Type-I intermittency with discontinuous reinjection probability density in a truncation model of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation

In previous papers, the type-I intermittent phenomenon with continuous reinjection probability density (RPD) has been extensively studied. However, in this paper type-I intermittency considering discontinuous RPD function in one-dimensional maps is analyzed. To carry out the present study the analytic approximation presented by del Río and Elaskar (Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 20:1185-1191, 2010) and Elaskar et al. (Physica A. 390:2759-2768, 2011) is extended to consider discontinuous RPD functions. The results of this analysis show that the characteristic relation only depends on the position of the lower bound of reinjection (LBR), therefore for the LBR below the tangent point the relation {Mathematical expression}, where {Mathematical expression} is the control parameter, remains robust regardless the form of the RPD, although the average of the laminar phases {Mathematical expression} can change. Finally, the study of discontinuous RPD for type-I intermittency which occurs in a three-wave truncation model for the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation is presented. In all tests the theoretical results properly verify the numerical data

Numerical methods in Nonlinear Analysis of shell structures

The design of shell and spatial structures represents an important challenge even with the use of the modern computer technology.If we concentrate in the concrete shell structures many problems must be faced,such as the conceptual and structural disposition, optimal shape design, analysis, construction methods, details etc. and all these problems are interconnected among them. As an example the shape optimization requires the use of several disciplines like structural analysis, sensitivity analysis, optimization strategies and geometrical design concepts. Similar comments can be applied to other space structures such as steel trusses with single or double shape and tension structures. In relation to the analysis the Finite Element Method appears to be the most extended and versatile technique used in the practice. In the application of this method several issues arise. First the derivation of the pertinent shell theory or alternatively the degenerated 3-D solid approach should be chosen. According to the previous election the suitable FE model has to be adopted i.e. the displacement,stress or mixed formulated element. The good behavior of the shell structures under dead loads that are carried out towards the supports by mainly compressive stresses is impaired by the high imperfection sensitivity usually exhibited by these structures. This last effect is important particularly if large deformation and material nonlinearities of the shell may interact unfavorably, as can be the case for thin reinforced shells. In this respect the study of the stability of the shell represents a compulsory step in the analysis. Therefore there are currently very active fields of research such as the different descriptions of consistent nonlinear shell models given by Simo, Fox and Rifai, Mantzenmiller and Buchter and Ramm among others, the consistent formulation of efficient tangent stiffness as the one presented by Ortiz and Schweizerhof and Wringgers, with application to concrete shells exhibiting creep behavior given by Scordelis and coworkers; and finally the development of numerical techniques needed to trace the nonlinear response of the structure. The objective of this paper is concentrated in the last research aspect i.e. in the presentation of a state-of-the-art on the existing solution techniques for nonlinear analysis of structures. In this presentation the following excellent reviews on this subject will be mainly used.

Polymer interaction with macroscopic carbon nanotube fibres and fabrication of nanostructured composites

El ensamblado de nanotubos de carbono (CNT) como una fibra macroscópica en la cual están orientados preferentemente paralelos entre sí y al eje de la fibra, ha dado como resultado un nuevo tipo de fibra de altas prestaciones derivadas de la explotación eficiente de las propiedades axiales de los CNTs, y que tiene un gran número de aplicaciones potenciales. Fibras continuas de CNTs se produjeron en el Instituto IMDEA Materiales mediante el proceso de hilado directo durante la reacción de síntesis por deposición química de vapores. Uno de los objetivos de esta tesis es el estudio de la estructura de estas fibras mediante técnicas del estado del arte de difracción de rayos X de sincrotrón y la elaboración de un modelo estructural de dicho material. Mediciones texturales de adsorción de gases, análisis de micrografías de electrones y dispersión de rayos X de ángulo alto y bajo (WAXS/SAXS) indican que el material tiene una estructura mesoporosa con una distribución de tamaño de poros ancha derivada del amplio rango de separaciones entre manojos de CNTs, así como una superficie específica de 170m2/g. Los valores de dimensión fractal obtenidos mediante SAXS y análisis Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) de mediciones texturales coinciden en 2.4 y 2.5, respectivamente, resaltando el carácter de red de la estructura de dichas fibras. La estructura mesoporosa y tipo hilo de las fibra de CNT es accesible a la infiltración de moléculas externas (líquidos o polímeros). En este trabajo se estudian los cambios en la estructura multiescala de las fibras de CNTs al interactuar con líquidos y polímeros. Los efectos de la densificación en la estructura de fibras secas de CNT son estudiados mediante WAXS/SAXS. El tratamiento de densificación junta los manojos de la fibra (los poros disminuyen de tamaño), resultando en un incremento de la densidad de la fibra. Sin embargo, los dominios estructurales correspondientes a la transferencia de esfuerzo mecánica y carga eléctrica en los nanotubos no son afectados durante este proceso de densificación; como consecuencia no se produce un efecto sustancial en las propiedades mecánicas y eléctricas. Mediciones de SAXS and fibra de CNT antes y después de infiltración de líquidos confirman la penetración de una gran cantidad de líquidos que llena los poros internos de la fibra pero no se intercalan entre capas de nanotubos adyacentes. La infiltración de cadenas poliméricas de bajo peso molecular tiende a expandir los manojos en la fibra e incrementar el ángulo de apertura de los poros. Los resultados de SAXS indican que la estructura interna de la fibra en términos de la organización de las capas de tubos y su orientación no es afectada cuando las muestras consisten en fibras infiltradas con polímeros de alto peso molecular. La cristalización de varios polímeros semicristalinos es acelerada por la presencia de fibras de CNTs alineados y produce el crecimiento de una capa transcristalina normal a la superficie de la fibra. Esto es observado directamente mediante microscopía óptica polarizada, y detectado mediante calorimetría DSC. Las lamelas en la capa transcristalina tienen orientación de la cadena polimérica paralela a la fibra y por lo tanto a los nanotubos, de acuerdo con los patrones de WAXS. Esta orientación preferencial se sugiere como parte de la fuerza impulsora en la nucleación. La nucleación del dominio cristalino polimérico en la superficie de los CNT no es epitaxial. Ocurre sin haber correspondencia entre las estructuras cristalinas del polímero y los nanotubos. Estas observaciones contribuyen a la compresión del fenómeno de nucleación en CNTs y otros nanocarbonos, y sientan las bases para el desarrollo de composites poliméricos de gran escala basados en fibra larga de CNTs alineados. ABSTRACT The assembly of carbon nanotubes into a macroscopic fibre material where they are preferentially aligned parallel to each other and to the fibre axis has resulted in a new class of high-performance fibres, which efficiently exploits the axial properties of the building blocks and has numerous applications. Long, continuous CNT fibres were produced in IMDEA Materials Institute by direct fibre spinning from a chemical vapour deposition reaction. These fibres have a complex hierarchical structure covering multiple length scales. One objective of this thesis is to reveal this structure by means of state-of-the-art techniques such as synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and to build a model to link the fibre structural elements. Texture and gas absorption measurements, using electron microscopy, wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS), and pore size distribution analysis by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), indicate that the material has a mesoporous structure with a wide pore size distribution arising from the range of fibre bundle separation, and a high surface area _170m2/g. Fractal dimension values of 2.4_2.5 obtained from the SAXS and BJH measurements highlight the network structure of the fibre. Mesoporous and yarn-like structure of CNT fibres make them accessible to the infiltration of foreign molecules (liquid or polymer). This work studies multiscale structural changes when CNT fibres interact with liquids and polymers. The effects of densification on the structure of dry CNT fibres were measured by WAXS/SAXS. The densification treatment brings the fibre bundles closer (pores become smaller), leading to an increase in fibre density. However, structural domains made of the load and charge carrying nanotubes are not affected; consequently, it has no substantial effect on mechanical and electrical properties. SAXS measurements on the CNT fibres before and after liquid infiltration imply that most liquids are able to fill the internal pores but not to intercalate between nanotubes. Successful infiltration of low molecular weight polymer chains tends to expand the fibre bundles and increases the pore-opening angle. SAXS results indicate that the inner structure of the fibre, in terms of the nanotube layer arrangement and the fibre alignment, are not largely affected when infiltrated with polymers of relatively high molecular weight. The crystallisation of a variety of semicrystalline polymers is accelerated by the presence of aligned fibres of CNTs and results in the growth of a transcrystalline layer perpendicular to the fibre surface. This can be observed directly under polarised optical microscope, and detected by the exothermic peaks during differential scanning calorimetry. The discussion on the driving forces for the enhanced nucleation points out the preferential chain orientation of polymer lamella with the chain axis parallel to the fibre and thus to the nanotubes, which is confirmed by two-dimensional WAXS patterns. A non-epitaxial polymer crystal growth habit at the CNT-polymer interface is proposed, which is independent of lattice matching between the polymer and nanotubes. These findings contribute to the discussion on polymer nucleation on CNTs and other nanocarbons, and their implication for the development of large polymer composites based on long and aligned fibres of CNTs.

Image processing methods for human brain connectivity analysis from in-vivo diffusion MRI

The structural connectivity of the brain is considered to encode species-wise and subject-wise patterns that will unlock large areas of understanding of the human brain. Currently, diffusion MRI of the living brain enables to map the microstructure of tissue, allowing to track the pathways of fiber bundles connecting the cortical regions across the brain. These bundles are summarized in a network representation called connectome that is analyzed using graph theory. The extraction of the connectome from diffusion MRI requires a large processing flow including image enhancement, reconstruction, segmentation, registration, diffusion tracking, etc. Although a concerted effort has been devoted to the definition of standard pipelines for the connectome extraction, it is still crucial to define quality assessment protocols of these workflows. The definition of quality control protocols is hindered by the complexity of the pipelines under test and the absolute lack of gold-standards for diffusion MRI data. Here we characterize the impact on structural connectivity workflows of the geometrical deformation typically shown by diffusion MRI data due to the inhomogeneity of magnetic susceptibility across the imaged object. We propose an evaluation framework to compare the existing methodologies to correct for these artifacts including whole-brain realistic phantoms. Additionally, we design and implement an image segmentation and registration method to avoid performing the correction task and to enable processing in the native space of diffusion data. We release PySDCev, an evaluation framework for the quality control of connectivity pipelines, specialized in the study of susceptibility-derived distortions. In this context, we propose Diffantom, a whole-brain phantom that provides a solution to the lack of gold-standard data. The three correction methodologies under comparison performed reasonably, and it is difficult to determine which method is more advisable. We demonstrate that susceptibility-derived correction is necessary to increase the sensitivity of connectivity pipelines, at the cost of specificity. Finally, with the registration and segmentation tool called regseg we demonstrate how the problem of susceptibility-derived distortion can be overcome allowing data to be used in their original coordinates. This is crucial to increase the sensitivity of the whole pipeline without any loss in specificity.

Simulación eficiente de mecanismos flexibles mediante formulaciones topológicas

El objetivo de esta Tesis es presentar un método eficiente para la evaluación de sistemas multi-cuerpo con elementos flexibles con pequeñas deformaciones, basado en métodos topológicos para la simulación de sistemas tan complejos como los que se utilizan en la práctica y en tiempo real o próximo al real. Se ha puesto un especial énfasis en la resolución eficiente de aquellos aspectos que conllevan mayor coste computacional, tales como la evaluación de las ecuaciones dinámicas y el cálculo de los términos de inercia. Las ecuaciones dinámicas se establecen en función de las variables independientes del sistema, y la integración de las mismas se realiza mediante formulaciones implícitas de index-3. Esta Tesis se articula en seis Capítulos. En el Capítulo 1 se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de la simulación de sistemas flexibles y los métodos más relevantes de integración de las ecuaciones diferenciales del movimiento. Asimismo, se presentan los objetivos de esta Tesis. En el Capítulo 2 se presenta un método semi-recursivo para la evaluación de las ecuaciones de los sistemas multi-cuerpo con elementos flexibles basado en formulaciones topológicas y síntesis modal. Esta Tesis determina la posición de cada punto del cuerpo flexible en función de un sistema de referencia flotante que se mueve con dicho cuerpo y de las amplitudes de ciertos modos de deformación calculados a partir de un mallado obtenido mediante el Método de Elementos Finitos. Se presta especial atención en las condiciones de contorno que se han de tener en cuenta a la hora de establecer las variables que definen la deformación del cuerpo flexible. El Capítulo 3 se centra en la evaluación de los términos de inercia de los sistemas flexibles que generalmente conllevan un alto coste computacional. Se presenta un método que permite el cálculo de dichos términos basado en el uso de 24 matrices constantes que pueden ser calculadas previamente al proceso de integración. Estas matrices permiten evaluar la matriz de masas y el vector de fuerzas de inercia dependientes de la velocidad sin que sea necesario evaluar la posición deformada de todos los puntos del cuerpo flexible. Se realiza un análisis pormenorizado de dichas matrices con el objetivo de optimizar su cálculo estableciendo aproximaciones que permitan reducir el número de dichos términos y optimizar aún más su evaluación. Se analizan dos posibles simplificaciones: la primera utiliza una discretización no-consistente basada en elementos finitos en los que se definen únicamente los desplazamientos axiales de los nodos; en la segunda propuesta se hace uso de una matriz de masas concentradas (Lumped Mass). Basándose en la formulación presentada, el Capítulo 4 aborda la integración eficiente de las ecuaciones dinámicas. Se presenta un método iterativo para la integración con fórmulas de index-3 basado en la proyección de las ecuaciones dinámicas según las variables independientes del sistema multi-cuerpo. El cálculo del residuo del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales que se ha de resolver de modo iterativo se realiza mediante un proceso recursivo muy eficiente que aprovecha la estructura topológica del sistema. Se analizan tres formas de evaluar la matriz tangente del citado sistema no lineal: evaluación aproximada, numérica y recursiva. El método de integración presentado permite el uso de distintas fórmulas. En esta Tesis se analizan la Regla Trapezoidal, la fórmula BDF de segundo orden y un método híbrido TR-BDF2. Para este último caso se presenta un algoritmo de paso variable. En el Capítulo 5 plantea la implementación del método propuesto en un programa general de simulación de mecanismos que permita la resolución de cualquier sistema multi-cuerpo definiéndolo mediante un fichero de datos. La implementación de este programa se ha realizado tanto en C++ como en Java. Se muestran los resultados de las formulaciones presentadas en esta Tesis mediante la simulación de cuatro ejemplos de distinta complejidad. Mediante análisis concretos se comparan la formulación presentada con otras existentes. También se analiza el efecto del lenguaje de programación utilizado en la implementación y los efectos de las posibles simplificaciones planteadas. Por último, el Capítulo 6 resume las principales conclusiones alcanzadas en la Tesis y las futuras líneas de investigación que con ella se abren. ABSTRACT This Thesis presents an efficient method for solving the forward dynamics of a multi-body sys-tem formed by rigid and flexible bodies with small strains for real-time simulation of real-life models. It is based on topological formulations. The presented work focuses on the efficient solution of the most time-consuming tasks of the simulation process, such as the numerical integration of the motion differential equations and in particular the evaluation of the inertia terms corresponding to the flexible bodies. The dynamic equations are formulated in terms of independent variables of the muti-body system, and they are integrated by means of implicit index-3 formulae. The Thesis is arranged in six chapters. Chapter 1 presents a review of the most relevant and recent contributions related to the modelization of flexible multi-body systems and the integration of the corresponding dynamic equations. The main objectives of the Thesis are also presented in detail. Chapter 2 presents a semi-recursive method for solving the equations of a multi-body system with flexible bodies based on topological formulations and modal synthesis. This Thesis uses the floating frame approach and the modal amplitudes to define the position of any point at the flexible body. These modal deformed shapes are obtained by means of the Finite Element Method. Particular attention has been taken to the boundary conditions used to define the deformation of the flexible bodies. Chapter 3 focuses on the evaluation of the inertia terms, which is usually a very time-consuming task. A new method based on the use of 24 constant matrices is presented. These matrices are evaluated during the set-up step, before the integration process. They allow the calculation of the inertia terms in terms of the position and orientation of the local coordinate system and the deformation variables, and there is no need to evaluate the position and velocities of all the nodes of the FEM mesh. A deep analysis of the inertia terms is performed in order to optimize the evaluation process, reducing both the terms used and the number of arithmetic operations. Two possible simplifications are presented: the first one uses a non-consistent approach in order to define the inertia terms respect to the Cartesian coordinates of the FEM mesh, rejecting those corresponding to the angular rotations; the second approach makes use of lumped mass matrices. Based on the previously presented formulation, Chapter 4 is focused on the numerical integration of the motion differential equations. A new predictor-corrector method based on index-3 formulae and on the use of multi-body independent variables is presented. The evaluation of the dynamic equations in a new time step needs the solution of a set on nonlinear equations by a Newton-Raphson iterative process. The computation of the corresponding residual vector is performed efficiently by taking advantage of the system’s topological structure. Three methods to compute the tangent matrix are presented: an approximated evaluation that considers only the most relevant terms, a numerical approach based on finite differences and a recursive method that uses the topological structure. The method presented for integrating the dynamic equations can use a variety of integration formulae. This Thesis analyses the use of the trapezoidal rule, the 2nd order BDF formula and the hybrid TR-BDF2 method. A variable-time step strategy is presented for the last one. Chapter 5 describes the implementation of the proposed method in a general purpose pro-gram for solving any multibody defined by a data file. This program is implemented both in C++ and Java. Four examples are used to check the validity of the formulation and to compare this method with other methods commonly used to solve the dynamic equations of multi-body systems containing flexible bodies. The efficiency of the programming methodology used and the effect of the possible simplifications proposed are also analyzed. Chapter 6 summarizes the main Conclusions obtained in this Thesis and the new lines of research that have been opened.

La escalera de caracol con ojo a finales del S.XV y comienzos del S.XVI: el caso de la ciudad y tierra de Segovia

Este trabajo de investigación se ha centrado en la escalera de caracol con ojo también denominado caracol de mallorca, en sus primeras apariciones a finales del s.XV y comienzos del s.XVI durante el llamado periodo tardogótico. Este elemento aparentemente sencillo presenta, sin embargo, una gran diversidad de esquemas geométricos. Todavía a día de hoy, no hay explicación del por qué de la mayor difusión de unos con respecto a otros. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido valorar el papel que el confort/seguridad de uso así como la economía en el trabajo –sencillez de ejecución y coste económico– tuvieron en el contexto de la difusión de este elemento arquitectónico. Este estudio ha analizado en base a estos criterios objetivos, la geometría de cada uno de los esquemas tipo que resuelven la formación del hueco central característico este tipo de escaleras, con la intención de determinar las causas objetivas que pudieron motivar la desigual expansión de los mismos. Una vez determinado el marco teórico, se han establecido dos líneas para abordar el problema. Por un lado se ha planteado el análisis de los modelos teóricos recogidos en los distintos textos de cantería escritos por autores españoles desde finales del s.XVI. Si bien en la época en que se escribieron, la arquitectura gótica como sistema había desaparecido, alguno de sus elementos más característicos, como la escalera de caracol, continuaban empleándose. Las trazas del caracol con ojo recogidas en estos textos, describen habitualmente las soluciones geométricas más frecuentes e incluso los ejemplos construidos más conocidos, los cuales fueron levantados en su mayoría en el período en el cual se desarrolla esta investigación. Por otro lado, este estudio se plantea el análisis de modelos construidos existentes en la Ciudad y Tierra de Segovia. La razón que justifica dichos límites geográficos, la encontramos en que la mayor parte del patrimonio gótico existente en este área fue construido entre finales del s.XV y comienzos del s. XVI. Ambos grupos, modelos teóricos y modelos construidos, recogen la herencia gótica heredada en la construcción de este elemento arquitectónico. Cada una de estas dos líneas establecidas han seguido una metodología específica adaptada al objeto de análisis, si bien ambas se basan en un primer análisis individual y posterior análisis comparativo de los modelos seleccionados. Estos análisis han permitido identificar los distintos esquemas empleados para resolver el hueco central, lo que ha posibilitado establecer una clasificación general de los mismos en tres grupos: caracol con ojo de solución radial, el caracol con ojo de solución no radial y el caracol con ojo de solución tangencial. A partir de los datos y resultados obtenidos del análisis comparativo de los parámetros geométricos que afectan al confort/seguridad de uso y economía en el trabajo de dichos esquemas, podemos concluir que a pesar que los tres esquemas identificados resuelven el caracol con ojo de forma muy similar, el predominio de la solución radial y la caída en el olvido de las soluciones tangencial y no radial estuvieron justificados. ABSTRACT This work focused on the helical staircase, also known as mallorca staircase, in the late 15th and the early 16th centuries. This seemingly simple element, presents however a wide variety of geometrical designs. Still to date, there is no explanation of why some of them were limited use, while others had a wide impact. The aim of this study was to assess the influence which comfort, safety and work economy –ease of construction and financial cost– had on their widespread. This study analysed, following these objective criteria, the geometry of the different designs, which solve the characteristic inner aperture of this type of staircase. And thus, find the reasons, which motivated their uneven spread. Once the theoretical framework was developed, two research lines were set up to address the problem. On one hand, this study analysed the theoretical helical staircases described in the early Spanish texts, which were written since the end of the 16th century. Although these texts were written after the Gothic Architecture system had already disappeared, some of its more representative elements like the helical staircase were still in use. The traces of the helical stair, which are included in these texts, describe the most frequently-used designs and even the most famous real examples which were usually constructed in the Late Gothic period. On the other hand, this study analysed some real helical staircases, which were constructed in the Ciudad y Tierra de Segovia. The reason for choosing these geographical limits is that most of the Gothic buildings of this area were constructed between the end of the 15th and the early 16th centuries, during the Late Gothic period. Both groups, theoretical and constructed samples, collect the Gothic construction tradition of the helical stair. Each of these research lines followed a specific methodology, which was adapted to the research object. Nevertheless, both are based on a first individual analysis of each selected example and a later on comparative one. These analysis allowed the identification of the different layouts which solve the inner aperture of the helical staircase, what made possible to set up a broad classification in three groups, according to the geometrical design strategy that solves the central aperture: the helical staircase by radial solution, the helical staircase by non-radial solution and the helical staircase by tangent solution. The research findings of the comparative analysis of their geometrical parameters, which have an impact in the comfort, safety and work economy, have shown that although all of them solve the helical staircase in a really similar way, the fade into oblivion of the non-radial and tangent approaches was objectively motivated.

Contribution to the improvement of communication services in nanosatellite constellations using delay and disruption tolerant networking based architectures

Esta tesis se desarrolla dentro del marco de las comunicaciones satelitales en el innovador campo de los pequeños satélites también llamados nanosatélites o cubesats, llamados así por su forma cubica. Estos nanosatélites se caracterizan por su bajo costo debido a que usan componentes comerciales llamados COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) y su pequeño tamaño como los Cubesats 1U (10cm*10 cm*10 cm) con masa aproximada a 1 kg. Este trabajo de tesis tiene como base una iniciativa propuesta por el autor de la tesis para poner en órbita el primer satélite peruano en mi país llamado chasqui I, actualmente puesto en órbita desde la Estación Espacial Internacional. La experiencia de este trabajo de investigación me llevo a proponer una constelación de pequeños satélites llamada Waposat para dar servicio de monitoreo de sensores de calidad de agua a nivel global, escenario que es usado en esta tesis. Es ente entorno y dadas las características limitadas de los pequeños satélites, tanto en potencia como en velocidad de datos, es que propongo investigar una nueva arquitectura de comunicaciones que permita resolver en forma óptima la problemática planteada por los nanosatélites en órbita LEO debido a su carácter disruptivo en sus comunicaciones poniendo énfasis en las capas de enlace y aplicación. Esta tesis presenta y evalúa una nueva arquitectura de comunicaciones para proveer servicio a una red de sensores terrestres usando una solución basada en DTN (Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking) para comunicaciones espaciales. Adicionalmente, propongo un nuevo protocolo de acceso múltiple que usa una extensión del protocolo ALOHA no ranurado, el cual toma en cuenta la prioridad del trafico del Gateway (ALOHAGP) con un mecanismo de contienda adaptativo. Utiliza la realimentación del satélite para implementar el control de la congestión y adapta dinámicamente el rendimiento efectivo del canal de una manera óptima. Asumimos un modelo de población de sensores finito y una condición de tráfico saturado en el que cada sensor tiene siempre tramas que transmitir. El desempeño de la red se evaluó en términos de rendimiento efectivo, retardo y la equidad del sistema. Además, se ha definido una capa de convergencia DTN (ALOHAGP-CL) como un subconjunto del estándar TCP-CL (Transmission Control Protocol-Convergency Layer). Esta tesis muestra que ALOHAGP/CL soporta adecuadamente el escenario DTN propuesto, sobre todo cuando se utiliza la fragmentación reactiva. Finalmente, esta tesis investiga una transferencia óptima de mensajes DTN (Bundles) utilizando estrategias de fragmentación proactivas para dar servicio a una red de sensores terrestres utilizando un enlace de comunicaciones satelitales que utiliza el mecanismo de acceso múltiple con prioridad en el tráfico de enlace descendente (ALOHAGP). El rendimiento efectivo ha sido optimizado mediante la adaptación de los parámetros del protocolo como una función del número actual de los sensores activos recibidos desde el satélite. También, actualmente no existe un método para advertir o negociar el tamaño máximo de un “bundle” que puede ser aceptado por un agente DTN “bundle” en las comunicaciones por satélite tanto para el almacenamiento y la entrega, por lo que los “bundles” que son demasiado grandes son eliminados o demasiado pequeños son ineficientes. He caracterizado este tipo de escenario obteniendo una distribución de probabilidad de la llegada de tramas al nanosatélite así como una distribución de probabilidad del tiempo de visibilidad del nanosatélite, los cuales proveen una fragmentación proactiva óptima de los DTN “bundles”. He encontrado que el rendimiento efectivo (goodput) de la fragmentación proactiva alcanza un valor ligeramente inferior al de la fragmentación reactiva. Esta contribución permite utilizar la fragmentación activa de forma óptima con todas sus ventajas tales como permitir implantar el modelo de seguridad de DTN y la simplicidad al implementarlo en equipos con muchas limitaciones de CPU y memoria. La implementación de estas contribuciones se han contemplado inicialmente como parte de la carga útil del nanosatélite QBito, que forma parte de la constelación de 50 nanosatélites que se está llevando a cabo dentro del proyecto QB50. ABSTRACT This thesis is developed within the framework of satellite communications in the innovative field of small satellites also known as nanosatellites (<10 kg) or CubeSats, so called from their cubic form. These nanosatellites are characterized by their low cost because they use commercial components called COTS (commercial off-the-shelf), and their small size and mass, such as 1U Cubesats (10cm * 10cm * 10cm) with approximately 1 kg mass. This thesis is based on a proposal made by the author of the thesis to put into orbit the first Peruvian satellite in his country called Chasqui I, which was successfully launched into orbit from the International Space Station in 2014. The experience of this research work led me to propose a constellation of small satellites named Waposat to provide water quality monitoring sensors worldwide, scenario that is used in this thesis. In this scenario and given the limited features of nanosatellites, both power and data rate, I propose to investigate a new communications architecture that allows solving in an optimal manner the problems of nanosatellites in orbit LEO due to the disruptive nature of their communications by putting emphasis on the link and application layers. This thesis presents and evaluates a new communications architecture to provide services to terrestrial sensor networks using a space Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) based solution. In addition, I propose a new multiple access mechanism protocol based on extended unslotted ALOHA that takes into account the priority of gateway traffic, which we call ALOHA multiple access with gateway priority (ALOHAGP) with an adaptive contention mechanism. It uses satellite feedback to implement the congestion control, and to dynamically adapt the channel effective throughput in an optimal way. We assume a finite sensor population model and a saturated traffic condition where every sensor always has frames to transmit. The performance was evaluated in terms of effective throughput, delay and system fairness. In addition, a DTN convergence layer (ALOHAGP-CL) has been defined as a subset of the standard TCP-CL (Transmission Control Protocol-Convergence Layer). This thesis reveals that ALOHAGP/CL adequately supports the proposed DTN scenario, mainly when reactive fragmentation is used. Finally, this thesis investigates an optimal DTN message (bundles) transfer using proactive fragmentation strategies to give service to a ground sensor network using a nanosatellite communications link which uses a multi-access mechanism with priority in downlink traffic (ALOHAGP). The effective throughput has been optimized by adapting the protocol parameters as a function of the current number of active sensors received from satellite. Also, there is currently no method for advertising or negotiating the maximum size of a bundle which can be accepted by a bundle agent in satellite communications for storage and delivery, so that bundles which are too large can be dropped or which are too small are inefficient. We have characterized this kind of scenario obtaining a probability distribution for frame arrivals to nanosatellite and visibility time distribution that provide an optimal proactive fragmentation of DTN bundles. We have found that the proactive effective throughput (goodput) reaches a value slightly lower than reactive fragmentation approach. This contribution allows to use the proactive fragmentation optimally with all its advantages such as the incorporation of the security model of DTN and simplicity in protocol implementation for computers with many CPU and memory limitations. The implementation of these contributions was initially contemplated as part of the payload of the nanosatellite QBito, which is part of the constellation of 50 nanosatellites envisaged under the QB50 project.

Origen y evolución histórico-legal del club deportivo en la Comunidad de Madrid (1833-1936)

Cuando se inició el trabajo para obtener el título de doctora, el proyecto era acerca de la financiación público privada de los clubes deportivos madrileños. El punto uno de ese primer índice, versaba sobre el origen del club deportivo en la Comunidad de Madrid (en este sentido, es preciso tener en cuenta que el territorio sufrió modificaciones, lo que antes eran pueblos hoy son distritos y lo que antes era provincia hoy es Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, nuestro ámbito territorial de estudio). Al leer la doctrina autorizada que coincidía en su totalidad en que los primeros clubes deportivos fueron de origen inglés (el Recreativo de Huelva en el año1889 era considerado el primer club de España) y recordar dudas e inquietudes al respecto que surgieron durante la licenciatura, la investigación se tornó incómoda, por no decir temeraria. ¿Por qué había que limitarse a recoger las ideas de una doctrina, sin duda hoy y entonces prestigiosa, cuando se pensaba que aquella teoría del origen británico no podía ser, aunque fuera dentro de un marco teórico? No parecía tener sentido que no hubiera habido asociacionismo en España antes de la llegada de las compañías inglesas, pero sobre todo en Madrid, siempre bulliciosa en cuanto a participación ciudadana, por varios motivos: existían juegos y deportes populares autóctonos antes de que llegara el fútbol. ¿No se asociaban los madrileños para poder competir con otros?, ¿Se equivocó Goya al pintar estampas de juegos populares?, ¿Por qué existía entonces una Ley de Asociaciones de 1887, evidentemente anterior al Recreativo de Huelva (1889)? Las leyes se elaboran en respuesta a una necesidad social o a una costumbre anterior, o a las dos cosas. ¿Nadie pensó en la costumbre, siendo fuente del Derecho junto con la Ley y los principios generales?, ¿Nadie, estando tan cerca?, ¿Nadie, figurando en el artículo 1 del Código Civil? De esta forma, la justificación y objetivos cambiaron, la investigación se volvió otra, se tenía necesidad de probar la lógica o nada. Sólo hacían falta las pruebas documentales que aportaran luz y fueran tangibles para la argumentación jurídica. Así, entre las reglas del juego de la norma jurídica, la jurisprudencia y la doctrina, se desenvuelve el marco teórico de este trabajo. Es necesario para ello conocer cómo funciona la legislación que afecta a los clubes deportivos en la actualidad para entender las similitudes con los clubes pioneros. Es preciso comprender que una Ley nunca se encuentra aislada de otras, que todas están relacionadas, que los cruces son inevitablemente ilimitados y los resultados inmensos. Se ha realizado un análisis de una realidad compleja que trasciende de lo jurídico y lo deportivo. Respecto al material y método, no se encontraban referencias de estudios comparados, desde el punto de vista jurídico, de los Estatutos de los primeros clubes deportivos madrileños, ni nombrarlos hasta que a principios del año 2013 digitalizamos en la Biblioteca Nacional el Reglamento del Instituto de Gimnástica, Equitación y Esgrima (Villalobos, 1842); la prueba documental que se buscaba para apoyar la teoría ya era tangible. Luego se encontrarían otros para añadir a la muestra y también documentación probatoria complementaria. Tampoco había trabajos sobre la documentación emanada de la Administración Pública, por lo que se han estudiado Expedientes administrativos así como su comparativa con la legislación coetánea y la actual, lo que ha permitido concretar más la forma y tipología de las primeras formas jurídicas deportivas. Para la búsqueda de documentación se ha recurrido a bibliotecas, archivos e incluso depósitos que tenían legajos sin clasificar, habían sufrido las inundaciones y carcoma que azotaron a los sótanos de Madrid e incluso a alguno el fuego le miró de reojo. La documentación encontrada ha permitido convivir con los personajes que habitaron los clubes pioneros en los primeros domicilios sociales; historias reales con banda sonora propia. Y es que el nacimiento del asociacionismo deportivo madrileño no se podría haber gestado en mejor momento; durante el Romanticismo, ni en mejor lugar, en las encrucijadas de las callejuelas estrechas cercanas a las grandes arterias de la Capital; un paseo por las calles Libertad, Barbieri, Minas, Hortaleza y Montera. Los resultados de la investigación confirman la teoría de que el primer club deportivo madrileño nada tuvo que ver con los clubes que posteriormente vinieron en los equipajes de las compañías inglesas. Ni en tiempo, son anteriores; ni en lugar, Madrid; ni en forma, la comparativa con un club británico de la época denota diferencias o mejor, deficiencias, pero más que nada en el fondo. Los clubes madrileños tenían una naturaleza que reflejaba el sentir de los primeros socios y el espíritu de la Capital: beneficencia, espectáculo, participación ciudadana y trabajo en equipo. También se demuestra, tanto en los resultados como en la discusión, las particularidades de los primeros clubes madrileños en cuanto a su relación con la imprenta, la docencia, la prensa, las instalaciones deportivas siempre compartidas con la cultura como la terminología y las equipaciones, pero sobre todo la especial relación con el inherente derecho de reunión. Difícil pensar en un principio que la prueba de la costumbre se encontrara en la cartelería teatral, y que un programa de una competición deportiva escondiera unos Estatutos durante siglos. ABSTRACT When work for a doctorate degree began, the project was about public-private financing of sports clubs Madrid. At point one of the first index, concerned the origin of the sports club in Madrid ( Keep in mind that the territory was modified, which were towns before today are districts and what was once the province is now Community Autonomous of Madrid, our territorial area of study). When reading the authoritative doctrine which coincided entirely in the first sports clubs were of English origin (Huelva Recreation Club, 1889) and remember about questions and concerns raised during the undergraduate research became awkward, if not reckless. Why it had to be limited to collecting the ideas of a doctrine certainly prestigious now and then, when it was thought that this theory could not be British origin, albeit within a framework? It did not seem to make sense that there had been associations in Spain before the arrival of British companies, but especially in Madrid, always busy in terms of citizen participation, for several reasons; and indigenous games were popular sports before the football do the locals are not associated to compete with other?, Goya was wrong to paint pictures of popular games?, Why then was no Associations Act, 1887, clearly previous Huelva Recreation Club (1889)? The laws are developed in response to a social need or a past practice, or both. No one thought of being a source of law practice with the law and the general principles? No, being so close? No one appearing in Article 1 of the Civil? Thus the rationale and objectives of the research turned back, it was necessary to try logic or anything. Only documentary evidence was needed that provide light and were tangible to the legal arguments. Thus, among the rules of the legal rule, jurisprudence and doctrine, the theoretical framework of this work develops, we need to know how legislation affects sports clubs at present to understand the similarities with clubs works pioneers, we must understand that a law is never isolated from others, they are all related, intersections are inevitably unlimited and the immense results. It has made an analysis of a complex reality that transcends the legal and sports. Regarding the material and method, no references to studies were compared, from the legal point of view, of the Statute of the first Madrid sports clubs, or name them until early 2013 digitized at the National Library of the Institute of Regulation Gymnastics, Riding and Fencing (Villalobos, 1842); the documentary evidence that was sought to support the theory was already tangible. Then they find others to add to the sample and further supporting documentation. There was also no work on the documentation issued by the Public Administration, which have been studied administrative records and their comparison with the contemporary legislation and the current, allowing more concrete form and type of the first sports legal forms. Search for documentation we have turned to libraries, archives and even deposits that were not rated bundles, had suffered flooding and decay in the basement of Madrid and even fire some looked askance. The found documents have enabled us to live with the characters that inhabited the early clubs in the first addresses; real stories with its own soundtrack. And the birth of the Madrid sports associations could not have been gestated at a better time ; during the Romantic period , or in a better place ; at the crossroads of the nearby narrow streets of the great arteries of the Capital; a walk along the Libertad, Barbieri, Minas, Hortaleza and Montera. The research results confirm the theory that the first Madrid sports club had nothing to do with the clubs that later came in the luggage of British companies, nor in time; They predate, or rather; Madrid, or in the form; the comparison with a British club denotes the time differences or rather shortcomings, but more than anything in the background; the Madrid club had a nature that reflect the sentiments of the first members and the spirit of the Capital; charity, show, citizen participation and teamwork. It is also shown in the results and discussion the particularities of the first locals clubs in their relationship with the press, teaching, media, sports facilities always shared with the culture and terminology and the kits, but all the special relationship with the inherent right of assembly; hard to think at first that the test of habit were in the theater posters, and a program of a sports competition hide Statutes for centuries.

Two-dimensional isostatic meshes in the finite element method

In a Finite Element (FE) analysis of elastic solids several items are usually considered, namely, type and shape of the elements, number of nodes per element, node positions, FE mesh, total number of degrees of freedom (dot) among others. In this paper a method to improve a given FE mesh used for a particular analysis is described. For the improvement criterion different objective functions have been chosen (Total potential energy and Average quadratic error) and the number of nodes and dof's of the new mesh remain constant and equal to the initial FE mesh. In order to find the mesh producing the minimum of the selected objective function the steepest descent gradient technique has been applied as optimization algorithm. However this efficient technique has the drawback that demands a large computation power. Extensive application of this methodology to different 2-D elasticity problems leads to the conclusion that isometric isostatic meshes (ii-meshes) produce better results than the standard reasonably initial regular meshes used in practice. This conclusion seems to be independent on the objective function used for comparison. These ii-meshes are obtained by placing FE nodes along the isostatic lines, i.e. curves tangent at each point to the principal direction lines of the elastic problem to be solved and they should be regularly spaced in order to build regular elements. That means ii-meshes are usually obtained by iteration, i.e. with the initial FE mesh the elastic analysis is carried out. By using the obtained results of this analysis the net of isostatic lines can be drawn and in a first trial an ii-mesh can be built. This first ii-mesh can be improved, if it necessary, by analyzing again the problem and generate after the FE analysis the new and improved ii-mesh. Typically, after two first tentative ii-meshes it is sufficient to produce good FE results from the elastic analysis. Several example of this procedure are presented.

Dynamics of contacts between lamellae of fibroblasts: Essential role of the actin cytoskeleton

We investigated actin cytoskeletal and adhesion molecule dynamics during collisions of leading lamellae of nontransformed and oncogene-transformed fibroblasts. By using real-time video microscopy, it was found that during lamellar collision there was considerable overlapping of leading lamellae followed by subsequent retraction. Overlapping of nontransformed fibroblasts was accompanied by formation of β-catenin-positive contact structures organized into strands oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell that were associated with bundles of actin filaments. Maintenance of such cell–cell contact structures critically depended on the contractility of actin cytoskeleton, as inhibition of contractility with serum-free medium or 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime (BDM) resulted in loss of strand formation. Strand formation was recovered when cells in serum-free medium were incubated with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, which is known to increase contractility. Oncogene-transformed fibroblasts reacted to collisions with responses similar to nontransformed fibroblasts but did not develop well-organized cell–cell contacts. A model is presented to describe how differences in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton could account for the structurally distinct responses to cell–cell contact by polarized fibroblastic cells versus nonpolarized epithelial cells.

Effects of extracellular Ca2+ concentration on hair-bundle stiffness and gating-spring integrity in hair cells

When a hair cell is stimulated by positive deflection of its hair bundle, increased tension in gating springs opens transduction channels, permitting cations to enter stereocilia and depolarize the cell. Ca2+ is thought to be required in mechanoelectrical transduction, for exposure of hair bundles to Ca2+ chelators eliminates responsiveness by disrupting tip links, filamentous interstereociliary connections that probably are the gating springs. Ca2+ also participates in adaptation to stimuli by controlling the activity of a molecular motor that sets gating-spring tension. Using a flexible glass fiber to measure hair-bundle stiffness, we investigated the effect of Ca2+ concentration on stiffness before and after the disruption of gating springs. The stiffness of intact hair bundles depended nonmonotonically on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration; the maximal stiffness of ≈1200 μN⋅m−1 occurred when bundles were bathed in solutions containing 250 μM Ca2+, approximately the concentration found in frog endolymph. For cells exposed to solutions with sufficient chelator capacity to reduce the Ca2+ concentration below ≈100 nM, hair-bundle stiffness fell to ≈200 μN⋅m−1 and no longer exhibited Ca2+-dependent changes. Because cells so treated lost mechanoelectrical transduction, we attribute the reduction in bundle stiffness to tip-link disruption. The results indicate that gating springs are not linearly elastic; instead, they stiffen with increased strain, which rises with adaptation-motor activity at the physiological extracellular Ca2+ concentration.

A general strategy to enhance the potency of chimeric transcriptional activators

Efforts to increase the potency of transcriptional activators are generally unsuccessful because poor expression of activators in mammalian cells limits their delivery to target promoters. Here we report that the effectiveness of chimeric activators can be dramatically improved by expressing them as noncovalent tetrameric bundles. Bundled activation domains are much more effective at activating a reporter gene than simple monomeric activators, presumably because, at similar expression levels, up to 4 times as many the activation domains are delivered to the target promoter. These bundled activation domains are also more effective than proteins in which activation domains are tandemly reiterated in the same polypeptide chain, because such proteins are very poorly expressed and therefore not delivered effectively. These observations suggest that there is a threshold number of activation domains that must be bound to a promoter for activation, above which promoter activity is simply a function of the number of activators bound. We show that bundling can be exploited practically to enhance the sensitivity of mammalian two-hybrid assays, enabling detection of weak interactions or those between poorly expressed proteins. Bundling also dramatically improves the performance of a small-molecule-regulated gene expression system when the expression level of regulatory protein is limiting, a situation that may be encountered in gene therapy applications.

Active hair-bundle movements can amplify a hair cell’s response to oscillatory mechanical stimuli

To enhance their mechanical sensitivity and frequency selectivity, hair cells amplify the mechanical stimuli to which they respond. Although cell-body contractions of outer hair cells are thought to mediate the active process in the mammalian cochlea, vertebrates without outer hair cells display highly sensitive, sharply tuned hearing and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. In these animals the amplifier must reside elsewhere. We report physiological evidence that amplification can stem from active movement of the hair bundle, the hair cell’s mechanosensitive organelle. We performed experiments on hair cells from the sacculus of the bullfrog. Using a two-compartment recording chamber that permits exposure of the hair cell’s apical and basolateral surfaces to different solutions, we examined active hair-bundle motion in circumstances similar to those in vivo. When the apical surface was bathed in artificial endolymph, many hair bundles exhibited spontaneous oscillations of amplitudes as great as 50 nm and frequencies in the range 5 to 40 Hz. We stimulated hair bundles with a flexible glass probe and recorded their mechanical responses with a photometric system. When the stimulus frequency lay within a band enclosing a hair cell’s frequency of spontaneous oscillation, mechanical stimuli as small as ±5 nm entrained the hair-bundle oscillations. For small stimuli, the bundle movement was larger than the stimulus. Because the energy dissipated by viscous drag exceeded the work provided by the stimulus probe, the hair bundles powered their motion and therefore amplified it.

The 65-kDa carrot microtubule-associated protein forms regularly arranged filamentous cross-bridges between microtubules

In plants, cortical microtubules (MTs) occur in characteristically parallel groups maintained up to one microtubule diameter apart by fine filamentous cross-bridges. However, none of the plant microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) so far purified accounts for the observed separation between MTs in cells. We previously isolated from carrot cytoskeletons a MAP fraction including 120- and 65-kDa MAPs and have now separated the 65-kDa carrot MAP by sucrose density centrifugation. MAP65 does not induce tubulin polymerization but induces the formation of bundles of parallel MTs in a nucleotide-insensitive manner. The bundling effect is inhibited by porcine MAP2, but, unlike MAP2, MAP65 is heat-labile. In the electron microscope, MAP65 appears as filamentous cross-bridges, maintaining an intermicrotubule spacing of 25–30 nm. Microdensitometer-computer correlation analysis reveals that the cross-bridges are regularly spaced, showing a regular axial spacing that is compatible with a symmetrical helical superlattice for 13 protofilament MTs. Because MAP65 maintains in vitro the inter-MT spacing observed in plants and is shown to decorate cortical MTs, it is proposed that this MAP is important for the organization of the cortical array in vivo.

Birefringence Imaging Directly Reveals Architectural Dynamics of Filamentous Actin in Living Growth ConesV⃞

We have investigated the dynamic behavior of cytoskeletal fine structure in the lamellipodium of nerve growth cones using a new type of polarized light microscope (the Pol-Scope). Pol-Scope images display with exquisite resolution and definition birefringent fine structures, such as filaments and membranes, without having to treat the cell with exogenous dyes or fluorescent labels. Furthermore, the measured birefringence of protein fibers in the thin lamellipodial region can be interpreted in terms of the number of filaments in the bundles. We confirmed that birefringent fibers are actin-based using conventional fluorescence-labeling methods. By recording movies of time-lapsed Pol-Scope images, we analyzed the creation and dynamic composition of radial fibers, filopodia, and intrapodia in advancing growth cones. The strictly quantitative information available in time-lapsed Pol-Scope images confirms previously deduced behavior and provides new insight into the architectural dynamics of filamentous actin.