709 resultados para Afro-descendentes
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The contamination of water sources of public drinking by waste originated by anthropogenic activities has brought various risks to human health. Among the consequences of such activities can highlight the bloom of microalgae and cyanobacteria, which have the potential to produce toxins dangerous to humans, and the presence of humic substances that are generated by the decomposition of natural organic matter (NOM), such as vegetation. When found in water sources for public supply, present negative aspects conferring high color, odor and taste. The double filtration technology has good efficiency in water with the presence of cyanobacteria and different quality variations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of the technique of double filtration with pre-oxidation for water purifiers the lagoon of Extremoz-RN, which currently has high concentrations of cyanobacteria. The research is summarized in four phases: the first phase turned to static tests in jarteste equipment in the laboratory and subsequent phases were tested in the Pilot Plant of Double Filtration. For the second and third stage filtration rates were tested filtration rates of 120 and 180 m3 / m2 .day for ascending boulders filters and 160 and 240 m3 / m2 .day in the filters in quick sand descendants. The last phase aimed to evaluate the double filtration with pre-oxidation. The results demonstrated that the system could produce double filtration in all trials of good quality water according to the Decree nº. 2914/11 of the Ministry of Health. The use of preoxidation favored the removal of microcystin and color at the end of the tests, reaching a percentage of color removal around 60%. The analysis of variance in the data, enabled prove that the filtration rates of 180 m3 / m2.d the gravel filter and 240 m3 /m2 .d in rapid filters, were the most significant for the removal of turbidity. The ascending filter of boulder 4 with particle size finer filter layer showed the best performance and the best means of turbidity and apparent color. The rapid filter downward 1 was more efficient in removing turbidity reaching removal about 100%
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Gaucher’s disease (GD) is caused by a β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside in the reticuloendothelial system. The prevalence of GD in Tabuleiro do Norte (TN) (1:4000) is the highest in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to present evidence of consanguinity and founder effect for the G377S mutation (c.1246G>A) among GD patients in TN based on enzyme, molecular and genealogical studies. Between March 2009 and December 2010, 131 subjects at risk for GD (GC in dried blood ≤2.19 nmol/h/ml) and 5 confirmed GD patients from the same community were submitted for molecular analysis to characterize the genetic profile of the population. Based on the enzymatic and molecular analysis, the subjects were classified into three categories: affected (n=5), carrier (n=20) and non-carrier (n=111). All carriers were (G377S/wt). Affected subjects were homozygous (G377S/G377S). The identification of a single mutation in carriers and homozygotes from different generations, the history of the community and the genealogy study suggest that the high prevalence of GD in this population may be due to a combination of consanguinity and founder effect for the G377S mutation
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This study makes an approach to the Morro Agudo Community (Cisterna) located in Catalão city(GO) rural area where stands the Maria Bárbara Sucena Municipal School. This school center is a result of getting together several small and isolated schools, which worked, scattered in many rural communities in the region. After this centralization in a single school, many students had to move along inconvenient distance to get their classes. Morro Agudo Community (Cisterna) was outstanding at garlic cultivation throughout the 1990`s when eventually this activity came to a decline. The region is constituted by properties of small tract of land. The landowners come from a Portuguese background and there are, in addit ion, migrant workers from the northeast region of Brazil. These northeasterners work for these local landowners, and that brings an additional meaning to the social relations in the region and to the rural schooling. The social and cultural diversity of the region has a feedback at the school arising tensions in many ways. In the teaching and learning process the school deals with this diversity, combined with rules and goals that, in the end, delivers a geography teaching not able to value the local knowledge accumulated in the region by its own inhabitants. New methodological approaches to rural school communities emerged out of the analysis of these unmet expectations. Furthermore, this study takes into consideration some “residues”, that means not all events are fit into programs; there are unintended consequences in an open process. All these are object of deep review in this doctoral dissertation. In this community, an analysis of the public policies implemented by Federal and municipal governments to rural schools communities in Brazil was conducted. The way in which public policies toward rural communities are implemented at the schools was reviewed; the goals they pursue and the role played by textbooks are also object of analysis. This study questions the relevance of this tools, mainly if they meet the real needs of the local people. The social representations of teachers and students are considered carefully based on their everyday lives and experiences.
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A religião de Umbanda ocupa grande espaço na vida e no imaginário religioso brasileiro, e adota as lendas, mitos e folclore da cultura popular brasileira. Desprovida de texto sagrado, a Umbanda rejeita a ideia do entendimento de uma literatura sagrada como pressuposto para uma ligação com o divino, sendo mais preocupada com a experiência religiosa e do sagrado, como ponte entre a dimensão humana e divina. Embora de comum acordo sobre a importância da prática na religião de Umbanda, existe um forte debate teológico na questão do valor principal para as práticas e vida religiosa do filho de santo. De um lado, temos a Doutrina Esotérica que aposta na produção textual e teórica e, de outro, temos a Umbanda de popular, que aposta na experiência pessoal do filho de santo com a tradição oral e as práticas religiosas. De sua fundação até a presente data, a Umbanda Esotérica tem apostado na formação acadêmica como base principal para a instrumentalização do filho de santo para a prática no terreiro, assim como publicação de textos, livros, artigos, oferecimento de cursos e a criação da primeira instituição especializada de ensino, a Faculdade de Teologia Umbandista. Se por um lado, para alguns, isso possa parecer uma abertura para a modernização e melhor aceitação das práticas de origem africanas, para outros, representa uma limitação na prática e na experiência do filho de santo devido à racionalidade do espaço acadêmico. Desse modo, pretendo investigar esse conflito no discurso e nas suas especificidades, estudando literatura especializada e orgânica, tendo como eixo de investigação a seguinte questão: O que é mais importante para as práticas religiosas em Umbanda, a formação prática ou a acadêmica?
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Ce mémoire porte sur le rôle du geste musical dans le développement de styles musicaux devenus syncrétiques. Il s’attarde à définir dans le détail le style de guitare populaire assiko propre aux Bassa du Cameroun du Sud lequel est représenté internationalement par le guitariste et percussionniste traditionnel Atna Njock. Grâce à une approche dialogique et participative, les techniques du jeu assiko sont explorées et comparées à des exemples de jeu de guitare européenne, afro-américaines et africaines. Les influences qui définissent le jeu d’Atna découlent de la culture Bassa et de son histoire marquée par l’influence coloniale et missionnaire, mais sont aussi alimentées par la «philosophie» (voire la spiritualité) et le passé musical de l’artiste. L’approche participative fournit une perspective émique, c’est-à-dire interne à la culture, de la gestuelle et de la structure du jeu assiko même si nous confrontons les propos du musicien à notre propre regard analytique. La comparaison avec divers instruments de percussion auxquels Atna a été initié montre comment ceux-ci ont forgé son jeu guitaristique. Son rôle de « garant » de la tradition musicale Bassa influence son approche et se manifeste par une préoccupation particulière pour l’« authenticité » dans la reproduction des rythmes d’un « langage » musical donné. Ses liens avec la culture Bassa, s’expriment notamment par le biais de sa reproduction du style de jeu de son maître, Jean Bikoko « Aladin ». La contribution particulière d’Atna à la technique de guitare de Bikoko est comprise comme un ajout à la lignée ancestrale. Une analyse d’un morceau du répertoire assiko issu du plus récent album d’Atna illustre d’ailleurs comment son incorporation de styles « modernes » reproduit les processus traditionnels en intégrant des éléments culturels étrangers.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Assistimos a um acelerado processo de envelhecimento demográfico. A população está cada vez mais envelhecida, surgindo a necessidade de promover e incentivar o Envelhecimento Ativo. Este é contínuo, difere de pessoa para pessoa, podendo ser compreendido e influenciado por diversos fatores. As alterações familiares levam a uma reorganização na própria visão do indivíduo ao longo da sua trajetória de vida. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender de que modo as trajetórias familiares influenciam o envelhecimento ativo. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa e a recolha de dados obteve-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram selecionados 4 sujeitos, 2 homens e 2 mulheres, entre os 70 e os 77 anos, residentes em meio rural e urbano. A análise incidiu sobre as trajetórias familiares ao longo da infância, juventude, idade adulta e pós-reforma. Os resultados constatam que, na infância, a família foi um suporte sólido. Apesar da educação rígida típica da época, os progenitores incentivaram a escolaridade e autonomia dos sujeitos. Na juventude, o fenómeno da emigração esteve presente, tendo sido uma etapa marcada pela falta de liberdade, pela diferença de género e entrada no mundo laboral. Na fase adulta, todos namoraram, primando o respeito, casaram e constituíram família. Nesta fase, também marcada por algumas perdas, todos eles se mantiveram ativos profissionalmente e ao nível do lazer. A entrada na reforma foi vivida com naturalidade, sem implicações familiares, continuando ativos. As conclusões revelam que a família foi importante em todo o ciclo vital, destacando-se a relação mantida com os seus ascendentes, descendentes e cônjuges.
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O chá é a bebida mais consumida no mundo depois da água, no entanto, é no continente Asiático que é mais consumido. Existem vários tipos diferentes de chá “descendentes” da planta Camellia sinensis. É uma bebida multifacetada e benéfica para o próprio consumidor, devido às suas propriedades organoléticas e propriedades benéficas para a saúde (presença de antioxidantes). Hoje em dia existe uma crescente procura por produtos inovadores, de elevada qualidade nutricional, nomeadamente produtos alimentares com propriedades diuréticas ou dietéticas. Por outro lado, os organismos marinhos têm-se revelado como fonte de compostos bioativos com elevado potencial. Nomeadamente as algas que têm demonstrado produzir moléculas, pelo seu metabolismo secundário, com aplicação alimentar, farmacológica, entre outras. Desta forma, o principal objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade da alga Fucus Spiralis, uma alga edível com elevado poder antioxidante, na transferência de antioxidantes durante a preparação de uma tisana, para o desenvolvimento de uma bebida inovadora “chá de alga”. Por outro lado, este trabalho teve também como objetivo fazer uma nova tisana “variante” do chá verde alga Fucus Spiralis. De modo a estudar o melhor processo para a secagem da alga, esta foi seca através de três métodos: liofilização, em estufa e no secador Tray-drier. Para os três métodos foram avaliados vários parâmetros químicos, como a quantificação de polifenóis totais, cor, aW e teor de humidade. As análises foram realizadas logo após a secagem. Ao longo do tempo (60 dias), foi também medido a quantificação de polifenóis com a alga embalada a vácuo e sem estar embalada a vácuo. Finalmente, adicionando a alga, o chá verde e aditivos alimentares, procederam-se a três diferentes processos de conservação: esterilização, pasteurização e filtração (filtro 0,22μm). Após estes tratamentos foi realizado um estudo microbiológico, a variação de cor e a quantificação de polifenóis totais ao longo de 30 dias. O menor valor obtido de aW foi observado para a alga liofilizada. Por outro lado os menores valores de humidade foram obtidos pela secagem por liofilização e pela utilização da estufa ventilada. A realização da tisana de Fucus spiralis revelou a libertação de antioxidantes em todos os processos de secagem e para todas as concentrações testadas (0,1g; 0,5g e 1g/300mL). No entanto, a libertação de polifenóis revelou-se apenas dependente do processo de secagem para a concentração de 0,5 g/300 mL, onde a quantificação total de polifenóis foi superior para o processo de liofilização (0,246 ± 0,049 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/mL). Este valor não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas com os polifenóis quantificados para a concentração de 1g/300mL. O armazenamento da alga Fucus spiralis ao longo de 60 dias em vácuo ou na ausência de vácuo não provocaram alterações na quantificação total de polifenóis e foi independente do processo de secagem. Durante os 60 dias ocorreu uma diminuição dependente do tempo dos polifenóis libertados para a tisana de alga. Esta diminuição foi particularmente acentuada até aos 15 dias. A formulação de uma tisana com 0,5g da alga Fucus spiralis e 0,5g de chá verde revelou-se, tendencialmente, com maior concentração de polifenóis de que uma tisana com 1 g de chá verde ou 1 g. Para a tisana com 0,5g da alga Fucus spiralis e 0,5g de chá verde o processo de esterilização e pasteurização não impediram o crescimento de microrganismo ao final de 30 dias de armazenamento da tisana. Contrariamente, o processo de filtração garantiu ausência de carga bacteriana durante os 30 dias de armazenamento. Por outro lado os níveis de polifenóis diminuíram ligeiramente ao longo do tempo de armazenamento, mas de um modo independente do processo de conservação. Desta forma, as tisanas de alga (Fucus spiralis) e chá verde desenvolvidas no presente trabalho, quando liofilizadas e filtradas, apresentaram um elevado potencial antioxidante, apresentando-se como um produto inovador para a indústria alimentar.
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Aims: To reassess the utilisation rate of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) screening in our centre; and the rate of repeat testing, where appropriate. To look at risk factors for albuminuria in our outpatient population. Methods: All patients attending one of our two weekly diabetes outpatient clinics in 2011–2012 were enrolled in this study. Demographic and relevant clinical data were extracted from electronic care records and analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Our study cohort comprised 998 people (51.4% men;59.6% White, 30.5% Southeast Asian, 9.9% Afro-Caribbean),most of whom had Type 2 diabetes (82.6%). The ACR testing rate in our centre was 62.8% (2012–2013 data; previously 62.4%). The incidence of initial albuminuria was 32.2% in women vs42.8% in men. Just 48.7% of patients (44.4% of women, 51.8% of men) with initial albuminuria were retested: 36.4% of women and 19.7% of men with initial albuminuria had no evidence of this on follow-up. Logistic regression modelling confirmed an association of high systolic blood pressure with albuminuria [odds ratio1.92 (1.01–3.70 in women, 1.08–3.57 in men)]. Treatment with anangiotens in converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotens in 2 receptor blocker (A2RB) was negatively associated with albuminuria in men [odds ratio 0.42 (0.20–0.89)], but not in women. Conclusions: A relatively high, albeit suboptimal, albuminuria screening rate in our outpatient population has been sustained.High systolic blood pressure was confirmed as a risk factor foralbuminuria. The incidence of albuminuria was higher in men, who had a lower rate of negative repeat testing and appeared to benefit more from ACEi/A2RB therapy. More rigorous screening for albuminuria is warranted to identify at-risk individuals.
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La disertación no define un campo disciplinario, ni una construcción formal, ni una metodología que intente llegar a una verdad racional. Se desobedece la linealidad epistémica occidental y el enfoque en un tema específico. El manuscrito opta por navegar a través de rutas relacionales en conversación desde, con y entre varios saberes y experiencias personales, tribales y comunitarias. Localizamos el andar decolonial en un territorio expandido donde incorporamos una geo-‐‑política trazada en la continuidad que ofrece la ancestralidad lingüística y cultural entre maya, seminole y loko, esta última conectada a la lengua madre arahuaca que se extiende desde la región amazónica del este de Los Andes, norte de Argentina y Paraguay desde 9000 A.C.
Al hilvanar experiencias y saberes otros, se establecen conexiones y rupturas más cercanas a los que entendimos como cosmos-‐‑existencia y cosmoconvivencia en los imaginarios indígenas, afro y US latinxs. La disertación no podrá abarcar todas las rutas y encrucijadas que propician la decolonialidad del imaginario erótico kairibe, pero transito caminos sacbes desde donde los trazos de la memoria y la experiencia sanan la opresión colonial y nutren el andar del espíritu por los saberes inscritos en los relatos de creación indígenas y afro caribe, la oralidad de las lenguas maya yucateca y loko, la expresión de varixs creadores decoloniales, y las conversaciones e intercambios sociales con algunos de los miembros del proyecto decolonial.
A partir de la propuesta metodológica de Linda Tuhiwai Smith, en la cual se afirma que las metodologías indígenas son el resultado de la elaboración de un tejido, este manuscrito entrelaza una plataforma crítica, una encrucijada de saberes donde confluyen la variabilidad de los proyectos metodológicos propuesto por Tuhiwai Smith (1999), el pensamiento fronterizo de Gloria Anzaldúa (1987), la corpo-‐‑política de Frantz Fanon (1987), la poética relacional de Edouard Glissant (1997), las pedagogía sagrada de Jacqui Alexander (2005), el desprendimiento, delinking de Walter D. Mignolo (2007), el poder erótico de Audre Lorde (1986), la transmodernidad de Enrique Dussel (2005) y la geopolítica del pensar propuesta por Catherine Walsh (2007).
Desde esta encrucijada de saberes, la disertación navega el racismo cognitivo eurocentrado, al mismo tiempo que efectúa el desligue epistémico y creativo hacia locaciones otras donde las experiencias y aprendizajes, conectados a las memorias ancestrales de lxs abuelxs, propician la decolonización del imaginario erótico kairibeafroxeri.
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We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting for: Pan-African Consciousness Raising and Organizing in the United States and Venezuela, draws on fifteen months of field research accompanying organizers, participating in protests, planning/strategy meetings, state-run programs, academic conferences and everyday life in these two countries. Through comparative examination of the processes by which African Diaspora youth become radically politicized, this work deconstructs tendencies to deify political s/heroes of eras past by historicizing their ascent to political acclaim and centering the narratives of present youth leading movements for Black/African liberation across the Diaspora. I employ Manuel Callahan’s description of “encuentros”, “the disruption of despotic democracy and related white middle-class hegemony through the reconstruction of the collective subject”; “dialogue, insurgent learning, and convivial research that allows for a collective analysis and vision to emerge while affirming local struggles” to theorize the moments of encounter, specifically, the moments (in which) Black/African youth find themselves becoming politically radicalized and by what. I examine the ways in which Black/African youth organizing differs when responding to their perpetual victimization by neoliberal, genocidal state-politics in the US, and a Venezuelan state that has charged itself with the responsibility of radically improving the quality of life of all its citizens. Through comparative analysis, I suggest the vertical structures of “representative democracy” dominating the U.S. political climate remain unyielding to critical analyses of social stratification based on race, gender, and class as articulated by Black youth. Conversely, I contend that present Venezuelan attempts to construct and fortify more horizontal structures of “popular democracy” under what Hugo Chavez termed 21st Century Socialism, have resulted in social fissures, allowing for a more dynamic and hopeful negation between Afro-Venezuelan youth and the state.
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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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The tropical afro-montane forest of the Northwest region is unique and under direct threat from the high population density of the region. Community-based forestry management is an opportunity to sustainably manage the remaining forest fragments. Community forestry was introduced to Cameroon with the legislation of the 1994 Forestry Law. Over two decades later little research has been conducted in the Northwest region of Cameroon. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted, and samples of forestry records were analyzed as exploratory research that would act as a base for further research. This research found that the tenure of the community over the community forest needed to be strengthened, marginalized populations needed to be empowered to participate, and governance needed to be improved both nationally, and locally. Further research will strengthen these conclusions and help Cameroon, and community forests around the world, be effectively established and managed.
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The recently proposed global monsoon hypothesis interprets monsoon systems as part of one global-scale atmospheric overturning circulation, implying a connection between the regional monsoon systems and an in-phase behaviour of all northern hemispheric monsoons on annual timescales (Trenberth et al., 2000). Whether this concept can be applied to past climates and variability on longer timescales is still under debate, because the monsoon systems exhibit different regional characteristics such as different seasonality (i.e. onset, peak, and withdrawal). To investigate the interconnection of different monsoon systems during the pre-industrial Holocene, five transient global climate model simulations have been analysed with respect to the rainfall trend and variability in different sub-domains of the Afro-Asian monsoon region. Our analysis suggests that on millennial timescales with varying orbital forcing, the monsoons do not behave as a tightly connected global system. According to the models, the Indian and North African monsoons are coupled, showing similar rainfall trend and moderate correlation in rainfall variability in all models. The East Asian monsoon changes independently during the Holocene. The dissimilarities in the seasonality of the monsoon sub-systems lead to a stronger response of the North African and Indian monsoon systems to the Holocene insolation forcing than of the East Asian monsoon and affect the seasonal distribution of Holocene rainfall variations. Within the Indian and North African monsoon domain, precipitation solely changes during the summer months, showing a decreasing Holocene precipitation trend. In the East Asian monsoon region, the precipitation signal is determined by an increasing precipitation trend during spring and a decreasing precipitation change during summer, partly balancing each other. A synthesis of reconstructions and the model results do not reveal an impact of the different seasonality on the timing of the Holocene rainfall optimum in the different sub-monsoon systems. They rather indicate locally inhomogeneous rainfall changes and show, that single palaeo-records should not be used to characterise the rainfall change and monsoon evolution for entire monsoon sub-systems.