The makers of surveying instruments in America since 1700.

On spine: American surveying instrument makers.

Social and economic aspects of Swedish population movements, 1750-1933,

Mode of access: Internet.

Die österreichische armee von 1700 bis 1867.

Book-plate: Ex-libris Wolfgang fürst zu Ysenburg und Büdingen.

Mrs. Delany (Mary Granville) a memoir, 1700-1788;

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, from the accession of Philip V. to the death of Charles III. 1700 to 1788. Drawn from original and unpublished documents.

Mode of access: Internet.

"And a child shall lead them?": Slavery, childhood, and African cultural identity in Jamaica, 1750--1838

Based primarily on archival evidence collected in Jamaica, this dissertation examined the nature of childhood in the plantation complex between 1750 and 1838, how colonial society and the slave community defined childhood, and how that definition changed over time. It proves how childhood and slavery influenced and changed each other during these years, with the abolitionist movement standing as the main catalyst for change. Although this project chronologically examined the changing nature of slave childhood in Jamaica through four shifts of Jamaican history, each chapter topically focused on slave childhood through the lenses of labor, family, resistance, race, status, culture, education, and freedom. ^ The research showed that although slavery forced slave children into an early adulthood, childhood was a contested process that changed with each generation of children. As the abolitionist movement motivated changes in planter opinion on the value of children to the plantation economy, planters placed increased responsibility on slave children to lead them towards economic stability and profitability. Meanwhile, slave children struggled to survive slavery by reinventing and modifying their ideas of family and kinship and reacting to their situation through various acts of resistance. Although slave parents gained many opportunities to raise their children on their own terms, they struggled to maintain control over that process as planters attempted to change the nature of African cultural identity in Jamaica by impressing Christian and English values on slave children. Under apprenticeship, childhood returned to its previous status as a liability in the eyes of the Jamaican planters. Yet, Jamaican children faced the prospect of an unwritten childhood, one that was free from planter control and gave Jamaican laborers hope for the future. In the end, this dissertation told the story of an overlooked childhood, one that was often defined by Jamaican planters, but frequently contested by the slaves themselves. ^

Vierzig Jahre von Frankfurt am Main, oder: Frankfurt im Jahr 1792, im Jahr 1832 und im Jahr 1872 : nebst einer chronologischen Uebersicht der merkwürdigsten Begebenheiten Frankfurts von 1700 bis 1833

[D. Ring]

Tabelle 1. Chronologische Liste explosiver Vulkanausbrüche seit 1700 (explosive volcanic eruptions since 1700)

The paper discusses the influence of explosive volcanic eruptions (VEI >= 4) on global climate.

A geometria do compasso (1797) de Mascheroni (1750 – 1800) em atividades com o GeoGebra

The present work aims to show a possible relationship between the use of the History of Mathematics and Information and Communication Technologies (TIC) in teaching Mathematics through activities that use geometric constructions of the “Geometry of the Compass” (1797) by Lorenzo Mascheroni (1750-1800). For this, it was performed a qualitative research characterized by an historical exploration of bibliographical character followed by an empirical intervention based on use of the History of Mathematics combined with TIC through Mathematical Investigation. Thus, studies were performed in papers dealing with the topic, as well as a survey to highlight problems and /or episodes of the history of mathematics that can be solved with the help of TIC, allowing the production of a notebook of activities addressing the resolution of historical problems in a computer environment. In this search, we came across the problems of geometry that are presented by Mascheroni stated previously in the work that we propose solutions and investigations using GeoGebra software. The research resulted in the elaboration of an educational product, a notebook of activities, which was structure to allow during its implementation, students can conduct historical and/or Mathematics research, therefore, we present the procedures for realization of each construction, followed at some moments by original solution of the work. At the same time, we encourage students to investigate/reflect its construction (GeoGebra), in addition to making comparisons with the solution Mascheroni. This notebook was applied to two classes of the course of Didactics of Mathematics I (MAT0367) Course in Mathematics UFRN in 2014. Knowing the existence of some unfavorable arguments regarding the use of history of mathematics, such as loss of time, it was found that this factor can be mitigated with the aid of computational resource, because we can make checks using only the dynamism of and software without repeating the construction. It is noteworthy that the minimized time does not mean loss of reflection or maturation of ideas, when we adopted the process of historical and/or Mathematics Investigation

L'évolution du discours sur le secret médical en France entre 1750 et 1900

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

L'évolution du discours sur le secret médical en France entre 1750 et 1900

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Contemporary Transformations of the Relations between Politics, Culture and Religion in Western Europe. Some Notes on the Spanish Case

According to Tilly, two laws shaped the process of transformation undergone by Western European societies since the Peace of Westphalia until the end of the 20th century: their increasing inner homogenisation and their growing heterogeneity between them. Cultural inner homogenisation affected, fi rst, those ethnic groups living within the territories of the said states. The second phase of homogenisation impinged on those groups that immigrated after World War II. This process followed different models according to the country considered, but the 1973 oil crisis revealed their general lack of success. During the last quarter of the 20th century and onwards, these European societies have been altered by two progressive and contradictory global logics: a process of cultural homogenisation at the world level (rather than society level) and a process of cultural re-creation led by those groups with an immigrant background, who have reacted against their integration shortcomings by searching for new sources of social and personal esteem in their respective cultural and religious traditions. This paper seeks to clarify these processes from a social differentiation and political representation theory perspective. The latter becomes indispensable, as the said processes have happened in a context in which the structure of relations (i.e. communication) between civil society and the democratic political sphere have experienced a radical crisis. In this way, the complex relations that exist between civil society, culture, religion and politics in these Western European societies are depicted.

The Comfort of life depends upon Conversation – Puheen ja keskustelun ihanteet 1700-luvun englantilaisessa miehille ja naisille suunnatussa käytöskirjallisuudessa

Tutkielmassani tarkastellaan 1700-luvun englantilaisten käytösoppaiden antamia ohejeita ihanteellisesta kohteliaasta puheesta ja keskustelusta. Kohtelias käytöskulttuuri oli kehittynyt 1700-luvun kuluessa kaikenkattavaksi kulttuuriseksi ideologiaksi, jonka tärkein ilmaisumuoto oli keskustelu. Tutkielmassani pyrin selvittämään valitsemani neljän 1700-luvun englantilaisten käytösoppaan antamia ohjeita ihanteellisesta keskustelusta ja puheesta. Kaksi opasta on suunnattu miehille ja kaksi vastaavasti naisille. Tarkastelen naisille ja miehille suunnattujen 1700-luvun englantilaisten käytösoppaiden antamia ohjeita ihanteellisesta keskustelusta ja puheesta. Tärkeäksi näkökulmani kannalta muodostuu ajan kohtelias käytöskoodisto ja sen suhde puheeseen. Pohdin työssäni kohteliaisuuden suhdetta puheeseen ajan käytöskirjallisuuden kautta. Millaista kohtelias puhe niiden mukaan oli ja millaisia ideologisia sisältöjä sekä tavoitteita se sisälsi. Tuon esiin myös kohteliaisuuden suhdetta 1700-luvun englantilaisen yläluokan elämään ja sen vaikutukseen yhteiskunnassa. Pohdin erityisesti sitä millaiseksi käytösoppaat kuvasivat miesten ja naisten ihanteellista puhetta sekä keskustelua. Millaisina puhujina oppaat näkivät miehen ja naisen? Erosiko miesten ja naisten puhe jotenkin toisistaan? Käytösoppaiden tapaan nähdä sukupuolet vaikuttaa vahvasti 1700-luvun Englannissa vallinneet käsitykset sukupuolten rooleista ja sukupuolten eroista. Toisaalta kohtelias käytöskulttuuri antaa ihanteelliselle keskustelulle ja puheelle oman kehyksensä. 1700-luvun englantilaiset käytösoppaat korostavat kohteliaan puheen roolia ihmiselämän ja sosiaalisten suhteiden kannalta. Se oli tärkein keino, jolla eliitti pystyi omaa asemaansa perustelevat ja jonka avulla yhteisöön kuuluminen arvioidaan. Kohtelias puhe vaati harjoittajiltaan paljon ja se vaatikin harjaantumista. Käytösoppaat näkevät miehen ja naisen hyvin erilaisina keskustelijoina. Molemmat pyrkivät puheellaan miellyttämään muita ja olemaan osa kohteliasta yhteisöä, mutta miesten ja naisten saamat puhujanroolit ovat hyvin erilaisia. Ihanteellinen maskuliininen puhe henkilöityy kohteliaaseen herrasmieheen, joka kohtelee puheellaan kanssaihmisiä hyväntahtoisesti ja yhdenvertaisesti. Käytösoppaat rajaavat kohteliaan herrasmiehen ideaalin ulkopuolelle naismaisia ja moraalittomia käytösmalleja maskuliinisuuden sekä kohteliaisuuden suojelemiseksi. Naisille puolestaan käytösoppaat antavat rajoitetun roolin kohteliaassa yhteisössä, jonka toiminnot ohjautuvat tämän oman maineen, mutta myös miehisen kunnian ja tarpeiden kautta. Toisaalta naisten puhe on kohteliaan keskustelun kannalta myös tärkeää ja se saa erityisen roolin avioliitossa.