An 'Ideal' Decomposition of Industry Dynamics: An Application to the Nationwide and State Level U.S. Banking Industry

This paper considers the aggregate performance of the banking industry, applying a modified and extended dynamic decomposition of bank return on equity. The aggregate performance of any industry depends on the underlying microeconomic dynamics within that industry . adjustments within banks, reallocations between banks, entry of new banks, and exit of existing banks. Bailey, Hulten, and Campbell (1992) and Haltiwanger (1997) develop dynamic decompositions of industry performance. We extend those analyses to derive an ideal decomposition that includes their decomposition as one component. We also extend the decomposition, consider geography, and implement decomposition on a state-by-state basis, linking that geographic decomposition back to the national level. We then consider how deregulation of geographic restrictions on bank activity affects the components of the state-level dynamic decomposition, controlling for competition and the state of the economy within each state and employing fixed- and random-effects estimation for a panel database across the fifty states and the District of Columbia from 1976 to 2000.

Foreign and Domestic Bank Performances: An Ideal Decomposition of Industry Dynamics

The aggregate performance of the banking industry depends on the underlying microlevel dynamics within that industry. adjustments within banks, reallocations between banks, entries of new banks, and exits of existing banks. This paper develops a generalized ideal dynamic decomposition and applies it to the return on equity of foreign and domestic commercial banks in Korea from 1994 to 2000. The sample corresponds to the Asian financial crisis and the final stages of a long process of deregulation and privatization in the Korean banking industry. The comparison of our findings reveals that the overall performance of Korean banks largely reflects individual bank efficiencies, except immediately after the Asian financial crisis where restructuring played a more important role on average bank performance. Moreover, Korean regional banks started the restructuring process about one year before the Korean nationwide banks. Foreign bank performance, however, largely reflected individual bank efficiencies, even immediately after the Asian financial crisis.

Decomposition Rates and Nitrogen Release of Turf Grass Clippings

Decomposition rates and N release patterns of turfgrass clippings from lawns are not well understood. Litter bags containing clippings were inserted into the thatch layer of a coolseason turf. The experiment was arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments included four rates of N fertilizer (0, 98, 196, and 392 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and two clipping treatments (returned vs. removed). Litter bags were removed periodically over the growing season and samples were analyzed for biomass, N and C concentrations, and C:N ratio on an ash-free basis. Percentage N loss from the clippings after 16 weeks ranged from 88% to 93% at the 0 and 392 kg N ha-1 rates, respectively, and from 86% to 94% when clippings were removed (CRM) or returned (CRT), respectively. Percentage C loss from the clippings ranged from 94% to 95% at the 0 and 392 kg N ha-1 rates, respectively, and from 92% to 96% with CRM and CRT, respectively. Cumulative N release was similar across N fertilization rates, (ranging from 131 g N kg-1 to 135 g N kg-1 tissue) but was higher for CRT (151 g N kg-1 tissue) than for CRM (128 g N kg-1 tissue). Grass clippings decomposed rapidly and released N quickly when returned to the turf thatch layer. This indicates the potential for reduced N fertilization when clippings are returned. Such rapid decomposition also suggests that the contribution of grass clippings to thatch development is negligible.

COX-2 expression in operable triple negative breast cancer: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Objectives. Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) lack expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and absence of Her2 gene amplification. Current literature has identified TNBC and over-expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in primary breast cancer to be independent markers of poor prognosis in terms of overall and distant disease free survival. The purpose of this study was to compare COX-2 over-expression in TNBC patients to those patients who expressed one or more of the three tumor markers (i.e. ER, and/or PR, and/or Her2).^ Methods. Using a secondary data analysis, a cross-sectional design was implemented to examine the association of interest. Data collected from two ongoing protocols titled "LAB04-0657: a model for COX-2 mediated bone metastasis (Specific aim 3)" and "LAB04-0698: correlation of circulating tumor cells and COX-2 expression in primary breast cancer metastasis" was used for analysis. A sample of 125 female patients was analyzed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression models. ^ Results. COX-2 over-expression was present in 33% (41/125) and 28% (35/124) patients were identified as having TNBC. TNBC status was associated with elevated COX-2 expression (OR= 3.34; 95% CI= 1.40–8.22) and high tumor grade (OR= 4.09; 95% CI= 1.58–10.82). In a multivariable analysis, TNBC status was an important predictor of COX-2 expression after adjusting for age, menopausal status, BMI, and lymph node status (OR= 3.31; 95% CI: 1.26–8.67; p=0.01).^ Conclusion. TNBC is associated with COX-2 expression—a known marker of poor prognosis in patients with operable breast cancer. Replication of these results in a study with a larger sample size, or a future randomized clinical trial demonstrating an improved prognosis with COX-2 suppression in these patients would support this hypothesis.^

Survival analysis of circulating tumor cells in triple-negative breast cancer

Background. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% (1.38 million) of the total new cancer cases and 14% (458,400) of the total cancer deaths in 2008. [1] Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive phenotype comprising 10–20% of all breast cancers (BCs). [2-4] TNBCs show absence of estrogen, progesterone and HER2/neu receptors on the tumor cells. Because of the absence of these receptors, TNBCs are not candidates for targeted therapies. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are observed in blood of breast cancer patients even at early stages (Stage I & II) of the disease. Immunological and molecular analysis can be used to detect the presence of tumor cells in the blood (Circulating tumor cells; CTCs) of many breast cancer patients. These cells may explain relapses in early stage breast cancer patients even after adequate local control. CTC detection may be useful in identifying patients at risk for disease progression, and therapies targeting CTCs may improve outcome in patients harboring them. Methods . In this study we evaluated 80 patients with TNBC who are enrolled in a larger prospective study conducted at M D Anderson Cancer Center in order to determine whether the presence of circulating tumor cells is a significant prognostic factor in relapse free and overall survival . Patients with metastatic disease at the time of presentation were excluded from the study. CTCs were assessed using CellSearch System™ (Veridex, Raritan, NJ). CTCs were defined as nucleated cells lacking the presence of CD45 but expressing cytokeratins 8, 18 or 19. The distribution of patient and tumor characteristics was analyzed using chi square test and Fisher's exact test. Log rank test and Cox regression analysis was applied to establish the association of circulating tumor cells with relapse free and overall survival. Results. The median age of the study participants was 53years. The median duration of follow-up was 40 months. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of patients were newly diagnosed (without a previous history of breast cancer), and (60%) of patients were chemo naïve (had not received chemotherapy at the time of their blood draw for CTC analysis). Tumor characteristics such as stage (P=0.40), tumor size (P=69), sentinel nodal involvement (P=0.87), axillary lymph node involvement (P=0.13), adjuvant therapy (P=0.83), and high histological grade of tumor (P=0.26) did not predict the presence of CTCs. However, CTCs predicted worse relapse free survival (1 or more CTCs log rank P value = 0.04, at 2 or more CTCs P = 0.02 and at 3 or more CTCs P < 0.0001) and overall survival (at 1 or more CTCs log rank P value = 0.08, at 2 or more CTCs P = 0.01 and at 3 or more CTCs P = 0.0001. Conclusions. The number of circulating tumor cells predicted worse relapse free survival and overall survival in TNBC patients.^

NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IDENTIFIED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are characterized by the lack of or reduced expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors, and normal expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The lack of a well-characterized target for treatment leaves only systemic chemotherapy as the mainstay of treatment. Approximately 60-70% of patients are chemosensitive, while the remaining majority does not respond. Targeted therapies that take advantage of the unique molecular perturbations found in triple-negative breast cancer are needed. The genes that are frequently amplified or overexpressed represent potential therapeutic targets for triple-negative breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets for triple-negative breast cancers. 681 genes showed consistent and highly significant overexpression in TNBC compared to receptor-positive cancers in 2 data sets. For two genes, 3 of the 4 siRNAs showed preferential growth inhibition in TNBC cells. These two genes were the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Exposure to their cognate ligands, reelin and apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4), stimulated the growth of TNBC cells in vitro. Suppression of the expression of either LRP8 or VLDLR or exposure to RAP (an inhibitor of ligand binding to LRP8 and VLDLR) abolished this ligand-induced proliferation. High-throughput protein and metabolic arrays revealed that ApoE4 stimulation rescued TNBC cells from serum-starvation induced up-regulation of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, increased protein expression of oncogenes involved in the MAPK/ERK and DNA repair pathways, and reduced the serum-starvation induction of biochemicals involved in oxidative stress response and glycolytic metabolism. shLRP8 MDA-MB-231 xenografts had reduced tumor volume, in comparison to parental and shCON xenografts. These results indicate that LRP8-APOE signaling confers survival advantages to TNBC tumors under reduced nutrient conditions and during cellular environmental stress. We revealed that the LRP8-APOE receptor-ligand system is overexpressed in human TNBC. We also demonstrated that this receptor system mediates a strong growth promoting and survival function in TNBC cells in vitro and helps to sustain the growth of MDA-MD-231 xenografts. We propose that inhibitors of LRP8-APOE signaling may be clinically useful therapeutic agents for triple-negative breast cancer.

Decomposition of $\rm R\times C$ contingency table chi -square: Application to binned DNA fragment size data and population structure analysis

The purpose of this research is to develop a new statistical method to determine the minimum set of rows (R) in a R x C contingency table of discrete data that explains the dependence of observations. The statistical power of the method will be empirically determined by computer simulation to judge its efficiency over the presently existing methods. The method will be applied to data on DNA fragment length variation at six VNTR loci in over 72 populations from five major racial groups of human (total sample size is over 15,000 individuals; each sample having at least 50 individuals). DNA fragment lengths grouped in bins will form the basis of studying inter-population DNA variation within the racial groups are significant, will provide a rigorous re-binning procedure for forensic computation of DNA profile frequencies that takes into account intra-racial DNA variation among populations. ^

Soil characteristics and decomposition of organic matter on Anchorage, Signy and Falkland Islands

Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems have poorly developed soils and currently experience one of the greatest rates of climate warming on the globe. We investigated the responsiveness of organic matter decomposition in Maritime Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems to climate change, using two study sites in the Antarctic Peninsula region (Anchorage Island, 67°S; Signy Island, 61°S), and contrasted the responses found with those at the cool temperate Falkland Islands (52°S). Our approach consisted of two complementary methods: (1) Laboratory measurements of decomposition at different temperatures (2, 6 and 10 °C) of plant material and soil organic matter from all three locations. (2) Field measurements at all three locations on the decomposition of soil organic matter, plant material and cellulose, both under natural conditions and under experimental warming (about 0.8 °C) achieved using open top chambers. Higher temperatures led to higher organic matter breakdown in the laboratory studies, indicating that decomposition in Maritime Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems is likely to increase with increasing soil temperatures. However, both laboratory and field studies showed that decomposition was more strongly influenced by local substratum characteristics (especially soil N availability) and plant functional type composition than by large-scale temperature differences. The very small responsiveness of organic matter decomposition in the field (experimental temperature increase <1 °C) compared with the laboratory (experimental increases of 4 or 8 °C) shows that substantial warming is required before significant effects can be detected.

Antropología de las relaciones transnacionales en las regiones de frontera. El caso de la Triple Frontera entre Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay. 16H363

La triple frontera entre Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay, concebida como una amplia región con epicentro en la red urbana Puerto Iguazú, Foz do Iguazú y Ciudad del Este y otras localidades satélites, y que reconoce, además, dos puntos de gran importancia como Posadas/Encarnación y Bernardo de Irigoyen/Dionisio Cerqueira, comprende en realidad, un territorio muchos más vasto que abarca la provincia argentina de Misiones, la zona occidentalde los estados del sur de Brasil y el sur de Mato Grosso do Sul y el este de Paraguay. En este espacio tienen lugar múltiples relaciones transnacionales: económicas, políticas, sociales, culturales, etcétera que poseen una dilatada historia pero que, a partir de la integración y el MERCOSUR adquirieron una complejidad y densidad en permanente crecimiento y además, el surgimiento de procesos emergentes cuyo conocimiento supone un imperativo ineludible. Hemos investigado en los proyectos anteriores, ocho en total, los dos niveles en los que consideramos deben estudiarse estos procesos. Un nivel de escala mayor que trata de comprender la complejidad de una formación socioeconómica y espacial transnacional y su lugar en el ajedrez nacional e internacional del sistema imperial y, otro nivel, consistente en la profundización de problemas específicos de la región fronteriza como: redes sociales, mercado de trabajo, migraciones, exilio, solidaridad y lucha, movimientos sociales, gestión de ecosistemas compartidos, proyectos de desarrollo comunes, foros de esclarecimiento y defensa regionales, e integración del conocimiento.

Antropología de los procesos transfronterizos. La Triple Frontera en el sistema mundo. Complejidad y resistencia regional. (HANUIN VII) 2008-2009. 16H245

La presente investigación forma parte de un ciclo integrado por seis investigaciones precedentes, cuyas referencias están incluidas en el apartado de antecedentes. Su objetivo principal es conocer y describir la complejidad de la región de fronteras estudiada (triple frontera), las zonas de influencia directa y las acciones propias, que desde la región, protagonizan organizaciones y movimientos sociales en relación a las cada vez mas intensas amenazas de intervención militar por parte del poder hegemónico de Estados Unidos y la intensificación de los controles estatales nacionales que responden a las presiones internacionales. Qué lugar ocupa en las estrategias de la hegemonía imperial esta región y cuales son las respuestas locales tanto en acciones como en representaciones

Intersubjetividad en Luhmann : Consideraciones preliminares en torno a la triple contingencia en la TGSS

El presente trabajo releva, reconstruye y analiza el concepto de intersubjetividad resultante del "giro comunicativo" y del desplazamiento del umbral de irreductibilidad social postulados por la teoría general de sistemas sociales (TGSS) de Niklas Luhmann. El trabajo asume la perspectiva de los jóvenes críticos luhmannianos, desde cuyo punto de vista es renovado el interés por el estatuto sociológico del concepto de intersubjetividad, ya que una vez reformulado comunicativamente, éste se vuelve problemático a la luz de las ambivalencias de su forma: consenso/disenso. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo afirma que la intersubjetividad es emergente con respecto a la recursividad de las comunicaciones a la vez que es irreductible a la diferenciación estructural de expectativas. Se indagan de manera complementaria los vínculos con el concepto de selección de información y la diferencia entre aportes y temas, y se examinan los resultados obtenidos a la luz del concepto de triple contingencia

Perón y la Triple A : ¿Una relación necesaria?

Este trabajo se plantea como un aporte al debate, actualmente vigente, sobre la responsabilidad de Juan Domingo Perón en la creación y sostenimiento de la Alianza Anticomunista Argentina. En la primera parte del trabajo se detallan, en base a la reciente aparición de nuevas fuentes y testimonios, la relación personal y directa de Perón con los principales integrantes de la Triple A. Luego, se analizan las principales medidas represivas tomadas por Perón durante su tercera presidencia para finalmente confrontar la información examinada con las explicaciones de la historiografía especializada en torno a su responsabilidad e intenciones

Intersubjetividad en Luhmann : Consideraciones preliminares en torno a la triple contingencia en la TGSS

El presente trabajo releva, reconstruye y analiza el concepto de intersubjetividad resultante del "giro comunicativo" y del desplazamiento del umbral de irreductibilidad social postulados por la teoría general de sistemas sociales (TGSS) de Niklas Luhmann. El trabajo asume la perspectiva de los jóvenes críticos luhmannianos, desde cuyo punto de vista es renovado el interés por el estatuto sociológico del concepto de intersubjetividad, ya que una vez reformulado comunicativamente, éste se vuelve problemático a la luz de las ambivalencias de su forma: consenso/disenso. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo afirma que la intersubjetividad es emergente con respecto a la recursividad de las comunicaciones a la vez que es irreductible a la diferenciación estructural de expectativas. Se indagan de manera complementaria los vínculos con el concepto de selección de información y la diferencia entre aportes y temas, y se examinan los resultados obtenidos a la luz del concepto de triple contingencia