Tratamento da superdosagem de anticoagulantes orais

OBJETIVO: Verificar a resposta de 73 pacientes com superdosagem de droga anti-vitamina K (AVK) a 3 esquemas de tratamento. MÉTODOS: Os 73 pacientes foram avaliados em 94 ocasiões e divididos em 3 grupos: grupo A (N=32) , suspensão do AVK por 2 dias e introdução de dose menor; grupo B (N=37), suspensão do AVK e reavaliação em 4 dias; grupo C (N=25), vitamina K por via oral. A razão normalizada internacional (RNI) final foi considerada adequada quando entre 2,0 e 4,0. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (chi²=2,352, p=0,671) para 61 pacientes com RNI inicial <8. Houve mais pacientes com RNI <2 no grupo C (chi²=9,998, p=0,007) entre 33 pacientes com RNI inicial >8. Cinco dos 7 pacientes do grupo B que continuaram com superdosagem tinham RNI <4,5 e pequeno risco de hemorragia. Entretanto, 6 dos 10 pacientes do grupo C com anticoagulação insuficiente tinham RNI <1,6 e risco de trombose. Treze pacientes sangraram, mas sem necessidade de transfusão. CONCLUSÃO: A reversão da superdosagem de AVK pode ser feita pela suspensão da droga Administração de vitamina K, por via oral, deve se restringir a pacientes com RNI mais elevado para se evitar anticoagulação insuficiente.

Fatores de risco para infarto do miocárdio no Brasil: estudo FRICAS

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo conduzido entre janeiro/94 e março/95, em 20 centros médicos no Brasil, constituído de casos, 299 pacientes com IAM e, controles, 292 indivíduos, identificados no mesmo centro que os casos, e admitidos com largo espectro de doenças agudas, não relacionadas a fatores de risco conhecidos ou suspeitos para IAM. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de um questionário estruturado, preenchido pelo próprio paciente. Os efeitos das variáveis pesquisadas sobre a ocorrência de IAM foram estudadas em abordagens univariadas, considerando-se significativo p<=0,05. RESULTADOS: Os fatores relacionados ao risco de IAM foram, para os casos e controles, respectivamente: hipercolesterolemia: 210,93±46,74mg/dl e 185,71±45,45mg/dl (p= 0,000); tabagismo: 41,69% e 27,20% (p= 0,000); hipertensão arterial: 52,35% e 20,88% (p= 0,000); diabetes mellitus: 19,70% e 9,93% (p= 0,001); história familiar: positiva no pai dos indivíduos em 42,14 e 33,22% (p= 0,025) e na mãe em 42,14% e 30,82% (p= 0,007); situação socioeconômica: 88,99% e 60,20% proprietários de casa própria (p= 0,002) e 44,45% e 33,21% de automóvel (p= 0,010); atividade física: 56,83% e 48,28% haviam mantido o hábito de caminhar no ano que antecedeu à entrada no estudo (p= 0,029); hábitos alimentares: 38,79 e 28,42% consumiam habitualmente embutidos (p= 0,013). A média do peso corporal foi de 72,50±26,89kg e 69±12,26kg (p= 0,0271) e a altura média de 166,56±7,81cm e 166,66±8,47cm. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo confirmou a importância da hipercolesterolemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes, sobrepeso e história familiar positiva, como fatores de risco para ocorrência de IAM. Houve relação direta e significativa entre a ocorrência de IAM e a condição socioeconômica.

The role of marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea in bioenergy production

The development of products from marine bioresources is gaining importance in the biotechnology sector. The global market for Marine Biotechnology products and processes was, in 2010, estimated at 2.8 billion with a cumulative annual growth rate of 510% (Børresen et al., Marine biotechnology: a new vision and strategy for Europe. Marine Board Position Paper 15. Beernem: Marine Board-ESF, 2010). Marine Biotechnology has the potential to make significant contributions towards the sustainable supply of food and energy, the solution of climate change and environmental degradation issues, and the human health. Besides the creation of jobs and wealth, it will contribute to the development of a greener economy. Thus, huge expectations anticipate the global development of marine biotechnology. The marine environment represents more than 70% of the Earths surface and includes the largest ranges of temperature, light and pressure encountered by life. These diverse marine environments still remain largely unexplored, in comparison with terrestrial habitats. Notwithstanding, efforts are being done by the scientific community to widespread the knowledge on oceans microbial life. For example, the J. Craig Venter Institute, in collaboration with the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography have built a state-of-the-art computational resource along with software tools to catalogue and interpret microbial life in the worlds oceans. The potential application of the marine biotechnology in the bioenergy sector is wide and, certainly, will evolve far beyond the current interest in marine algae. This chapter revises the current knowledge on marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea with a role in bio-hydrogen production, syngas fermentation and bio-electrochemical processes, three examples of bioenergy production routes.

Persistent organic chemicals of emerging environmental concern

The use of chemicals and chemical derivatives in agriculture and industry has contributed to their accumulation and persistence in the environment. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are among the environmental pollutants of most concern since, when improperly handled and disposed, they can persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and may create serious public health and environmental problems. Development of an effective degradation process has become an area of intense research. The physical/chemical methods employed, such as volatilization, evaporation, photooxidation, adsorption, or hydrolysis, are not always effective, are very expensive, and, sometimes, lead to generation/disposal of other contaminants. Biodegradation is one of the major mechanisms by which organic contaminants are transformed, immobilized, or mineralized in the environment. A clear understanding of the major processes that affect the interactions between organic contaminants, microorganisms, and environmental matrix is, thus, important for determining persistence of the compounds, for predicting in situ transformation rates, and for developing site remediation. Information on their risks and impact and occurrence in the different environmental matrices is also important, in order to attenuate their impact and apply the appropriate remediation process. This chapter provides information on the fate of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their impact, bioavailability, and biodegradation. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and microalbuminuria in normotensive subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between microalbuminuria with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients underwent determination of the rate of urinary excretion of albumin through radioimmunoassay and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Their mean age was 26.5±6.7 years, and the mean duration of their disease was 8 (1-34) years. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary excretion of albumin > or = 20 and <200µg/min in at least 2 out of 3 urine samples. RESULTS: Nine (24.3%) patients were microalbuminuric. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the microalbuminuric patients had higher mean pressure values, mainly the systolic pressure, during sleep as compared with that in the normoalbuminuric patients (120.1±8.3 vs 110.8±7.1 mmHg; p=0.007). The pressure load was higher in the microalbuminuric individuals, mainly the systolic pressure load during wakefulness [6.3 (2.9-45.9) vs 1.6 (0-16%); p=0.001]. This was the variable that better correlated with the urinary excretion of albumin (rS=0.61; p<0.001). Systolic pressure load >50% and diastolic pressure load > 30% during sleep was associated with microalbuminuria (p=0.008). The pressure drop during sleep did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Microalbuminuric normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients show greater mean pressure value and pressure load during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and these variables correlate with urinary excretion of albumin.

Atrioventricular pacemaker. Incidence and causes of reprogramming in long-term follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of problems requiring reprogramming of atrioventricular pacemakers in a long-term follow-up, and also the causes for this procedure. METHODS: During the period from May '98 to December '99, 657 patients were retrospectively studied, An actuarial curve for the event reprogramming of the stimulation mode was drawn. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 178 months (mean = 81 months). Eighty-two (12.4%) patients underwent reprogramming of the stimulation mode as follows: 63 (9.5%) changed to VVI,(R/C); 10 (1.5%) changed to DVI,C; 6 (0.9%) changed to VDD,C; and 3 (0.5%) changed to DOO. The causes for the reprogramming were as follows: arrhythmia conducted by the pacemaker in 39 (37.6%) patients; loss of atrial sensitivity or capture, or both, in 39 (38.6%) patients; and microfracture of atrial electrode in 5 (4.9%) patients. The stimulation mode reprogramming free probability after 15 years was 58%. CONCLUSION: In a long-term follow-up, the atrioventricular pacemaker provided a low incidence of complications, a high probability of permanence in the DDD,C mode, and the most common cause of reprogramming was arrhythmia conducted by the pacemaker.

Echocardiographic assessment of the different left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive patients

OBJECTIVE: To identiy left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive patients on echocardiography, and to correlate those patterns with casual blood pressure measurements and with the parameters obtained on a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. METHODS: We studied sixty hypertensive patients, grouped according to the Joint National Committee stages of hypertension.. Using the single- and two-dimensional Doppler Echocardiography, we analyzed the left ventricular mass and the geometric patterns through the correlation of left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. On ambulatory blood pressure monitoring we assessed the means and pressure loads in the different geometric patterns detected on echocardiography RESULTS: We identified three left ventricular geometric patterns: 1) concentric hypertrophy, in 25% of the patients; 2) concentric remodeling, in 25%; and 3) normal geometry, in 50%. Casual systolic blood pressure was higher in the group with concentric hypertrophy than in the other groups (p=0.001). Mean systolic pressure in the 24h, daytime and nighttime periods was also higher in patients with concentric hypertrophy, as compared to the other groups (p=0.003, p=0.004 and p=0.007). Daytime systolic load and nighttime diastolic load were higher in patients with concentric hypertrophy ( p=0.004 and p=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular geometric patterns show significant correlation with casual systolic blood pressure, and with means and pressure loads on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Is female sex an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether female sex is a factor independently related to in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Of 600 consecutive patients (435 males and 165 females) with acute myocardial infarction, we studied 13 demographic and clinical variables obtained at the time of hospital admission through uni- and multivariate analysis, and analyzed their relation to in-hospital death. RESULTS: Females were older (p<0.001) and had a higher incidence of hypertension (p<0.001). Males were more frequently smokers (p<0.001). The remaining risk factors had a similar incidence among both sexes. All variables underwent uni- and multivariate analysis. Through univariate analysis, the following variables were found to be associated with in-hospital death: female sex (p<0.001), age >70 years (p<0.001), the presence of previous coronary artery disease (p=0.0004), previous myocardial infarction (p<0.001), infarction in the anterior wall (p=0.007), presence of left ventricular dysfunction (p<0.001), and the absence of thrombolytic therapy (p=0.04). Through the multivariate analysis of logistic regression, the following variables were associated with in-hospital mortality: female sex (p=0.001), age (p=0.008), the presence of previous myocardial infarction (p=0.02), and left ventricular dysfunction (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for all risk variables, female sex proved to be a variable independently related to in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction.

Anxiety and depression symptoms in women and men from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum: parity differences and effects

This study aimed to investigate both anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum, comparing women and men and first and second-time parents. Methods: A sample of 260 Portuguese couples (N=520), first or second-time parents, recruited in an Obstetrics Out-patients Unit, filled in the State-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pregnancy trimesters, childbirth, and 3-months postpartum. Results: A decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum was found in both women and men, as well as in first and second-time parents. Men presented less anxiety and depression symptoms than women, but the same pattern of symptoms over time. Second-time parents showed more anxiety and depression symptoms than first-time parents and a different pattern of symptoms over time: an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms from the 3rd trimester to childbirth was observed in first-time parents versus a decrease in second-time parents. Limitations: The voluntary nature of the participation may have lead to a selection bias; women and men who agreed to participate could be those who presented fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. Moreover, the use of self-report symptom measures does not give us the level of possible disorder in participants. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression symptoms diminish from pregnancy to the postpartum period in all parents. Patterns of anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum are similar in women and men, but somewhat different in first and second time parents. Second-time parents should also be considered while studying and intervening during pregnancy and the postpartum.

Biventricular pacing improves clinical behavior and reduces prevalence of ventricular srrhythmia in patients with heart failure

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of biventricular pacing (BP) on clinical behavior, ventricular arrhythmia (VA) prevalence, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) by gated ventriculography. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and NYHA class III and IV underwent pacemaker implantation and were randomized either to the conventional or BP group, all receiving BP after 6 months. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were in NYHA class IV (66.6%) and 8 were in class III (33.4%). After 1-year follow-up, 14 patients were in class II (70%) and 5 were in class III (25%). Two sudden cardiac deaths occurred. A significant reduction in QRS length was found with BP (p=0.006). A significant statistical increase, from a mean of 19.13 ± 5.19% (at baseline) to 25.33 ± 5.90% (with BP) was observed in LVEF Premature ventricular contraction prevalence decreased from a mean of 10,670.00 ± 12,595.39 SD or to a mean of 3,007.00 ± 3,216.63 SD PVC/24 h with BP (p<0.05). Regarding the hospital admission rate over 1 year, we observed a significant reduction from 60. To 16 admissions with BP (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with LBBB and severe heart failure experienced, with BP, a significant NYHA class and LVEF improvement. A reduction in the hospital admission rate and VA prevalence also occurred.

Prenatal dopamine and neonatal behavior and biochemistry

Depressed pregnant women (N=126) were divided into high and low prenatal maternal dopamine (HVA) groups based on a tertile split on their dopamine levels at 20 weeks gestation. The high versus the low dopamine group had lower Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) scores, higher norepinephrine levels at the 20-week gestational age visit and higher dopamine and serotonin levels at both the 20- and the 32-week gestational age visits. The neonates of the mothers with high versus low prenatal dopamine levels also had higher dopamine and serotonin levels as well as lower cortisol levels. Finally, the neonates in the high dopamine group had better autonomic stability and excitability scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale. Thus, prenatal maternal dopamine levels appear to be negatively related to prenatal depression scores and positively related to neonatal dopamine and behavioral regulation, although these effects are confounded by elevated serotonin levels.

Acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients: comparative analysis of the predictors of mortality. The elderly versus the young

OBJECTIVE: To study the in-hospital evolution of patients aged 65 years and older, with acute myocardial infarction, who were treated by direct coronary angioplasty with no fibrinolytic therapy. METHODS: We studied 885 patients divided into 2 groups as follows: group I (GI) - 293 (33.4%) patients aged ³ 65 years (72±5 years), and group II (GII) - 592 patients aged < 65 years (57±9 years). Multivessel disease was more frequent in GI (63.5% x 49.7%; p=0.001). A greater number of GII patients were class I or II of the clinical Killip-Kimball classification (K) (80.2% x 67.2%; p=0.00002), while a significant number of GI patients were KIII and KIV (24.3% x 12.8%; p=0.00003). RESULTS: Group I had a lower index of success (84.6% x 94%; p=0.0002) and a greater in-hospital mortality (12.2% x 4.7%; p=0.00007). The predictors of mortality in GI were as follows: previous infarction (20.5% x 6.3%; p=0.02), anterior location (13.4% x 6.4%; p=0.03), and male sex (10.4% x 4.4%; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients had more severe acute myocardial infarction and more extensive disease, a lower index of success, and greater in-hospital mortality. Previous infarction, anterior location and male sex were identified as predictors of mortality in the elderly group (GI).

National alert campaign about increased cholesterol: determination of cholesterol levels in 81,262 Brazilians

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of total cholesterol in a significant sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: Blood cholesterol was determined in 81.262 individuals > 18 years old (51% male, 44.7 ± 15.7 years), using Accutrend equipment, in the cities São Paulo, Campinas, Campos do Jordão, São José dos Campos, Santos, Santo André, Ribeirão Preto, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Brasília, Salvador and documented in the presence of other risk factors (RF) for coronary artery disease (CAD) (systemic hypertension, CAD in the family, smoking, and diabetes). Participants were classified according to sex, age, and the presence or absence of RF, respectively, as 0 RF, 1 RF and > 2 RF. The percentage of individuals with cholesterol > 200 mg/dL and > 240 mg/dL was evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of individuals with 0, 1, and > 2 risk factors was 30% (n = 24,589), 36% (n =29,324), and 34% (n = 27,349) respectively, (P=0.657), and the mean total cholesterol of the population was 199.0 ± 35.0 mg/dL. Cholesterol levels above 200 and 240 mg/dL were found, respectively, in 40% (n = 32,515) and 13% (10.942) of individuals. The greater the number of risk factors the higher the levels of cholesterol (P<0.0001) and the greater the proportion of individuals with cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (P=0.032). No difference existed in the proportion of individuals with cholesterol > 240 mg/dL (P=0.11). CONCLUSION: A great percentage of individuals with cholesterol levels above those recommended to prevent coronary artery disease was found.

Principais características clínicas de pacientes que sobrevivem 24 meses ou mais após uma hospitalização devido a descompensação cardíaca

OBJETIVO: Estudar as principais características clínicas dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sobreviventes há mais de 24 meses após hospitalização para compensação. MÉTODOS: Estudados 126 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, em classe funcional III ou IV, com idade média de 51,7 anos, a maioria homens (73%), com fração de ejeção (FE) média de 0,36 e diâmetro diastólico (DD) do VE de 7,13 cm. Avaliaram-se as principais características clínicas e laboratoriais e no seguimento identificaram-se 25 (19.8%) pacientes que sobreviveram mais de 24 meses após a alta hospitalar. Compararam-se os dados dos sobreviventes (G1) aos dos que faleceram (G2) antes de 24 meses. RESULTADOS: No G1 encontraram-se níveis mais elevados do sódio sérico (138,3±3,4 vs 134,5±5,8 mEq/l; p=0,001), da pressão arterial (120,0 vs 96,7 mmHg; p=0,003) e da FE do VE (0,40±0,08 vs 0,34±0,09; p=0,004) e valores menores da uréia (59,8 vs 76,3 mg/dl; p=0,007), do tempo de protrombina (12,9 vs 14,8s; p=0,001), do DDVE (6,78±0,55 vs 7,22±0,91; p=0,003) e do diâmetro do AE (4,77 vs 4,99cm; p=0,0003). Houve mais sobreviventes entre os portadores de cardiomiopatia idiopática e hipertensiva do que entre os chagásicos e doença coronariana. Na análise multivariada permaneceram como variáveis preditoras independentes da mortalidade o DDVE > 7,8 cm (HR 1,95), o Na < 132 mEq/l (HR 2,30) e o tempo de protrombina > 14 seg (HR 1,69). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo permite predizer quais os pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca que poderão apresentar uma boa sobrevida após a alta e os com maior possibilidade de longa sobrevivência após a alta.

Cardioversão elétrica e lesão miocárdica: avaliação pelos novos marcadores de injúria cardíaca

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, através da evolução dos novos marcadores bioquímicos de injúria cardíaca, se a cardioversão elétrica (CVE) causa lesão miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 76 pacientes (P) submetidos a CVE eletiva de fibrilação atrial ou flutter atrial. Medidas de creatinafosfoquinase (CPK), CKMB-atividade e dosagem de CKMB-massa (M), mioglobina e troponina I cardíaca (cTnI) foram determinadas antes e após 6 e 24 horas da CVE. RESULTADOS: A CVE resultou um sucesso em 58 P (76,3%). A carga cumulativa (CC) foi de até 350 joules (J) em 36 P, de 500 a 650 J em 20 P e de 900 a 960 J em 20 P, com energia média aplicada de 493 J (± 309). A cTnI permaneceu dentro da normalidade nos 76 P. Com o aumento da CC, ocorreu elevação de CPK (> valor de p = 0,007), CKMB-atividade (> valor de p = 0,002), CKMB-M (> valor de p = 0,03) e mioglobina (> valor de p = 0,015). Correlação positiva foi observada entre a CC e picos de CPK (r = 0,660; p < 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,429; p < 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,265; p = 0,02) e mioglobina (r = 0,684; p < 0,0001). Correlação também positiva ocorreu entre o número de choques e picos de CPK (r = 0,770; p < 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,642; p < 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,430; p < 0,0001) e mioglobina (r = 0,745; p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A CVE não causa lesão miocárdica detectável pela dosagem da cTnI. Elevações de CPK, CKMB-atividade, CKMB-M e mioglobina são decorrentes de lesão do músculo esquelético, estando correlacionadas positivamente com a CC aplicada ou com o número de choques.