivalents to maintain the same level of liveweight sold and claiming a carbon credit for lower farm emissions. These gains achieved at two case study properties which had different rainfall, country types, and property sizes suggest similar improvements can be made on-farm across the Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion of northern Australia.

Influence of climate variability and stocking strategies on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), production and profit of a northern Queensland beef cattle herd

Previous studies of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from beef production systems in northern Australia have been based on models of ‘steady-state’ herd structures that do not take into account the considerable inter-annual variation in liveweight gain, reproduction and mortality rates that occurs due to seasonal conditions. Nor do they consider the implications of flexible stocking strategies designed to adapt these production systems to the highly variable climate. The aim of the present study was to quantify the variation in total GHGE (t CO2e) and GHGE intensity (t CO2e/t liveweight sold) for the beef industry in northern Australia when variability in these factors was considered. A combined GRASP–Enterprise modelling platform was used to simulate a breeding–finishing beef cattle property in the Burdekin River region of northern Queensland, using historical climate data from 1982–2011. GHGE was calculated using the method of Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Five different stocking-rate strategies were simulated with fixed stocking strategies at moderate and high rates, and three flexible stocking strategies where the stocking rate was adjusted annually by up to 5%, 10% or 20%, according to pasture available at the end of the growing season. Variation in total annual GHGE was lowest in the ‘fixed moderate’ (~9.5 ha/adult equivalent (AE)) stocking strategy, ranging from 3799 to 4471 t CO2e, and highest in the ‘fixed high’ strategy (~5.9 ha/AE), which ranged from 3771 to 7636 t CO2e. The ‘fixed moderate’ strategy had the least variation in GHGE intensity (15.7–19.4 t CO2e/t liveweight sold), while the ‘flexible 20’ strategy (up to 20% annual change in AE) had the largest range (10.5–40.8 t CO2e/t liveweight sold). Across the five stocking strategies, the ‘fixed moderate’ stocking-rate strategy had the highest simulated perennial grass percentage and pasture growth, highest average rate of liveweight gain (121 kg/steer), highest average branding percentage (74%) and lowest average breeding-cow mortality rate (3.9%), resulting in the lowest average GHGE intensity (16.9 t CO2e/t liveweight sold). The ‘fixed high’ stocking rate strategy (~5.9 ha/AE) performed the poorest in each of these measures, while the three flexible stocking strategies were intermediate. The ‘fixed moderate’ stocking strategy also yielded the highest average gross margin per AE carried and per hectare. These results highlight the importance of considering the influence of climate variability on stocking-rate management strategies and herd performance when estimating GHGE. The results also support a body of previous work that has recommended the adoption of moderate stocking strategies to enhance the profitability and ecological stability of beef production systems in northern Australia.