Nerve growth factor displays stimulatory effects on human skin and lung fibroblasts, demonstrating a direct role for this factor in tissue repair

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide which, in addition to its effect on nerve cells, is believed to play a role in inflammatory responses and in tissue repair. Because fibroblasts represent the main target and effector cells in these processes, to investigate whether NGF is involved in lung and skin tissue repair, we studied the effect of NGF on fibroblast migration, proliferation, collagen metabolism, modulation into myofibroblasts, and contraction of collagen gel. Both skin and lung fibroblasts were found to produce NGF and to express tyrosine kinase receptor (trkA) under basal conditions, whereas the low-affinity p75 receptor was expressed only after prolonged NGF exposure. NGF significantly induced skin and lung fibroblast migration in an in vitro model of wounded fibroblast and skin migration in Boyden chambers. Nevertheless NGF did not influence either skin or lung fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, or metalloproteinase production or activation. In contrast, culture of both lung and skin fibroblasts with NGF modulated their phenotype into myofibroblasts. Moreover, addition of NGF to both fibroblast types embedded in collagen gel increased their contraction. Fibrotic human lung or skin tissues displayed immunoreactivity for NGF, trkA, and p75. These data show a direct pro-fibrogenic effect of NGF on skin and lung fibroblasts and therefore indicate a role for NGF in tissue repair and fibrosis.

Sequence-specific recognition of cytosine C5 and adenine N6 DNA methyltransferases requires different deformations of DNA.

DNA methyltransferases modify specific cytosines and adenines within 2-6 bp recognition sequences. We used scanning force microscopy and gel shift analysis to show that M.HhaI, a cytosine C-5 DNA methyltransferase, causes only a 2 degree bend upon binding its recognition site. Our results are consistent with prior crystallographic analysis showing that the enzyme stabilizes an extrahelical base while leaving the DNA duplex otherwise unperturbed. In contrast, similar analysis of M.EcoRI, an adenine N6 DNA methyltransferase, shows an average bend angle of approximately 52 degrees. This distortion of DNA conformation by M.EcoRI is shown to be important for sequence-specific binding.

Interleukin 2 activates STAT5 transcription factor (mammary gland factor) and specific gene expression in T lymphocytes.

Although prolactin and interleukin 2 (IL-2) can elicit distinct physiological responses, we have found that their signal pathways share a common signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5. STAT5 was originally identified as a mammary gland factor induced by prolactin in lactating breast cells. Here we demonstrate that STAT5 is activated after IL-2 stimulation of two responsive lymphocyte cell lines, Nb2 and YT. Activation of STAT5 is measured both by IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and by IL-2-induced DNA binding. The STAT5 DNA recognition site is the same as the interferon gamma-activated site (GAS) in the interferon regulatory factor 1 gene. We demonstrate that the GAS element is necessary and sufficient for transcriptional induction by both IL-2 and prolactin in T lymphocytes. These results indicate that the role of STAT5 in the regulation of gene expression is not restricted to mammary cells or to prolactin, but is an integral part of the signal pathway of a critical immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-2.

Protein structure-based design of potent orally bioavailable, nonpeptide inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus protease.

A class of potent nonpeptidic inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus protease has been designed by using the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme as a guide. By employing iterative protein cocrystal structure analysis, design, and synthesis the binding affinity of the lead compound was incrementally improved by over four orders of magnitude. An inversion in inhibitor binding mode was observed crystallographically, providing information critical for subsequent design and highlighting the utility of structural feedback in inhibitor optimization. These inhibitors are selective for the viral protease enzyme, possess good antiviral activity, and are orally available in three species.

Malestar sí, pero en la cultura

Este trabajo rinde tributo al esfuerzo de Freud por conocer la naturaleza humana, a la vez que vuelve la mirada sobre una línea intelectual sospechosamente semi-olvidada o quizás semi-escondida, el freudomarxismo. Siguiendo las huellas de un concepto capital en la obra de Freud, el concepto de represión, trataré de explicar de qué manera el caudal de la obra freudiana se canaliza en direcciones distintas entre los autores más prototípicos del freudomarxismo (Reich, Fromm y Marcuse) para elaborar teorías sobre la cultura y la sociedad contemporáneas.

El discurso antisemita en España (1936-1948)

Si bien es posible establecer un hilo de continuidad con los discursos y las actitudes antisemitas de la España de los siglos XV y XVI, fechas en las que la agresividad contra los judíos alcanza sus cotas más elevadas (no sólo por la expulsión colectiva de las comunidades hebreas en 1492, sino por la actuación represiva desplegada por la Iglesia Católica y la Monarquía, esto es, por la Inquisición y el nuevo Estado unificado tras la unión de las coronas de Aragón y Castilla y la conquista del último enclave musulmán en la Península), lo cierto es que la participación de nuestro país en el proyecto político alemán que culminó con la aniquilación de más de cinco millones de judíos europeos fue solamente tangencial. Tenía razón el embajador israelí ante las Naciones Unidas, Abba Eban, cuando tomó la palabra el 16 de mayo de 1949 para explicar por qué el recién creado Estado de Israel no aceptaría al régimen de Franco en la comunidad internacional. Eban reconoció que España no tomó parte “directamente” en la política de exterminio llevada a cabo por Alemania con la colaboración de otros Estados europeos, pero su alineamiento ideológico con el Tercer Reich “contribuyó a la eficacia” de los objetivos que se proponía: hacer de una Europa bajo domino germano, un espacio “libre de judíos”. Quizá porque España, o al menos de ello presumían las autoridades del nuevo Estado franquista, como lo habían hecho, si bien con bastante más prudencia política, las republicanas en los años 30, ya era un país sin judíos. Efectivamente. Según las estimaciones aceptadas por la mayor parte de los historiadores en base a un censo elaborado en 1933, la comunidad judía en España no estaba compuesta por más de 6.000 personas, muchas de las cuáles decidieron emigrar al comienzo de la Guerra Civil. Y esa ausencia de judíos será la que determine no sólo la actuación política del régimen en los años de mayor persecución contra ellos en el continente, sino el discurso propagandístico que hacía del antisemitismo un punto de encuentro ideológico entre el nuevo Estado franquista y los Estados totalitarios consolidados en Europa en el período de entreguerras...

Western and Central Europe, 1831 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Post- und Reise-Karte von Deutschland und den anliegenden Ländern : bis London, Havre de Grace, Tours, Lyon, Genua, Bologna, Pesth, Warschau, Königsberg u. jenseits Kopenhagen, nebst den Haupt-Routen durch das übrige Europa, herausgegeben, und nach den Postcursen aus meist officiellen Quellen bearbeitet von F. M. Diez ; geographisch entworfen von Ad. St. It was published by Justus Perthes in 1831. Scale [ca. 1:1,500,000]. Covers portion of Central and Western Europe. Map in German. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes insets: "Haupt Routen durch Frank Reich, Spanien, Portugal u. Italien" and two showing the main roads through Poland, Latvia and Estonia.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

The Berlin Republic. Evolution of Germany's politics of memory and German patriotism. OSW Point of View, August 2009

Important changes have occurred in recent years in the attitude of a majority of the German elite towards the history of the 20th century and the political identity built on collective memory. Until recently, the sense of guilt for the crimes of the Third Reich and the obligation to remember were prevalent. While these two elements of Germany's memory of World War II are still important, currently the focus increasingly shifts to the German resistance against Nazism and the fate of the Germans who suffered in the war. Positive references to Germany's post-war history also occupy more and more space in the German memory. In 2009, i.e. the year of the 60th anniversary of the Federal Republic of Germany and the 20th anniversary of the fall of Communism, the efforts of German public institutions concentrate on promoting a new canon of history built around the successful democratisation and Germany's post-war economic success. The purpose behind these measures is to build a common historical memory that could be shared by the eastern and western parts of Germany and appeal to Germany's immigrants, who account for a growing proportion of the society.

Global assessment of soil phosphorus retention potential

Limited availability of P in soils to crops may be due to deficiency and/or severe P retention. Earlier studies that drew on large soil profile databases have indicated that it is not (yet) feasible to present meaningful values for "plant-available" soil P, obtained according to comparable analytical methods, that may be linked to soil geographical databases derived from 1:5 million scale FAO Digital Soil Map of the World, such as the 5 x 5 arc-minute version of the ISRIC-WISE database. Therefore, an alternative solution for studying possible crop responses to fertilizer-P applied to soils, at a broad scale, was sought. The approach described in this report considers the inherent capacity of soils to retain phosphorus (P retention), in various forms. Main controlling factors of P retention processes, at the broad scale under consideration, are considered to be pH, soil mineralogy, and clay content. First, derived values for these properties were used to rate the inferred capacity for P retention of the component soil units of each map unit (or grid cell) using four classes (i.e., Low, Moderate, High, and Very High). Subsequently, the overall soil phosphorus retention potential was assessed for each mapping unit, taking into account the P-ratings and relative proportion of each component soil unit. Each P retention class has been assigned to a likely fertilizer P recovery fraction, derived from the literature, thereby permitting spatially more detailed, integrated model-based studies of environmental sustainability and agricultural production at the global and continental level (< 1:5 million). Nonetheless, uncertainties remain high; the present analysis provides an approximation of world soil phosphorus retention potential.

(Table 2) Biostratigraphy of marine benthic and planktonic taxa in sediment core GIK14350 near Dagebüll, northern Germany

Together with foraminifers and ostracods, echinoderm remains are very frequent in Eemian sediments of the Dagebuell Well DA-1. The appearance of holothurian sclerites is particularly noteworthy. In the present study, remains of Holothuroidea from the European Pleistocene are described. These remains could be assigned to the Recent genus Psolus OKEN 1815. Furthermore, a short synopsis of disarticulate holothurian fossils in Holocene and Pleistocene sediments is given.

UM Men's Swimming Team, 1996

Front Row: Chris Rumley, Tom Almeida, Shuichi Matsumoto, Raymond Papa, Al Fleming, Brett Wilmot.

Second Row: diving coach Dick Kimball, Nathan Shepard, David Stephens, Jeff Flermoen, Dawson Hughes, Andy Potts, Joseph Janik, asst. coach Alex Braunfeld.

Third Row: head coach Jon Urbanchek, Ethan Toby Booker, Chris Laskowski, John Reich, Jan Wenzel, Royce Sharp, Joe Palmer.

Back Row: Steven Williams, Derya Buyukuncu, Owen von Richter, Tom Malchow, Tom Dolan, John Piersma, volunteer asst. coach Shigeo Ogata.

Demotische und griechische Texte auf Mumientäfelchen in der Sammlung der Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer,

Mode of access: Internet.

Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde /

Vols for <1970>-1974 contain the excavation reports of the Stiftung Pro Augusta Raurica, published 1975- in Jahresberichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst.

Neue erdbeschreibung.

1 t., 2. bd., 2. t., 2. bd. have half-titles only.

Consumer goods; how to know and use them

Bibliography at end of each unit.