Highly dynamic host actin reorganization around developing Plasmodium inside hepatocytes

Plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and infect hepatocytes, where a single sporozoite replicates into thousands of merozoites inside a parasitophorous vacuole. The nature of the Plasmodium-host cell interface, as well as the interactions occurring between these two organisms, remains largely unknown. Here we show that highly dynamic hepatocyte actin reorganization events occur around developing Plasmodium berghei parasites inside human hepatoma cells. Actin reorganization is most prominent between 10 to 16 hours post infection and depends on the actin severing and capping protein, gelsolin. Live cell imaging studies also suggest that the hepatocyte cytoskeleton may contribute to parasite elimination during Plasmodium development in the liver.

Live and let die: manipulation of host hepatocytes by exoerythrocytic Plasmodium parasites

The generation of rodent Plasmodium strains expressing fluorescent proteins in all life cycle stages has had a big impact on malaria research. With this tool in hand, for the first time it was possible to follow in real time by in vivo microscopy the infection route of Plasmodium sporozoites transmitted to the mammalian host by Anopheles mosquitoes. Recently, this work has been extended to the analysis of both hepatocyte infection by Plasmodium sporozoites, as well as liver merozoite transport into blood vessels. The stunning results of these studies have considerably changed our understanding of hepatocyte invasion and parasite liberation. Here, we describe the most important findings of the last years and in addition, we elaborate on the molecular events during the intracellular development of Plasmodium exoerythrocytic forms that give rise to erythrocyte infecting merozoites.

Imaging liver-stage malaria parasites

Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, first invade and develop within hepatocytes before infecting red blood cells and causing symptomatic disease. Because of the low infection rates in vitro and in vivo, the liver stage of Plasmodium infection is not very amenable to biochemical assays, but the large size of the parasite at this stage in comparison with Plasmodium blood stages makes it accessible to microscopic analysis. A variety of imaging techniques has been used to this aim, ranging from electron microscopy to widefield epifluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy. High-speed live video microscopy of fluorescent parasites in particular has radically changed our view on key events in Plasmodium liver-stage development. This includes the fate of motile sporozoites inoculated by Anopheles mosquitoes as well as the transport of merozoites within merosomes from the liver tissue into the blood vessel. It is safe to predict that in the near future the application of the latest microscopy techniques in Plasmodium research will bring important insights and allow us spectacular views of parasites during their development in the liver.

Boletín del trabajo.

"Organo del Departamento de Trabajo."

A treatise on the law of sale of personal property with references to the American decisions and to the French code and civil law

Spine title: Benjamin on sales.

Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820.

Mode of access: Internet.

Scotland for the motorist,

Mode of access: Internet.

A narrative of the campaign in Russia, during the year 1812.

Mode of access: Internet.

Clave ilustrada para los mosquitos anofelinos de Sudamérica oriental

Bibliography: p. 64.

Essays /

Bibliographical references included in "Notes" (v.1, p. 283-324; v.2, p. 275-312) Bibliography: v.2, p. 315-316.

Selectarum de lingua latina observationum : Libri duo ; Prior inscribitur Latine loquendi norma ; h. e. aurei Latinitatis seculi Locutio ; Posterior Barbare, vitioseve loquendi Consuetudinem investigat, patefacit, emendat. Uterque in ususm juventutis, incorruptae Latini sermonis integritatis studiosae, confectus /

Mode of access: Internet.

Krieg und revolution, Schriften und Aufsätze aus der Kriegszeit.

At head of title: Lenin und Trotzky.

Das leben und die abentheuer des armen mannes im Tockenburg, von ihm selbst erzählt.

Mode of access: Internet.

Fragment of Ælfric's Grammar, Ælfric's Glossary, and a poem on the soul and body, in the orthography of the 12th century : discovered among the archives of Worcester Cathedral by Sir T. Phillipps /

Fragmentary texts from a 13th-century ms. (Worcester Cathedral F. 174) wherein the linguistic forms are consistently Early Middle English. cf. Cat. of manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon / N.R. Ker. 1957. p. 466.

Iridearum genera cum ordinis charactere naturali, specierum enumeratione symonymisque.

Mode of access: Internet.