Manejo de plantas daninhas em soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao glyphosate

Os sistemas de produção transgênicos, assim como os convencionais, exigem, além do controle químico, a adoção de outras estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o controle químico de plantas daninhas, em soja geneticamente modificada (transgênica) tolerante ao herbicida glyphosate associado a coberturas vegetais, na entressafra. O experimento foi instalado em área experimental da FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal (SP). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliadas as coberturas vegetais de Brachiaria brizantha (braquiarão cv. Marandu), Pennisetum americanum (milheto forrageiro cv. BN2) e vegetação espontânea, e, nas subparcelas, os herbicidas glyphosate, chlorimuron - ethyl + lactofen em mistura e fluazifop-p-butyl em aplicação sequencial, além de duas testemunhas sem aplicação. A cobertura com braquiarão contribuiu para o controle químico, exercendo supressão das plantas daninhas. A aplicação única de 720 g e.a. ha-1de glyphosate, independentemente da cobertura vegetal utilizada na entressafra, foi suficiente para o controle adequado de Acanthospermum hispidum, Alternanthera tenella, Amaranthus sp., Bidens pilosa, Xanthium strumarium, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria sp. e Eleusine indica, com resultados similares ao tratamento (chlorimuron-ethyl + lactofen) + fluazifop-p-buthyl. Comparados à testemunha capinada, os herbicidas testados não afetaram a altura das plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos. As plantas de soja crescidas sobre os resíduos vegetais de braquiarão e milheto forrageiro apresentaram maior altura, porém, nenhuma outra característica avaliada na cultura foi influenciada pelas coberturas.

Influência do tipo e da quantidade de resíduos vegetais na emergência de plantas daninhas

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da semeadura no outono/inverno de diferentes espécies: sorgo de cobertura (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense 'híbrido Cober Exp'), milheto forrageiro (Pennisetum americanum 'var. BN2'), capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine coracana) e braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) para formação de palha (nas quantidades de 3,0 e 5,5 t ha¹), na emergência de plantas daninhas, foi conduzido experimento no ano agrícola 2003/04, na fazenda Três Marcos, em Uberlândia, MG. Foi mantida uma testemunha como tratamento adicional, sem cobertura com restos vegetais. A composição específica e as densidades populacionais das comunidades infestantes foram influenciadas pelos sistemas de produção de cobertura morta. A emergência das plantas daninhas foi menor nas coberturas de sorgo e braquiária e nos maiores níveis de palha. O número de plântulas emergidas de Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus spp., Commelina benghalensis, Leucas martinicensis e gramíneas foi inibido pelas coberturas, enquanto para Chamaesyce spp. os resíduos contribuíram para incremento na sua emergência.

Drinking water as a risk factor to poultry health

In the poultry industry, the use of water with adequate physical, chemical and microbiological quality it is of fundamental importance. Since many birds have access to the same water source, quality problems will affect a great number of animals. The drinking water plays an important role in the transmission of some bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases that are among the most common poultry diseases. Important factors to prevent waterborne diseases in broiler production are the protection of supply sources, water disinfection and the quality control of microbiological, chemical and physical characteristics. Water is an essential nutrient for birds and therefore quality preservation is fundamental for good herd performance. The farmer may prevent many diseases in bird flocks by controlling the quality of the ingested water, will certainly result in decreased costs and increased profit, two essential aims of animal production nowadays.

Abundância e sazonalidade de dípteros (Insecta) em granja aviária da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Modem production systems accommodate broody hens in high densities, leading to the accumulation of excrement under the cages. This substrate is excellent for the development of sinantropic flies. Thus, the accomplishment of surveys in these places becomes essential, in order to plan better strategies of control. The present work aimed at studying the entornofauna and the seasonality of the species of dipterous present in the Crisdan poultry house located in the Municipality of Sao Joao da Boa Vista, the State of São Paulo, Brazil. In the period of January of 2001 to December of 2002, 1,012,595 flies were captured using the "jug-trap". The species were identified: Drosophi-la repleta (Wollaston, 1858), Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758), Ophyra spp., Hennetria illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus, 1761), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), and Sepsidae. More frequently D. repleta and M. domestica had added 99.47% of the dipterous. Increased rainfall and the collection months influenced the sampling of dipterous (P < 0.05). Drosophila repleta was the most abundant species, representing 91% of all captured flies. However, this diptera did not develop at the surveyed site since immatures were not captured therein.

Efeito da idade sobre as principais características andrológicas de touros Brangus- Efeito da idade sobre as principais características andrológicas de touros BrangusIbagé criados extensivamente no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil Ibagé criados extensivamente no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil

Background: Bull fertility is extremely important for beef cattle production systems and has a multiplier impact on the economical and zootechnical indexes of the herd. Bulls raised in tropical conditions may present varied seminal characteristics due to, among other causes, different management practices and quality of pastures. Another factor that influences the semen characteristics is the age of the sire. The reproductive potential of bull evaluated through the andrological exam aims to ensure the semen quality and to improve the herd reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main semen parameters of Brangus-Ibage bulls extensively reared in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul state and to verify the effect of age on the andrological characteristics analyzed. It was also evaluated the correlation between age, scrotal circumference, and physical and morphological sperm characteristics produced by the Brangus bulls.Materials, Methods & Results: The study took place in the month of July 2010, during the routine andrological examination of 168 synthetic Brangus-Ibage bulls (5/8 Angus x 3/8 Nelore), belonging to the same property. For data analysis the animals were divided by age groups: animals younger than 4 years (Age I), animals between 4 and 8 years of age (Age II), and animals between 8 and 15 years of age (Age III). In another analysis, the animals were grouped according to the sperm motility pattern obtained from the semen collection: sperm motility lower than 40% (Motility I), sperm motility between 40 and 70% (Motility II) and sperm motility between 70 and 90% (Motility III). The results of the present study demonstrated an effect of age (P < 0.05) on the following androgical characteristics: scrotal circumference, ejaculate volume, sperm vigor, major defects, minor defects and total defects. It was also observed that the animals with higher sperm motility presented higher (P < 0.05) scrotal circumference, and lower (P < 0.05) percentages of major and total defects. Among the andrological characteristics evaluated in the present work, it was observed positive correlations between age and scrotal circumference (R =0.299; P =0.000), age and volume of ejaculate (R =0.161; P =0.037), age and major defects (R =0.188; P =0.015), sperm motility and scrotal circumference (R =0.245; P =0.001), sperm motility and sperm vigor (R =0.483; P =0.000), and between major defects and total defects (R =0.946; P =0.000). Also, negative correlations were observed between sperm motility and total defects (R =-0.372; P =0.000), sperm vigor and major defects (R =-0.498; P =0.000), and sperm vigor and total defects (R =-0.432; P =0.000).Discussion: Based on the results of this study it was concluded that the Brangus-Ibage bulls utilized for natural breeding in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, presented satisfactory semen quality taking into account the quality of the pastures where the animals were located. In addition, the scrotal circumference, the ejaculate volume, the sperm vigor, and the percentage of morphological characteristics were influenced by the age of the bulls. Therefore, considering the production system and the environmental conditions, the animals with age between 4 and 8 years were superior regarding the sperm parameters evaluated.

Sources of human non-typhoid salmonellosis: a review

Salmonellosis is a worldwide disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella. Currently, there are over 2,500 identified serovars of Salmonella. A reduced number of these serovars, about eighty, are implicated in most animals and human diseases. Most cases of salmonellosis in humans are associated with the consumption of contaminated food products such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, vegetables, juices and other kind of foods. It may also be associated with the contact between humans and infected pet animals. Therefore, the chain of human salmonellosis is very complex and in most cases the origin of the infection is difficult to establish. The use of antimicrobial agents to treat and to prevent bacterial infections in humans and animals, as well as as growth promoters in animal production, has favoured the selection and transference of resistance genes between different bacteria, including Salmonella serovars. Many studies have confirmed the role of foods of animal origin as a source of multi drugresistant Salmonella serovars. For this reason, continuous surveillance of these pathogens along the food chain together with the responsible use of antimicrobial agents is necessary.

Serosurvey of selected avian pathogens in brazilian commercial Rheas (Rhea americana) and Ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Adubação nitrogenada em cultivares de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) sobre as características agronômicas de diferentes cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó, Primavera, Confiança, IAC 202 e Carisma) sob irrigação por aspersão durante os anos agrícolas 2003/04 e 2004/05, em área experimental da FCAV - UNESP - Jaboticabal (SP). Os cultivares Caiapó, IAC 202 e Carisma são os de maior produtividade, com o Primavera não respondendo ao incremento da adubação nitrogenada; o IAC 202 e Carisma são possuidores de índice de colheita mais elevado e responsivos ao nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, sugerindo-se indicá-los para sistemas produtivos mais evoluídos; o cultivar Caiapó demonstra ser mais eficiente em absorver e utilizar o N contido no solo, sugerindo sua indicação para sistemas produtivos de menor aporte de tecnologia.

Economic analysis of the intercropping of lettuce and tomato in different seasons under protected cultivation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Soil microbial biomass in organic farming system

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Atividade de proteases e disponibilidade de nitrogênio para laranjeira cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico

O conhecimento do potencial da mineralização dos compostos orgânicos nitrogenados do solo é fundamental para o uso eficiente do N em sistemas de produção agrícola. Com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade de proteases e suas relações com os teores de diferentes formas de N em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico cultivado com laranjeira, foram coletadas amostras de solo em duas profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm), na linha de projeção da copa e nas entrelinhas, nos meses de novembro e dezembro/98, fevereiro e março/99. em março/99, época recomendada para a diagnose foliar, também foram coletadas amostras de folhas. As amostras de solo foram avaliadas com relação à atividade de proteases e aos teores de N-amoniacal, N-nitrato, N-total, N-amoniacal obtido após incubação anaeróbia (N-pot) e N-amoniacal extraído por solução de CaCl2 sob autoclavagem (N-autoclave). Nas amostras de folha, determinou-se o teor de N-total. A atividade de proteases foi influenciada pelo local e pela profundidade de amostragem, tendo sido mais elevada na linha de projeção da copa e profundidade de 0-10 cm. A aplicação de fertilizante orgânico causou aumento na atividade de proteases, principalmente na camada de 0-10 cm. O coeficiente de correlação entre atividade de proteases e outros métodos para avaliação da disponibilidade de N dependeu da época, do local e da profundidade de amostragem. A correlação entre o N-foliar, obtido na época indicada para diagnose foliar, a atividade de proteases e as demais formas para avaliar disponibilidade de N (N-amoniacal, N-nitrato, N-autoclave e N-pot) variou com a época de amostragem. A atividade de proteases foi positiva e altamente correlacionada com o N-foliar, obtido na época indicada para fins de diagnose foliar, para amostras de terra retiradas nas entrelinhas (0-10 cm), no mês de dezembro/1998.

Responses to selection for milk traits in dairy buffaloes

The aim of the present study was to estimate the index and individual responses to selection for milk (MY), fat (FY) and protein (PY) yields for different breeding goals for two commercial buffalo milk production systems in São Paulo State characterized by: 1) all milk produced is sold to the industry (MILK) and 2) all milk produced is used in the mozzarella cheese-making process at the farm (MOZZARELLA). The current payment policy is based exclusively on milk volume. The mozzarella price refers to the wholesale selling price. Index responses to selection (IR) were calculated for three different breeding goals (BG): 1) MY exclusively (BG(1)); 2) FY + PY (BG(2)) and 3) MY + FY + PY (BG(3)). IR for the MILK system were US$ 41.79 (BG(1)), US$ 5.91 (BG(2)) and US$ 38.22 (BG(3)). For the MOZZARELLA system, IR were US$ 179.50 (BG(1)), US$ 262.85 (BG(2)) and US$ 402.41 (BG(3)). The results suggest that for the present circumstances, selection for milk components is not advantageous when milk is produced for sale to the industry. However, when mozzarella making is added to the system, the selection for components and milk volume is the most economically beneficial.

Produção de leite e comportamento de amamentação em cinco sistemas de produção de gado de corte

Foram estudados a produção de leite de vacas Nelore e o comportamento de amamentação em diferentes sistemas de produção: NR-Nelore Referência, sob manejo extensivo (manejo tradicional); NI-Nelore, sob manejo intensivo; e três cruzamentos CN-Canchim x Nelore, AN-Angus x Nelore e SN-Simental x Nelore, sob manejo intensivo. em três momentos da lactação (60, 120 e 180 dias após o parto), foram medidos, nos bezerros, o número e a duração das mamadas, o ganho diário de peso (kg/dia) e o peso à desmama. O momento da lactação e a interação sistema de produção x momento da lactação apresentaram efeito significativo sobre a produção de leite. A produção de leite não apresentou corrrelação com o comportamento de amamentação nem com o ganho de peso dos bezerros dos diferentes sistemas de produção. Condições deficientes de alimentação não resultaram em menores produções de leite de vacas Nelore, mas sim em acentuadas perdas de peso (80 kg) durante a estação de monta no sistema NR. O tempo diário de amamentação apresentou diminuições significativas no sistema extensivo com o decorrer da lactação, enquanto os sistemas intensivos não mudaram ou aumentaram os minutos de amamentação por dia. Para as condições nas quais o experimento foi desenvolvido, os bezerros cruzados apresentaram os melhores desempenhos durante a fase pré-desmama, em comparação com os bezerros Nelore.

Population structure and effects of inbreeding on milk yield and quality of Murrah buffaloes

To provide data for conservation, selection, and expansion programs of buffalo herds, this study evaluated the history of a population of Murrah buffaloes based on population structure and the effect of inbreeding on accumulated 305-d milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), mozzarella production (MProd), and somatic cell score (SCS). The usefulness of including the individual inbreeding coefficient (F) or individual increase in inbreeding coefficient (Delta F) in the model to describe inbreeding depression was evaluated. Pedigree information from 8,054 animals born between 1976 and 2008 and 4,497 lactation records obtained from 12 herds were used. The realized effective population size was 40.10 +/- 1.27, and the mean F of the entire population was 2.14%. The ratio between the number of founders and ancestors demonstrated the existence of a bottleneck in the pedigree of this population, which may contribute to a reduction of genetic diversity. The effect of F on MY, FY, PY, MProd, and SCS was -1.005 kg, -0.299 kg, -0.246 kg, -1.201 kg, and -0.002 units, and the effect of Delta F transformed to equivalent F (%) for a mean of 2.57 equivalent generations was -4.287 kg, -0.581 kg, -0.383 kg, -2.001 kg, and -0.007 units, respectively. The inbreeding depression observed may have important economic repercussions for production systems. The Delta F can be considered the better of the two indicators of inbreeding depression due to its properties that prevent underestimation of this effect. A designed mating system to avoid inbreeding may be applied to this population to maintain genetic diversity.

A pegada de carbono como um dos indicadores de sustentabilidade para medição da responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial: um estudo de caso na unidade sede da Petrobras em Natal-RN

As a contemporary tendency, it is been evidenced that the environmental changes theme, already admitted as a concernment to international economical and political reality, is also gaining repercussion on industrial and business sector. Firms are implementing actions on trial to minimize their own greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions impacts. However, the great majority of those actions of Corporative Social-Environmental Responsibility (CSR) are referred only to direct emissions of the main production systems. Direct emissions are those derived of an isolate process, without considering the upstream and downstream processes emissions, which respond for the majority of emissions originated because of respective firm‟s production system existence. Because the greenhouse effect occurs globally and the GHG emissions contribute to the environmental changes independently of their origin, it must be taken into account the whole productive life cycle of products and systems, since the energy invested on resources extraction and necessary materials to the final disposal. To do so, it must be investigated all relevant steps of a product/production system life cycle, tracking all activities which emit greenhouse gases, directly or indirectly. This amount of emissions consists in the firm‟s Carbon Footprint. This research purpose is to defend the Carbon Footprint relevance and its adoption viability to be used as an Environmental Indicator on measurement/assessment of CSR. It has been realized a study case on Petrobras‟s seat unity at Natal-Brazil, assessing part of its Carbon Footprint. It has been used the software GEMIS 4.6 to do the emissions quantifying. The items measured were the direct emissions of the own unity vehicles and indirect emissions of offset paper (A4), energy and disposable plastic cups consumed. To 2009, these emissions were 3.811,94 tCO2eq. We may conclude that Carbon Footprint quantification is indispensable to the knowledge of real emissions caused by a productive process existence, must serving as basis to CSR decisions about the environmental changes reversion challenge