Fishery resource surveys: beyond length-weight relationship models

Fisheries resource surveys are regular management tools for rational exploitation of commercial fisheries. In a growing number of cases, the use of these resource surveys has been largely restricted to assessment of the relative well being of fish stocks and the potential yields of such fisheries. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the data from such surveys can also be easily used to evaluate species diversity of such fisheries, both in terms of species richness and equitability of distribution. Using published data on two freshwater and two marine fisheries as case studies, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Function and Simpson's Index were computed for each of these fisheries. These biodiversity indices gave a deeper insight into the environmental status of each of these fisheries, beyond what the length-weight relationship models can reveal. Generally, while the marine fisheries showed more species richness, the freshwater fisheries apparently had more stable and equilibrated fish communities

The relationship between some physicochemical parameters and plankton composition on fish production in ponds

The effect of physico-chemical parameters and plankton composition on fish production in ponds was investigated in six fish farms for eight weeks. The physicochemical parameters investigated were temperature=25-30 plus or minus C, transparency=0.45-0.57m, dissolved oxygen=3.0-10.9mg/l, pH=6.0-7.7, dissolved carbon dioxide=5.46-28.3mg/l, total alkalinity=44.37-80.0ppm, chemical oxygen demand=31.88-72.18mg/l and biological oxygen demand=0.66-48.34mg/l. Plankton composition varies and was made of four families of phytoplankton namely: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and Diatomida; and four families of zooplankton viz: Protozoa, Rotifera, Copepoda and Dinoflagellates. Farm 1 and 6 recorded the highest average weight of about 1.0kg and average total length of about 40.0cm for the two fish species. This study showed that fish yield was dependable on the quality and management of pond water characteristics

The Sustainability of `Sustainable´ Energy Use: Historical Evidence on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy

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Studies of the serotonin type 3A receptor and the chemical preparation of tRNA

This thesis describes studies surrounding a ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC): the serotonin type 3A receptor (5-HT₃AR). Structure-function experiments using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis are described, as well as experiments on the methodology of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Chapter 1 introduces LGICs, experimental methods, and an overview of the unnatural amino acid mutagenesis.

In Chapter 2, the binding orientation of the clinically available drugs ondansetron and granisetron within 5-HT₃A is determined through a combination of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and an inhibition based assay. A cation-π interaction is found for both ondansetron and granisetron with a specific tryptophan residue (Trp183, TrpB) of the mouse 5-HT₃AR, which establishes a binding orientation for these drugs.

In Chapter 3, further studies were performed with ondansetron and granisetron with 5-HT₃A. The primary determinant of binding for these drugs was determined to not include interactions with a specific tyrosine residue (Tyr234, TyrC2). In completing these studies, evidence supporting a cation-π interaction of a synthetic agonist, meta-chlorophenylbiguanide, was found with TyrC2.

In Chapter 4, a direct chemical acylation strategy was implemented to prepare full-length suppressor tRNA mediated by lanthanum(III) and amino acid phosphate esters. The derived aminoacyl-tRNA is shown to be translationally competent in Xenopus oocytes.

Appendix A.1 gives details of a pharmacological method for determining the equilibrium dissociation constant, K_B, of a competitive antagonist with a receptor, known as Schild analysis. Appendix A.2 describes an examination of the inhibitory activity of new chemical analogs of the 5-HT₃A antagonist ondansetron. Appendix A.3 reports an organic synthesis of an intermediate for a new unnatural amino acid. Appendix A.4 covers an additional methodological examination for the preparation of amino-acyl tRNA.

Relationship of dimensions and weight in freshwater planktonic crustaceans. [Translation from: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 84(1) 153-156, 1952. ]

There is no doubt that determination of the biomass of zooplankton (primarily of crustaceans) will be taken into consideration in practice and limnological works, especially after the recent publication of fairly comprehensive tables of weights of a whole range of species of freshwater copepods and cladocerans. The usefulness of applying formulae of determining the biomass of marine crustaceans for freshwater copepods is discussed.

Small-dynamic-angle measurement using tangent relationship and phase-modulating technique

A method using two prisms for measurement of small dynamic angles is proposed in which the measurement is based on a simple tangent equation and a phase-modulating interferometer with a laser diode to measure dynamic optical path differences with higher accuracy. Owing to the simple tangent equation, the symmetry requirement on the two prisms in the optical configuration is eliminated, and easy measurement of the separations between two parallel beams with a position-sensitive detector is achieved. Small-dynamic-angle measurements are experimentally demonstrated with high accuracy. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

The relationship between boat size and fish catches in the gillnet fishery of Lake Victoria, Uganda

The number and size composition of gillnets, fishing grounds, and the quantity and composition of fish catches were related to the size of fishing boat. The overall number of gillnets per boat increased from 20.9 + or - 2.3 nets in 5-6 m long boats to 88.6 + or - 11.8 nets in 11-12 m long boats. The proportion of large mesh sizes, + or more than 127 mm, also increased from 40% in 5-6 m long boats to 100% in boats longer than 10 m. Fish catches are related to the size of boat and this should be considered when formulating management guidelines of the lake's fishery. Promotion of large fishing boats 8 m or longer and restriction on the number and/or mesh size of gillnets of smaller boats could increase ecological and socio-economic benefits.

Comparação in vitro do desgaste dental em função da dureza de três diferentes tipos de materiais antagonistas

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar in vitro o desgaste dental de pré-molares (PM) e molares (M) e sua relação com o valor de dureza Vickers dos materiais utilizados como antagonistas em uma máquina de abrasão simulada para provocar o desgaste nos dentes testados. Os materiais antagonistas utilizados foram VeraBond II (liga de Ni-Cr), Solidex (resina composta) e IPS Empress 2 (cerâmica). Para cada ensaio de dureza, foram preparados seis corpos-de-prova de cada material, os quais foram polidos sob refrigeração, com ciclo de 20 min para cada granulação. Num microdurômetro (HMV-2), foram realizadas três mossas por quadrante, cada uma sob carga de 19,614 N por 30 s, totalizando 12 mossas de base quadrada com ângulo de 136 entre os planos. O teste de abrasão foi realizado numa máquina simuladora de abrasão, freqüência de 265 ciclos/min e 4,4 Hz, com um percurso do antagonista de 10 mm à velocidade de 88 mm/s. Cada dente foi testado em oposição a um antagonista (foram 6 pares dente/material para cada grupo), em água deionizada, sob carga de 5 N, por 150 min, num total de 39.750 ciclos. Foram utilizados dezenove dentes 1 pré-molares, dezenove 3 molares e confeccionados doze antagonistas em cada material em forma de pastilha. Cada grupo de seis dentes foi testado em oposição a seis antagonistas do mesmo material. Ademais, um dente 1 pré-molar (PM) e um dente 3 molar (M) foram testados em oposição ao Plexiglass. Com relação ao desgaste do esmalte dentário (PM+M) segundo o material antagonista, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis evidenciou diferença significativa com p-valor < 0,001 e o teste de Mann-Whitney evidenciou diferença significativa nas comparações PM+M/resina X PM+M/metal (p-valor < 0,001), PM+M/resina X PM+M/cerâmica (p-valor < 0,001) e PM+M/metal X PM+M/cerâmica (p-valor = 0,002). A análise isolada, considerando pré-molares e molares separadamente, encontrou diferença significativa em relação ao desgaste do esmalte dentário no teste de Kruskall-Wallis, porém não detectou diferença significativa no teste de comparação múltipla Mann-Whitney quando comparou o desgaste sofrido pelo PM/metal em relação ao PM/cerâmica. Em relação à dureza Vickers detectou-se diferença significativa da dureza dos materiais no teste de Kruskall-Wallis (p-valor < 0,001) e também no teste de Mann-Whitney nas comparações múltiplas com p-valor = 0,002. Comparando-se a dureza com a perfilometria, observou-se uma correlação estatisticamente significativa (p ≤ 0,05) na correlação negativa (ρ= -0,829) entre a dureza do metal como material antagonista e o desgaste do esmalte dentário do dente molar. Os resultados sugeriram que todo material restaurador indireto estudado causou desgaste ao esmalte dentário quando submetido a forças de simulação de abrasão com carga. Embora tenha sido observada correlação entre dureza e resistência à abrasão, essa correlação foi pouco significativa.

Small-dynamic-angle measurement using tangent relationship and phase-modulating technique

A method using two prisms for measurement of small dynamic angles is proposed in which the measurement is based on a simple tangent equation and a phase-modulating interferometer with a laser diode to measure dynamic optical path differences with higher accuracy. Owing to the simple tangent equation, the symmetry requirement on the two prisms in the optical configuration is eliminated, and easy measurement of the separations between two parallel beams with a position-sensitive detector is achieved. Small-dynamic-angle measurements are experimentally demonstrated with high accuracy. (C) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Efeitos macrovasculares, microvasculares e interação leucócito-endotélio, na endotoxemia experimental após o uso de Dobutamina com e sem ressuscitação volêmica

Na sepse, o mecanismo desencadeador de morte é a disfunção múltipla de órgãos e sistemas. Com isso a microcirculação é considerada o motor na patogênese da sepse. A perfusão microcirculatória representa um dos principais objetivos para melhorar as taxas de sobrevida. Uma vez reconhecida a síndrome séptica, o protocolo clínico estabelece o uso de fluidoterapia com salina, de forma vigorosa na primeira hora e seguida de suporte inotrópico com Dobutamina. A partir daí foi levantada a hipótese das drogas β-agonistas serem relevantes na recuperação da microcirculação, antes mesmo de seu conhecido papel na recuperação do choque cardiogênico. Assim, estudar o papel da Dobutamina, um β-agonista, na resposta adrenérgica em situação de sepse se faz necessário e urgente e o entendimento de sua ação, associada à reposição volêmica, foi objeto deste estudo. Foram usados no presente estudo, 78 hamsters, induzida a endotoxemia com LPS (2mg/kg/de massa de peso corporal) e divididos em 9 grupos: controle (n=10), endotóxico(n=10), endotóxico tratados com Dobutamina na dose de 5 e 15 μg /kg/min (n=10), Isoproterenol(n=10), ressuscitação volêmica (n=10) e ressuscitação volêmica associada à Dobutamina 5 (n=10) e 15 μg/kg/min (n=4) e Isoproterenol (n=4). Foram comparados os resultados de recuperação da densidade capilar funcional ao longo do tempo entre os grupos, e obteve-se resultado estatisticamente significativo no grupo em que se usa Dobutamina de 5μg/kg/min associada à ressuscitação volêmica p< 0,05. Em conclusão este estudo mostra que o papel da ressuscitação volêmica é crucial na resposta da microcirculação para melhorar a densidade capilar funcional, que a velocidade da hemácia capilar tem relação direta com a melhora na perfusão tecidual e que a associação de recuperação volêmica com solução salina e Dobutamina na dose de 5 μg /kg /min melhora significativamente sua resposta e melhora a perfusão.

The relationship between aquatic macrophytes and water quality in Nta-Wogba Stream, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

An empirical survey of macrophytes distribution and biomass from four stations, along Nta-wogba stream in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, was conducted between April and December 2007, to quantify the relationship between biomass, in stream nutrients and dissolved ions. The correlation analysis indicated that the biomass of the aquatic macrophytes under consideration, Einochloa pyramidalis; Diplazum sammatii; Cyperus difformis; Alternathera sessilis and Ludwigia decurrens were significantly (P<0.05) related to the nutrients: sulphate, ammonium; nitrate, and phosphate in all the stations. The measurement of total dissolved solid, which is correlated to ionic concentrations and turbidity, provided a rough indication of in stream light availability.