909 resultados para Asia, Central--History--Sources


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The eighteen-eighties under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck saw the establishment of statutory workers' insurance in Germany. Germany remained backwards, however, in the statutory protection of workers at their workplace, the prevention of dangers arising from industrial work, and the limitation of hours of work for children, young persons, women or even workers in general. The protection of young workers, for example, remained until 1891 as it had been in 1853. That was due to the fundamental refusal of all improvments in matters of regulations for the protection of workers on the part of Bismarck, who blocked all relevant initiatives. Along with other sources this article draws on previously rarely used marginalia of Bismarck's in ministerial documents on factory inspection, children's and women's labour, the prohibition of Sunday work, and the introduction of a standard working day. The investigation deals with the Chancellor's motives and the arguments deployed in his prevention of measures of workers' protection, which he called an infringement of workers' freedom of action.

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Currently the push toward frontier areas, which until twenty years ago were still largely untouched by commercial agriculture, is taking place on a massive scale. This push is being driven not the least by global economic developments, such as the price increase of agriculture commodities like coffee and cocoa. In most cases the indigenous communities become trapped between the state monopoly in natural resource management and the competition for resources by external actors. In this processes the indigenous communities start to lose their access to resources. Another victim in this process is the environment where the natural resources are imbedded. International and national organizations working to conserve environment have became conscious of the important role that indigenous people could fulfill as partners in this endeavour. This partnership in struggle has produced a new discourse on the relationship between indigenous people and their environment. As a further consequence, programs were set up to develop what became known as Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with its numerous variations. Based on a case study in a village on the eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, this study questioned the basic assumption behind the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Namely the assumption that communities living at the margin of forest are socially and culturally homogenous, still more or less egalitarian, and basically living in harmony with their natural environment. This study was inspired by the persistent critique – although still a minority – on the basic assumption the CBNRM from academicians and practitioners working through the Entitlement perspective. Another inspiration was the mounting critique toward the participatory approach. In its effort the study explore further the usefulness of certain approaches. One of the approach much relied on in this study was the local history of the community studied, through exerting oral and local written documents on local history, legends and local stories. These sources proofed quite capable in bringing the local history into the light. Another was the actor oriented approach, which later came to be supported by the concept of Social Pool Resources. The latter concept proofed to be useful as analytical instrument to integrate social institutions and the common pool resources, as a field of action for the different actors as human agencies.

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Geographically, Taiwan is an Island and situated in the northeast of Asia, on the western side of the Pacific Basin, at the southeast of main China, south of Japan, and north of the Philippines. The main topographic character is the longitudinally oriented mountainous area. More than 200 peaks rise above 3000 m. They departed Taiwan into two lowland areas, an eastern and western plain. Taiwan is departed into subtropical (north area) and tropical zone (south area), which have a warm and humid climate, due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through. The average annual temperature in the lowland amounts to 28°C (7~38°C). The temperate climate also presents in the mountainous areas. The tropical typhoons usually come in summer and bring heavy rain, while the monsoon seasons have an important effect on the regional rainfall distribution. The mean annual rainfall of Taiwan is about 2600 mm (1000~6700 mm); the mountainous areas receive more rain than the lowlands. In Taiwan, according to different temperature and vegetation, the ecological environments were given rise to vertical biotic zonations, and form five major types: highland snowfield, highland meadow, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tropical forest. Six National Parks in Taiwan are located in the mountainous areas, in the north, the south, and on Jinmen Island. The National Parks represent about 8.4% of the country area. In this study, the collection sites are situated in Yangmingshan, Shei-Pa, Yushan, and Kenting National Park. Due to the island isolation, the proportions of endemic species are great in Taiwan, which also presents a high biodiversity. There are 4255 species of vascular plants including 1133 endemic. 5936 species in 1276 genera of fungi are hitherto reported in Taiwan. Among them, 233 Corticiaceae species were recorded, over one third (79 species) of them are known only from Taiwan. The first fungal report in Taiwan is about Phytophthora cyperi, published by the Japanese researcher T. Kawakami in 1904. Therefore, the history of research about fungi in Taiwan is more than one hundred years old. An eminent Japanese mycologist K. Sawada made an intensive survey from 1919 to 1959, and reported 2464 fungi species in his eleven volumes of “Descriptive Catalogue of Formosan Fungi”. However, only a few species (21 species in 9 genera) of Corticiaceae were recorded. From 1973, Chen and Lin resumed the study on Corticiaceae, and also some other foreign mycologists contributed for this field after 1980. The German research group lead by Franz Oberwinkler from Tübingen University collected in Taiwan several times. They published a number of new species and new records. Since 1989, S. H. Wu, a Taiwanese mycologist, has published a great amount of reports on corticioid fungi from Taiwan. Corticioid fungi were made up by the large and heterogeneous unnatural family Corticiaceae and other resupinate fungi belonging to other natural families in the Agaricomycetes. Molecular studies have shown that corticioid genera are distributed across all major clades of Agaricomycetes indicating that the corticioid fungi represent a polyphyletic group. They have resupinate fruitbodies and similar habitats. Species are characterized by simple fruitbody, more or less effused, and present smooth, porioid, grandinioid to odontioid hymenial surface. The fruitbodies are differently colored and usually soft to tough. Most of the Corticiaceae species are wood-saprobic organisms and gain the energy from the decomposing of wood-substrate such as cellulose or lignin. Materials for this study were collected by the author and other mycologists in Taiwan during surveys in April and May 1996, and March 2007, using the spring season with its high humidity and warm climate which are optimal conditions for the development of fungi. For assembling, the convenience sampling method was used in this study. This approach was chosen because it enables to detect a high biodiversity in a short time, and also to find species with rare or patchy distribution. The collecting sites from the North to the South include four National Parks and some preserved forests. They cover many different habitats such as low lands and high mountains. Fresh specimens were dried and analysed with a light microscope. 265 specimens belonging to Corticiaceae were studied in this research. Among them, 50 species in 21 genera including 11 new records and 10 new species were described with text and drawing. Four new species are belonging to Hyphodontia (H. sp. nov. 1, H. sp. nov. 2, H. sp. nov. 3, and H. sp. nov. 4), four to Schizopora (Sch. sp. nov. 1, Sch. sp. nov. 2, Sch. sp. nov. 3, and Sch. sp. nov. 4), one in Trechispora (T. sp. nov. 1), and one in Tubulicrinis (T. sp. nov. 1). Species recorded as new are Aleurodiscus amorphus, Botryohypochnus isabellinus, Hyphodontia cineracea, Hyphodontia palmae, Hypochnicium vellereum, Merulius tremellosus, Metulodontia nivea, Paullicorticium ansatum, Phlebia radiata, Phlebiella ardosiaca, and Xylobolus frustulatus. Besides, Botryohypochnus, Merulius, Metulodontia, Paullicorticium, and Xylobolus are also newly recorded genera in Taiwan. The genus Hyphodontia presents the highest diversity with 20 out of 50 species recorded. The second important genus is Hyphoderma, however with only 5 species. This indicates that Hyphodontia and Hyphoderma have a higher ability to develop in variable environments and approximately shows the predominance of these two genera in Taiwanese Corticiaceae. There are 11 new records out of the 50 species recorded, representing 22%. Some species, e.g. Hypochnicium vellereum and Paullicorticium ansatum were in the past recorded only in Europe and North America with cold and temperate climate. The samples of them are for the first time found in the subtropical belt, and display some difference from those of temperate regions. These collections should be molecularly investigated to clarify if they represent the same species of temperate areas. Patchily distributed species, for example Phlebiella ardosiaca, previously known only in Europe, and Hyphodontia palmae collected only in Brazil, were first recorded in different continents. Two possibilities are indicated by these new records: they are worldwide species but very rare to be found, or the Taiwanese specimens are taxonomically different. More survey from other continents and molecular study for these collections should be done in the future to solve this question. The distribution of Corticiaceae in Taiwan presents the variations in the north, central, and south areas and shows the diversity in lowlands and high mountains. The results of this study provide the evidence that the temperate Corticiaceae species displays a wider distribution. Subtropical and tropical taxa probably have also high dispersal capacities, and could possibly be found in the future in neighboring areas such as China, Japan, Korea or South Asia, but this needs further researches. In the total of 50 species, 10 new taxa were described in this study, giving about 20%. Some new species (e.g. Hyphodontia sp. 1, Hyphodontia sp. 2, and Hyphodontia sp. 3) are very similar to known species (Hyphodontia sambuci and Hyphodontia formosana), and the distinctive characters of Schizopora sp. nov. 1 are intermediate between those of Schizopora paradoxa and Hyphodontia flavipora. Thus, these small differences between the new and known species, suggest that the speciation occurred when the fungi migrated into Taiwan, due to the high diversity of environment, and amounts of the endemic plants. Taiwan is an intermediate place for the south (tropical) fungal species to migrate and adapt to north (temperate) regions. The middle and high altitude environments in Taiwan offer good conditions for the fungal speciation and possibly the occurrence of physiological changes to adapt to the temperate climate. Thus Taiwan has an important position for the biogeography of Asia mycobiota. 5936 known species in Taiwan represent about only 20% of the estimated number (24000) of Taiwanese fungal taxa. In this study, the findings (22% new records and 20% new species) indicate that amounts of unknown fungi species are expected in Taiwan. The lack of knowledge indicates that many new species are awaiting description, and fungal survey in Taiwan remains in a Pioneer phase. The last three wide surveys of Corticiaceae researches took place 20 years before this study (Chen & Lin 1977, Lin & Chen 1989, Wu 1990). After previous important contributions, the present taxonomic study comprising 21 genera is the most extensive on Corticiaceae of Taiwan.

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Inadequate links between researchers and farmers has resulted in low uptake of research advances recommended to improve food security in the central highlands of Kenya. Access to timely and accurate information by extension agents and farmers is paramount in dissemination of soil fertility management practices. Hence, the study sought to investigate the effect of education levels on communication channels used to disseminate soil fertility technologies in the Central highlands of Kenya. Questionnaires were used to elicit information from 105 extension agents and 240 farmers. About 50.5% of the extension officers were certificate holders while 29.5% were diploma holders from agricultural institutes. Majority of the farmers had attained primary education (59.6%) while 25.8% and 9.2% had attained secondary and post secondary education, respectively. Research institutions were the most accessible sources of information on soil fertility management practices by extension agents while internet and scientific conferences were the least scored as accessible sources of soil fertility management information by extension agents. Education levels significantly influenced preference of individual approach methods by farmers. There was a significant positive relationship between education and accessibility of internet as a source of information on green manure. The implication of the study was that education levels influenced the mode of communication used in the transfer of soil fertility research outputs to the end users. Consequently, it is extremely important to consider education levels in selection of dissemination pathways used in agriculture.

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Cada día se tiene más conocimiento acerca de la voz como un elemento fundamental en el desempeño laboral. Los diferentes sectores económicos tienen como estrategias de comunicación las asesorías personales a través de las centrales de llamadas telefónicas, aumentado así el reporte de síntomas vocales en trabajadores. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de los síntomas de la voz en agentes de llamadas y los factores asociados como antecedentes médicos, ocupacionales y extraocupacionales, a través de una encuesta aplicada a los trabajadores. La población de estudio fue de 495 trabajadores de la central de llamadas de la Organización Sanitas Internacional – Fonosanitas-sede Bogotá. Colombia; de la cual se obtuvo una muestra de forma randomizada y aleatorizada. Es necesario destacar que en Colombia no se encontraron estadísticas relacionadas con este tema. El 91.3 % de los asesores de llamadas reportaron más de dos síntomas vocales de una escala de once (11) síntomas. Tanto los hombres como las mujeres reportaron síntomas por igual, aunque en la distribución de la población predomino el género femenino (64.2%). Entre los hallazgos más importantes, el síntoma principal fue la sensación de mucosidad de la garganta en un 72%, seguido por la voz tensa en un 59.2 % y por la voz ronca en un 51.6 %, principalmente al final de la jornada 62.6%. El 54% de los trabajadores notaron un deterioro progresivo de la voz durante la jornada laboral. Los factores biológicos con mayor significancia estadística fueron las patologías respiratorias altas, el reflujo gastroesofágico,tensión cervical y patología tiroidea. Las características del ambiente laboral podrían llegar a aumentar la prevalencia de estos síntomas, incrementando las incapacidades y afectando la productividad.

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El objetivo de este trabajo de grado es describir una disputa política por el significado del concepto de explotación en el marco de la redacción del “Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños”, en el cual se define aquello que se entiende por trata de personas. La construcción de este concepto excluye e invisibiliza otros tipos de explotación comunes en el sistema de producción capitalista contemporánea que pertenecen al universo de violencia objetiva sistémica a través del énfasis en la explotación sexual que hace parte de la violencia subjetiva.

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An introductory 1 hour lecture given in wk2 to x50 year 1 Graphic Arts students at Winchester School of Art. The aims of the lecture are: 1. Explore how to use historical sources appropriately 
to inform design practice
 2. Make connections between contemporary 
designs and the past

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El presente trabajo nace del interés por la creciente influencia de China en el mundo, principalmente, gracias a su acelerado crecimiento económico de los últimos años y a un estricto sistema de regulación por parte del Estado. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se decidió hacer un análisis de las diferentes esferas o el contexto en el que se ha desarrollado un país que pasaba desapercibido hasta hace poco y que en la actualidad es considerado como la próxima potencia mundial. Aquí se presentan características del territorio, la población, el idioma, la política, la economía y otros aspectos importantes para este estudio. Adicionalmente, se presentan cifras que permiten observar con mayor claridad su evolución a lo largo del tiempo, su contribución a la economía mundial, las acciones del gobierno, y su situación actual a nivel tecnológico, científico, militar, ambiental, entre otros. Es así como, después de recopilar información de fuentes diversas, se procede a analizar las principales fortalezas y amenazas del ascenso chino, para, de esta manera, presentar un panorama sobre el futuro del mundo y de este país, si la situación continúa como hasta ahora. Por último, se llega a una serie de conclusiones con relación a lo anteriormente analizado y se plantean algunas recomendaciones para sobrellevar de una mejor manera los aspectos negativos que se identificaron durante la investigación.

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Rusia sufrió grandes cambios tras la desintegración de la URSS en 1991. No obstante, con la llegada de Vladimir Putin al poder, los intereses geoestratégicos de Rusia sobre el espacio postsoviético revivieron con nuevo ímpetu debido a una mayor cantidad de recursos a disposición del Estado. La República de Moldavia es un claro ejemplo del resurgir de la política exterior rusa hacia el espacio postsoviético, siendo incluso, una región clave en la lucha de la Federación Rusa por recuperar su zona de influencia.

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El interés de este estado del arte es establecer la dinámica que ha tenido el debate en torno al lobby israelí y su influencia en las decisiones en política exterior. Ante esto lo que se pretende es determinar cual es la tendencia que se sigue y específicamente cual es el estado del debate hoy en día. Por esto se pretende probar que el lobby israelí como fuerza de influencia, no es la única que busca fijar políticas en los EEUU en materia de política exterior ya que existen otros grupos que así mismo le hacen contrapeso. Para esto se recurrirá a fuentes de diferente tipo, en donde se recolecten los principales exponentes sobre el tema y así analizarlos a mayor profundidad.

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El presente trabajo pretendía investigar y analizar el funcionamiento del mercado de hidrocarburos y gas natural, en busca de determinar la Influencia de la exploración y el almacenamiento de petróleo y gas natural en la relación de las organizaciones con las comunidades. Teniendo en cuenta el concepto de comunidad a partir del marketing relacional donde la comunidad se refiere a los consumidores y el entorno en el cual están inmersos. En este contexto se definieron los principales actores que participan en la relación comercial, el tipo de relación presente entre ellos y todos los factores que intervienen en desarrollo de esta relación que cada vez es más inestable y de corto plazo. Al finalizar esta investigación se reunió información acerca de las relaciones comerciales en el mercado de hidrocarburos, que servirán de fundamento para investigaciones futuras que permitirán plantear alternativas para sobrellevar la incertidumbre de este mercado y de esa manera lograr desarrollar una relación más confiable y duradera entre las organizaciones y las comunidades que intervienen en el proceso comercial. Debido a que aunque existe gran diversidad estrategias que pueden ser implementadas para mantener una relación estable, estas en la mayor parte de los casos no son utilizadas.

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En esta investigación se estudian los conflictos nacidos en la progresiva definición de las formas jurídicas y de saber que acompañaron el re-asentamiento de instituciones y grupos de poder después de la ruptura política con España. Este análisis se conduce mediante un estudio de caso, la historia de un sacerdote ilustrado que emprendió en 1835 una querella contra la enseñanza del materialismo y el ateísmo prevista en la reclasificación republicana de saberes. La Revolución del cura Botero se desarrolló en la Villa de la Candelaria y constituye un ejemplo histórico de un tipo de resistencia local a la derogación y suplantación de las viejas formas de producción jurídica y de ordenación social. El caso Botero sirve como pre-texto para estudiar una respuesta local a la iniciativa centralista de abrogación de una cultura material por la entrada en vigor de un modelo de ordenación formal de orientación legicéntrica y liberal, ilustra un tipo localizado de resistencia a la implantación del modelo republicano en Colombia. Mediante un caso y un exhaustivo ejercicio de reconstrucción documental se recrea un problema central de la cultura jurídica revolucionaria: la disputa por las fuentes del derecho, la verdad y el saber en el “tránsito” a la “modernidad jurídica”. En ella se propone un modo de hacer historia del derecho a partir de casos concretos, historia local y documentos no oficiales como forma de reivindicación pedagógica de los pequeños objetos, aquellos que ponen a prueba el funcionamiento real de mecanismos hegemónicos.

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La presente investigación busca dilucidar el papel del modelo económico del chaebol en la participación de Corea del Sur en la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico OCDE. Las investigaciones en torno al modelo chaebol y sus privilegios en Corea del Sur no han sido enfocadas directamente hacia el ámbito internacional y la influencia que puede tener allí dicho modelo. La investigación busca demostrar que el éxito del modelo económico del chaebol sirvió como incentivo para su entrada y participación activa en la OCDE, consiguiendo de esta forma no solo el establecimiento de una cooperación económica con sus miembros, sino un prestigio y reconocimiento frente a la Comunidad Internacional. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación de tipo cualitativo, se utilizarán fuentes de segundo y tercer grado para llevar a cabo un análisis documental de textos, pertinente para su desarrollo.

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The new tech has introduced the traits of the hypermedia, interactivity and convergence in the journalism field. Moreover, it has involved the emergence of new media and changes in the informative contents. In 2006 Al Jazeera in English was created for covering the underreported regions, inasmuch as new media arise, new contents do so, thus, the research examines the agendas of The Stream, the TV show from Al Jazeera that relies heavily on social networks.

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Este trabajo responde la pregunta ¿Cuál es el papel de la Revolución de Terciopelo en la redefinición de la identidad checoslovaca en términos de política exterior?. Defenderá que, conforme al constructivismo, la identidad de los Estados así como sus intereses no están dados y menos se explican por sus capacidades, explicando la conducta y la forma cómo construyeron socialmente su identidad. La Revolución de Terciopelo tuvo lugar en Checoslovaquia, en un momento definitivo en la historia del país, influyendo en la creación de una nueva identidad colectiva que generó consecuencias en el ámbito internacional, ya que a partir de este hecho concreto se evidencia un cambio en la formulación de la política exterior de este país. Para responder a esta pregunta se hará una recolección de información en donde se utilizará la técnica de análisis de documentos, recolectando la bibliografía y consultando en bibliotecas, bases de datos y portales de internet.