D77, one benzoic acid derivative, functions as a novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the interaction between integrase and cellular LEDGF/p75

Integration of viral-DNA into host chromosome mediated by the viral protein HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential step in the HIV-1 life cycle. In this process, Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is discovered to function as a cellular co-fa

Singing Behavior and Singing Functions of Black-Crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China

We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major function

The non-local nature of structure functions

Kolmogorov's two-thirds, ((Δv) 2) ∼ e 2/ 3r 2/ 3, and five-thirds, E ∼ e 2/ 3k -5/ 3, laws are formally equivalent in the limit of vanishing viscosity, v → 0. However, for most Reynolds numbers encountered in laboratory scale experiments, or numerical simulations, it is invariably easier to observe the five-thirds law. By creating artificial fields of isotropic turbulence composed of a random sea of Gaussian eddies whose size and energy distribution can be controlled, we show why this is the case. The energy of eddies of scale, s, is shown to vary as s 2/ 3, in accordance with Kolmogorov's 1941 law, and we vary the range of scales, γ = s max/s min, in any one realisation from γ = 25 to γ = 800. This is equivalent to varying the Reynolds number in an experiment from R λ = 60 to R λ = 600. While there is some evidence of a five-thirds law for g > 50 (R λ > 100), the two-thirds law only starts to become apparent when g approaches 200 (R λ ∼ 240). The reason for this discrepancy is that the second-order structure function is a poor filter, mixing information about energy and enstrophy, and from scales larger and smaller than r. In particular, in the inertial range, ((Δv) 2) takes the form of a mixed power-law, a 1+a 2r 2+a 3r 2/ 3, where a 2r 2 tracks the variation in enstrophy and a 3r 2/ 3 the variation in energy. These findings are shown to be consistent with experimental data where the polution of the r 2/ 3 law by the enstrophy contribution, a 2r 2, is clearly evident. We show that higherorder structure functions (of even order) suffer from a similar deficiency.

Model structure and uncertainty for stochastic non-point source modelling applications

The uncertainty associated with a rainfall-runoff and non-point source loading (NPS) model can be attributed to both the parameterization and model structure. An interesting implication of the areal nature of NPS models is the direct relationship between model structure (i.e. sub-watershed size) and sample size for the parameterization of spatial data. The approach of this research is to find structural limitations in scale for the use of the conceptual NPS model, then examine the scales at which suitable stochastic depictions of key parameter sets can be generated. The overlapping regions are optimal (and possibly the only suitable regions) for conducting meaningful stochastic analysis with a given NPS model. Previous work has sought to find optimal scales for deterministic analysis (where, in fact, calibration can be adjusted to compensate for sub-optimal scale selection); however, analysis of stochastic suitability and uncertainty associated with both the conceptual model and the parameter set, as presented here, is novel; as is the strategy of delineating a watershed based on the uncertainty distribution. The results of this paper demonstrate a narrow range of acceptable model structure for stochastic analysis in the chosen NPS model. In the case examined, the uncertainties associated with parameterization and parameter sensitivity are shown to be outweighed in significance by those resulting from structural and conceptual decisions. © 2011 Copyright IAHS Press.

On the functions of products

Understanding the performance and manner of functioning of existing products is at the base of new product development activities. In engineering design the term function is generally used to refer to the technical actions performed by a product. However, products accomplish a wider range of goals. This research explores the opportunity to describe and model, through the concept of function, product actions across four dimensions including technical, aesthetic, social and economic. The research demonstrates that non-technical functions can be represented through active verbs and nouns and modelled using a method known as the Function Analysis Diagram (FAD). The research argues that when technical, aesthetic, social and economic perspectives on product development are considered as different types of function, stakeholders have a common language to communicate which can benefit design collaboration.

700V smart trench IGBT with monolithic over-voltage and over-current protecting functions

An advanced 700V Smart Trench IGBT with monolithically integrated over-voltage and over-current protecting circuits is presented in this paper. The proposed Smart IGBT comprises a sense IGBT, a low voltage lateral n-channel MOSFET (M 1), an avalanche diode (D av), and poly-crystalline Zener diodes (ZD) and resistor (R poly). Mix-mode transient simulations with MEDICI have proven the functionalities of the protecting circuits when the device is operating under abnormal conditions, such as Unclamped Inductive Switching (UIS) and Short Circuit (SC) condition. A Trench IGBT process is used to fabricate this device with total 11 masks including one metal mask only. The characterizations of the fabricated device exhibit the clamping capability of the avalanche diode and voltage pull-down ability of the MOSFET. © 2012 IEEE.