细胞分裂素基因（T-cyt）对转基因植物生长发育的调控

高等植物基因表达过程中的信号传导是目前植物分子生物学研究的前沿和热点之一。不少研究者已将脱落酸、乙烯、细胞分裂素及其它植物激素的作用一起归之于植物基因表达的信号传导系统。细胞分裂素作为—类重要的植物激素在植物的生长和发育过程中起重要的调节控制作用。因此研究细胞分裂素的基因与植物发育过程的关系是十分重要的。 为研究细胞分裂素对植物基因表达的调节，本文从转录和翻译水平上测定了黄瓜子叶在外源细胞分裂素诱导下微管蛋白基因表达的活性。发现经BAP处理的黄瓜子叶中α,β-tubulin mRNA迅速积累，微管蛋白的含量迅速增加。这表明外源细胞分裂素在诱导黄瓜子叶膨大的过程中激活了微管蛋白基因的表达。 为探索不同启动子驱动下的细胞分裂素基因转入植物后的表达对转基因植物生长发育的调控，本文将来自根癌农杆菌的细胞分裂素基因(T-cyt)分别置于CaMV 35S启动子，rbc S启动子和T-cyt基因自身启动子的调控下，构建了嵌合表达质粒，分别转化烟草和马铃薯。转基因烟草和马铃薯的PCR检测和Southern杂交鉴定均证实T-cyt基因已分别整合进烟草和马铃薯的核基因组中。标志基因NPTⅡ的酶活性测定表明有外源基因的表达。转基因烟草的Northern分析表明：CaMV 35s启动子驱动的T-cyt基因的mRNA在叶、茎和根中均有表达;rbc S启动子指导的T-cyt基因在叶中表达最强，茎中较弱，在根中几乎没有表达。转细胞分裂素基因的烟草在生长发育上与未转化的对照相比有明显不同。转基因烟草中叶绿素a，b含量明显增加，叶面积减小，叶衰老迟缓。T-cyt基因转化的烟草顶端优势受到抑制，侧芽生长旺盛;与对照相比，其节间短，株高降低，根生长受抑制。 本文还构建了T-cyt基因自身启动子与报告基因GUS编码区的嵌合表达质粒，转化烟草和马铃薯以研究T-cyt启动子在植物中的表达。组织化学定位测定表明，T-cyt启动子在植物的茎，叶中的表达较强，特别是在腋芽的生长点有很高的表达活性，但在根中的表达较弱。诱导性表达试验表明，T-cyt启动子的表达强度受细胞分裂素的诱导，而生长素对T-cyt启动子的表达无明显影响。这提示T-cyt启动子是一个细胞分裂素诱导性表达的启动子。 总之，将T-cyt基因转入植物，作为调节内源细胞分裂素的一种手段，可以对植物的生长发育进行调控。尤其是利用发育阶段特异性和各种器官特异性表达的启动子可以调节T-cyt基因的表达活性，有可能创造出具有经济价值的、具有新遗传特性的植物。

二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT1)的沉默对烟草油脂合成的影响

二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶 (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) 是催化三脂酰甘油（TAG）合成的最后也是最关键步骤的酶。TAG是真核细胞中最重要的能量存储形式。在植物中，TAG主要在种子、花粉和许多物种的果实中积累。然而，DGAT1基因的转录本也存在于植物的其它器官中，这些器官包括根、茎、叶、花瓣、花粉囊、未成熟的角果、幼苗以及正在发芽的种子等。迄今为止，许多针对DGAT1基因的研究都集中于DGAT1基因的表达在对种子油脂的积累以及对种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成所起的作用上。在本研究中，我们通过构建烟草DGAT1基因带有内含子的发卡RNA（hpRNA）结构，使之在转基因烟草植株中表达双链RNA（dsRNA），利用RNAi原理达到使烟草内源DGAT1基因沉默的目的。转基因沉默烟草植株的获得将会为更好地研究DGAT1基因的功能奠定基础。本实验不仅研究分析了DGAT1基因的抑制对烟草种子油脂积累的影响，还对表现出沉默性状的转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量以及DGAT1的转录水平等进行了研究分析。此外，通过对转基因烟草不同株系种子中的主要贮藏物质——油脂、蛋白质和糖的含量测定，初步揭示出在烟草种子中三者生物合成代谢之间存在的相关性。主要研究结果如下： 采用烟草DGAT1基因的第615～1293碱基之间679bp的片段构建了能表达发卡RNA（hpRNA）结构的表达载体，并转化烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）Wisconsin 38。Northern杂交分析发现,与野生型对照烟草（WT）相比，在沉默植株的花和发育状态种子中DGAT1基因的转录水平有很大降低，这表明该发卡结构能够高效率地引起烟草DGAT1基因的沉默。此外，在对Sil1至Sil12共12株转基因烟草进行油脂含量分析的结果表明，其中有8株表现出油脂降低的性状，转基因沉默效率达到67％。这表明：利用RNAi的方法可对目标基因进行特异降解来研究基因的功能，因此是一个在研究基因的表达功能上十分有效的方法，而且已成为植物基因工程的有力工具。 为了研究DGAT1基因的沉默对转基因植株不同器官的影响，本实验分析了转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量和脂肪酸组成，并采用RT-PCR方法对野生型对照和转基因植株中DGAT1基因的转录水平进行了比较分析。研究发现，转基因植株不同器官中DGAT1基因转录水平的降低与各器官中TAG含量的减少呈正相关。由此看来，植物中DGAT1的表达水平与植物的各个器官内TAG的含量之间存在着一定的对应关系。此外，在转基因植株Sil7不同器官中依然能够产生TAG，这说明或者DGAT1酶活性丧失而由其它的酶（如DGAT2和PDAT）参与TAG的合成，或者DGAT1酶活性只是部分地受到影响。本实验还对Sil7的根、茎、叶、花瓣和种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成进行了分析，结果发现，与烟草野生型对照相比，在Sil7的这些器官中，除种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成无明显变化外，其余器官中TAG的18:3/18:2脂肪酸比例均有明显升高。 对其中8株转基因烟草种子进行油脂含量分析发现，在转基因烟草中由于DGAT1基因的沉默引起种子中TAG含量的减少，从而引起了种子平均千粒重的下降。而在TAG含量和种子平均千粒重下降的同时，种子中其它贮藏物质－蛋白质和糖类的含量却增加了。该实验结果表明：在烟草种子中TAG的生物合成与蛋白质和糖类物质的合成之间存在着负的相关性。

烟草单半乳糖甘油二酯缺失对茉莉酸生物合成的影响

茉莉酸（JA）是由脂肪酸衍生而来的环戊酮化合物，广泛存在于自然界中，在植物逆境胁迫响应和生长发育调节过程中起重要作用。因此，JA被认为是一种新型植物激素。植物JA生物合成的最初底物是三烯脂肪酸（含有三个双键的十八碳和十六碳脂肪酸，18:3和16:3），这些脂肪酸经过脂氧合酶（LOX）、丙二烯氧化物合酶（AOS）和丙二烯氧化物环化酶（AOC）等一系列酶促反应，最终生成JA。JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸来自叶绿体膜脂。高等植物叶绿体类囊体膜含有四种极性甘油脂，它们是：单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)、硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDG)和磷脂酰甘油(PG)。但是人们尚不清楚JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸主要来自哪一种膜脂。 最近，我们利用RNA干扰技术获得了烟草MGDG部分缺失的突变体。MGDG是质体中最重要的甘油脂，其含量高达50%，其中含有的三烯脂肪酸约占总脂中三烯脂肪酸含量的65%。本研究的目的是以烟草MGDG缺失的突变体（mgd1）为材料，通过研究MGDG缺失对茉莉酸生物合成的影响，阐明半乳糖脂与JA生物合成的关系。 首先我们对野生型烟草（WT）和mgd1的相关生物学特性进行了研究，包括甘油脂和脂肪酸组成。结果表明，mgd1烟草叶片中MGDG含量降低了57％，同时，其三烯脂肪酸相对含量也大幅度降低。其中十六碳三烯酸（16:3）降低了78%，亚麻酸（18:3）含量减少了28%。因此，由于MGDG缺失，类囊体中的三烯脂肪酸降低了27%。这一结果说明了JA生物合成的底物大幅度减少。 为了说明MGDG缺失导致的三烯脂肪酸含量的减少是否影响到JA的含量，我们利用GC-MS方法比较了WT和mgd1烟草中JA的含量。结果表明，mgd1叶片中的JA含量较WT降低了50%，说明了MGDG的缺失影响了JA的生物合成。 伤害可以诱导JA在短时间内大量合成。我们比较了机械损伤后JA在WT和mgd1叶片中积累的动态过程。伤害同时可以使WT和mgd1叶片中的JA含量增加，并且在1小时达到最大值。但是，JA在两种烟草叶片中增加的幅度不同，WT叶片受伤1小时后JA含量是未受伤时的5倍，而mgd1叶片受伤1小时后，其JA含量只增加了1倍。这些结果说明了MGDG缺失可以严重影响伤害诱导的 JA 的积累，MGDG是JA的生物合成底物的重要来源。 我们进一步研究了MGDG缺失对JA生物合成相关酶基因表达的影响。 LOX1和AOC编码JA生物合成途径中的关键酶LOX和AOC。RT-PCR分析表明mgd1叶片中这两个基因受伤害激活的程度比WT弱。进一步说明突变体中JA合成受到影响。 植物受到伤害时内源JA含量增加，并激活防御基因的表达。我们的结果显示，当植物受伤害后，mgd1叶片中与JA信号转导相关的防御基因HPL，PI-I和PI-II的表达量增加幅度明显低于WT。这说明突变体中JA信号转导途径受到了抑制。 JA在植物对昆虫侵害的防御反应中起重要作用，上述结果表明突变体对伤害响应受到削弱。昆虫饲喂实验显示，棉铃虫更趋向食用mgd1植株叶片，取食mgd1植株的棉铃虫的体重增加较多。这些结果与WT和mgd1在JA含量、防御相关基因表达方面的差异相一致。外源施加茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）能够恢复mgd1的抗虫性和防御基因的表达，说明JA是恢复mgd1抗虫性所必须的。 上述结果表明MGDG缺失使JA生物合成受到影响，尤其是JA在植物受到伤害后的生物合成。对于这一现象的可能的解释是：MGDG是JA生物合成底物的主要来源，由于mgd1中缺少大量的MGDG，当植物受到伤害时，MGDG不能释放出足够三烯脂肪酸来合成JA，导致其含量降低，破坏了JA信号途径，最终使得植株表现出抗性降低等特性。我们的研究证明了MGDG可以作为JA生物合成的底物来源在JA信号途径中起重要作用。

A novel bradykinin-related peptide from skin secretions of toad Bombina maxima and its precursor containing six identical copies of the final product

Amphibian skin contains rich bradykinin-related peptides, but the mode of biosynthesis of these peptides is unknown. In the present study, a novel bradykinin-related peptide, termed bombinakinin M, was purified from skin secretions of the Chinese red bell

The first report of kininogen from invertebrates

The hornet possesses highly toxic venom, which is rich in toxin, enzymes, and biologically active peptides. Several bradykinin-like peptides, vespakinins, have been found in wasp venoms since 1970s, but the mode of biosynthesis of these peptides is unknow

Cloning of bradykinin precursor cDNAs from skin of Bombina maxima reveals novel bombinakinin M antagonists and a bradykinin potential peptide

Bombinakinin M (DLPKINRKGP-bradykinin) is a bradykinin-related peptide purified from skin secretions of the frog Bombina maxima. As previously reported, its biosynthesis is characterized by a tandem repeats with various copy numbers of the peptide and sometimes co-expressed with other structure-function distinguishable peptides. At present study, two novel cDNAs encoding bombinakinin M and its variants were cloned from a cDNA library from the skin of the frog. The encoded two precursor proteins are common in that each contains three repeats of a novel 16-amino acid peptide unit and one copy of kinestatin at their N- and C-terminal parts, respectively. They differ in that the first precursor contains two copies of bombinakinin M and the second one contains one copy of a novel bombinakinin M variant. Bombinakinin M was found to elicit concentration-dependent contractile effects on guinea pig ileum, with an EC50 value of 4 nM that is four times higher than that of bradykinin (1 nM). Interestingly, the synthetic peptide (DYTIRTRLH-amide), as deduced from the 16-amino acid peptide repeats in the newly cloned cDNAs, possessed weak inhibitory activity on the contractile effects of bombinakinin M, but not on that of bradykinin. Furthermore, the newly identified bombinakinin M variant (DLSKMSFLHG-Ile(1)-bradykinin), did not show contractile activity on guinea pig ileum, but showed potentiation effect on the myotropic activity of bradykinin. In a molar raito of 1:58, it augmented the activity of bradykinin up to two-fold. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evolution of structures and specific recognitions in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) are very important during the protein biosynthesis, which can make the gene sequence be accurately translated into the protein sequence by the specific recognition between AARS and tRNA/amino acids. However, the recog

不同防冻剂对兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻保存的影响

干细胞冷冻保存是干细胞研究和临床应用中的必需技术.为提高兔胚胎干细胞在慢速冻存过程中的保存效果,比较了二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效果.对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色,并研究其胚胎干细胞分子特性,结果表明DMSO比EG具有更好的冷冻保护效果.再在以10% DMSO为基础的防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖(trehalose)或谷氨酰胺(glutamine),细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示,谷氨酰胺对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用,使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%.当谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40 mmol/L分别加入防冻液中后,20 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果.以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻液改进配方为:在胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO+20 mmol/L谷氨酰胺.

Vitrification of Yunnan Yellow Cattle oocytes: work in progress

The objective of this study was to provide a simple cryopreservation method for oocytes from Yunnan Yellow Cattle and facilitate preservation efforts in this native Chinese breed, which is threatened by agricultural modernization. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and matured in vitro for 22-24 h, then selected for cryopreservation. Vitrification in open pulled straws (OPS) or in microdrops on a cooled metal surface (solid surface vitrification, SSV) was compared. The OPS vitrification solution consisted of 20% ethylene glycol (EG) and 20% DMSO. The SSV solution was a mixture of 35% EG, 5% polyvinyl-pyrrolidon (PVP) and 0.4 M trehalose. Vitrified and warmed oocytes were either fertilized in vitro or parthenogenetically activated. The rates of cleavage and development to blastocysts of fertilized oocytes following OPS versus SSV were not statistically different (38.3 and 12.5% versus 35.8 and 6.0%, respectively). The corresponding rates of parthenogenetic development to blastocysts were also not different (8.2 versus 3.5%, respectively). Development to blastocysts of non-vitrified controls following fertilization was significantly higher than that of the vitrified oocytes (22.6%, P < 0.05). These results demonstrate for the first time, that although both OPS and SSV procedures reduced embryonic development, Yunnan Yellow Cattle oocytes are capable of developing to blastocysts following cryopreservation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Independent Transport and Sorting of Functionally Distinct Protein Families in Tetrahymena thermophila Dense Core Secretory Granules

Dense core granules (DCGs) in Tetrahymena thermophila contain two protein classes. Proteins in the first class, called granule lattice (Grl), coassemble to form a crystalline lattice within the granule lumen. Lattice expansion acts as a propulsive mechanism during DCG release, and Grl proteins are essential for efficient exocytosis. The second protein class, defined by a C-terminal beta/gamma-crystallin domain, is poorly understood. Here, we have analyzed the function and sorting of Grt1p (granule tip), which was previously identified as an abundant protein in this family. Cells lacking all copies of GRT1, together with the closely related GRT2, accumulate wild-type levels of docked DCGs. Unlike cells disrupted in any of the major GRL genes, Delta GRT1 Delta GRT2 cells show no defect in secretion, indicating that neither exocytic fusion nor core expansion depends on GRT1. These results suggest that Grl protein sorting to DCGs is independent of Grt proteins. Consistent with this, the granule core lattice in Delta GRT1 Delta GRT2 cells appears identical to that in wild-type cells by electron microscopy, and the only biochemical component visibly absent is Grt1p itself. Moreover, gel filtration showed that Grl and Grt proteins in cell homogenates exist in nonoverlapping complexes, and affinity-isolated Grt1p complexes do not contain Grl proteins. These data demonstrate that two major classes of proteins in Tetrahymena DCGs are likely to be independently transported during DCG biosynthesis and play distinct roles in granule function. The role of Grt1p may primarily be postexocytic; consistent with this idea, DCG contents from Delta GRT1 Delta GRT2 cells appear less adhesive than those from the wild type.

Effects of arsenate on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from Taiwan as influenced by extracellular phosphate

Arsenic pollution and eutrophication are both prominent issues in the aquaculture ponds of Taiwan. It is important to study the effects of arsenic on algal growth and toxin production in order to assess the ecological risk of arsenic pollution, or at least to understand naturally occurring ponds. The sensitivity of algae to arsenate has often been linked to the structural similarities between arsenate and phosphate. Thus, in this study we examined the effects of arsenate (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) on Microcystis aeruginosa TY-1 isolated from Taiwan, under two phosphate regimes. The present study showed that M. aeruginosa TY-1 was arsenate tolerant up to 10(-4) M, and that this tolerance was not affected by extracellular phosphate. However, it seems that extracellular phosphate contributed to microcystin production and leakage by M. aeruginosa in response to arsenate. Under normal phosphate conditions, total toxin yields after arsenate treatment followed a typical inverted U-shape hormesis, with a peak value of 2.25 +/- 0.06 mg L-1 in the presence of 10(-7) M arsenate, whereas 10(-8) to 10(-6) M arsenate increased leakage of similar to 75% microcystin. Under phosphate starvation, total toxin yields were not affected by arsenate, while 10(-6) and 10(-5) M arsenate stimulated microcystin leakage. It is suggested that arsenate may play a role in the process of microcystin biosynthesis and excretion. Given the arsenic concentrations in aquaculture ponds in Taiwan, arsenate favors survival of toxic M. aeruginosa in such ponds, and arsenate-stimulated microcystin production and leakage may have an impact on the food chain.

The accumulation and metabolism of astaxanthin in Scenedesmus obliquus (chlorophyceae)

The biosynthesis and metabolism of astaxanthin in coenobium alga Scenedesmus obliquus were investigated using a two-stage culture. The first stage was for the analysis of biosynthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in alga cells which were cultured under induction conditions (incubation at 30 degrees C and illumination of 180 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) for 48 h. The composition of the secondary carotenoids in algal cells was analyzed and seven ketocarotenoids were identified. The results implied that S. obliquus synthesized astaxanthin from beta-carotene through three possible pathways. In the second stage, the cultures were transferred to normal conditions (incubation at 25 C and illumination of 80 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) for 72 h. Algal cells accumulated more chlorophyll and biosynthesis of secondary carotenoids terminated, the content of secondary carotenoids decreased from 59.48 to 6.57%. The results inferred that accumulation and metabolism of astaxanthin could be controlled by cultivated conditions which also could lead the mobilization of secondary carotenoids to support the algal cell growth. The results also implied that presumed conversions from astaxanthin to lutein or antheraxanthin could be modulated by culturing conditions. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

alpha-tocopherol is essential for acquired chill-light tolerance in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp strain PCC 6803

Unlike Escherichia coli, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is insensitive to chill (5 degrees C) in the dark but rapidly losses viability when exposed to chill in the light (100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Preconditioning at a low temperature (15 degrees C) greatly enhances the chill-light tolerance of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. This phenomenon is called acquired chill-light tolerance (ACLT). Preconditioned wild-type cells maintained a substantially higher level of alpha-tocopherol after exposure to chill-light stress. Mutants unable to synthesize alpha-tocopherol, such as slr1736, slr1737, slr0089, and slr0090 mutants, almost completely lost ACLT. When exposed to chill without light, these mutants showed no or a slight difference from the wild type. When complemented, the slr0089 mutant regained its ACLT. Copper-regulated expression of slr0090 from P-petE controlled the level of et-tocopherol and ACLT. We conclude that alpha-tocopherol is essential for ACLT of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The role of a-tocopherol in ACLT may be based largely on a nonantioxidant activity that is not possessed by other tocopherols or pathway intermediates.

Allelopathic interactions between Potamogelon maackianus and Microcystis aeruginosa

The allelopathic interactions between Potamogeton maackianus and toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) were studied. P maackianus inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa, both in a coexistence culture system and in exudates experimental culture system. M. aeruginosa also showed effects on the secondary metabolic biosynthesis and secreting behavior of P maackianus. The main lipophilic components of the hexane extracts and the exudates from the macrophyte were analyzed through GC-MS determination. The lipophilic components of the hexane extracts and the exudates from P. maackianus were influenced by M. aeruginosa or their released chemicals. Comparing the lipophilic constituents of the hexane extracts with those in the exudates, the results showed that weak polar compounds contained in the macrophytes can be secreted into the surrounding water. Many compounds, such as N-phenyl-2-naphthalenamine and isopropyl myristate, were detected both in the hexane extracts and the exudates. The changes of lipophilic components in the hexane extracts would be a response to the stress of toxic cyanobacteria or their released toxins. Those changes of exudates, especially the increased content of N-phenyl-2-naphthalenamine, might also be an induced defensive behavior mediated by the released toxins from M aeruginosa. The study results about reciprocal allelopathic responses between macrophytes and cyanobacteria can help in the management of eutrophic waters, and is also important information concerning strategies for recovering eutrophic waters.