IPI Newsletter, July 2005

A quarterly newsletter produced by Iowa Prison Industries

IPI Newsletter, October 2005

A quarterly newsletter produced by Iowa Prison Industries

2003-2004 Annual Report, May 2004

Annual report of the Department of Corrections, Iowa Prison Industries.

State Legislation Monitoring Report FY2004, February 2005

The Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning issued its first state legislation monitoring report in February 2002, covering the first six months’ impact of Senate File 543 (which enacted a number of sentencing changes) on the justice system; monitoring of the correctional impact of this bill was at the request of several members of the legislature. Since then, the Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning Advisory Council has requested that CJJP monitor the correctional impact of enacted legislation of particular interest. This report covers monitoring results or future plans to monitor the following: 1. Changes in “crack” cocaine and “powder” cocaine penalties under Chapter 124.401 (effective FY2004; see p.3). 2. Commitments to prison involving manufacture, distribution, or possession of methamphetamine under Chapter 124.401 (see p.5). 3. Prosecution of offenders for child endangerment under Chapter 726.6(g) for permitting the presence of a child or minor at a location where a controlled substance manufacturing or a product possession violation occurs (see p.7). 4. Provision of an enhanced penalty for manufacturing of controlled substances under Chapter 124.401C when children are present and the offender is not charged under section 726.6(g) (see p. 7). 5. Creating a new offense when a retailer sells more than two packages of any product containing pseudoephedrine (chapter 126.23A) and providing for an enhanced penalty under Chapter 714.7C when a theft involves more than two packages of similar products (see p.8). 6. Establishment of parole eligibility at 70% of time served for persons sentenced under the “85% law” provisions of Iowa Code Section 902.12. (effective FY2005; see p. 9).

Estudi d'un càmping ecològic

El present projecte té per motiu l’anàlisi d’un hipotètic càmping ecològic i pel qual hem seguit la següent metodologia:Una assessoria ens ha contractat per tal de realitzar un estudi sobre el mercat del càmping al Solsonès ja que un assessor turístic està interessat en instal·lar-hi un càmping. Nosaltres hem decidit estudiar el mercat català del càmping i partint de lacompetència que hem localitzat fer un tipus de càmping amb quelcom d’especial. En aquest cas, hem proposat un càmping destinat per a joves (la majoria de càmpings de la zona són per famílies) i ecològic per tal d’intentar reduir el màxim els costos i fomentar l’ecologisme i la protecció del medi ambient, conceptes molt necessaris avui en dia. Des d’aquí, és on parteix tot el nostre treball.Tanmateix, degut a la dificultat de trobar tota la informació complerta de les diferents variables que componen un càmping com també del temps que hem tingut en fer el treball, nosaltres realitzem un estudi de mercat i també incloem els beneficisestimats (partint de preus hipotètics) que sorgirien dels ingressos dels consumidors com també els costos d’instal·lar els recursos ecològics en els tres principals camps del consum d’un càmping: l’aigua, l’energia i els residus. Així, doncs, no realitzem un anàlisi cost-benefici complet sinó que mostrem quan costa convertir-se en un càmping ecològic i mirem en quan de temps s’amortitzaria tenint en compte que, evidentment, en els anys posteriors el consum seria molt menor degut a l’aprofitament dels recursos que ens ofereix el medi ambient. Pel que fa a la metodologia del treball, hem analitzat dades que hem obtingut a través de diferents fonts; des d’Internet fins a empreses reals que esmentarem a la bibliografia. També hem cregut convenient buscar el terreny (una zona adequada perfonamentar el descans i el temps d’oci) i fer-ne una petita distribució com també estudiar alguns punts de la legislació espanyola i aspectes necessaris per tal d’obtenir la marca ecològica. Hem de destacar també que les dades de costos les hem fet com més reals possibles tenint en compte la mida del càmping com també tots els costos relatius encara que és hipotètic ja que no hem inclòs el consum exacte degut que depèn de moltes variables com quan gasta la gent, quanta gent vindria...I finalment els objectius que volíem concebre a partir d’aquest treball han sigut els següents: materialitzar els alts costos d’instal·lar recursos ecològics encara que també observar com a llarg termini acabava sent més viable, veure el mercat delcàmping a una zona que creiem que encara s’ha de descobrir com és el Solsonès, fomentar els joves a anar més de càmping i altres objectius no tan importants com, per exemple, una major compenetració entre els components del grup i una millora de síntesi i expressió escrita i oral.

L'Estalvi d'aigua domèstic

Al llarg de la història, els recursos hídrics han estat motiu de controvèrsia entre diferents pobles. L’aigua és un recurs fonamental i limitat; hi ha un gran percentatge de persones que no tenen accés a l’aigua potable i això provoca que l’aigua s’hagi convertit en un bé pràcticament de luxe per a moltes persones.Actualment la demanda d’aigua potable és molt elevada, amb una tendència de creixement, doncs estan proliferant els conreus extensius, camps de golf, les grans urbanitzacions on l’aigua és escassa...Per a solucionar aquestes situacions, els governs haurien de canviar a través de diverses polítiques, aquesta tendència creixent i tant poc sostenible.Recentment hem viscut de primera mà èpoques de sequeres que ens han fet reflexionar a tots d’una manera o altra.Però, què podem fer nosaltres des del nostre àmbit, és a dir, l’àmbit domèstic? En aquest treball es presenten les diverses maneres d’estalviar aigua a les llars, des de sistemes molt senzills, fins a nous aparells electrodomèstics d’alta eficiència. Farem un anàlisis sobre el cost econòmic que suposa implantar aquesta sèrie de mesures.Serà necessari saber quanta aigua es consumeix en algunes llars representatives i com es distribueix entre les diferents necessitats que tenen les famílies (aixetes, wc’s, rentavaixelles,etc), per tal d’estudiar la manera de reduir aquest consum.Per altra banda, cal destacar que plantejarem aquestes mesures tenint en compte la visió econòmica, es buscarà la manera de conciliar l’estalvi econòmic amb l’estalvi d’aigua. La gran pregunta que es vol respondre amb aquest estudi és si surt rendible la utilització de sistemes de reducció de consum, electrodomèstics d’alta eficiència...Així doncs, aquest treball intentarà donar a conèixer incentius cap a l’ús sostenible d’un bé tan imprescindible com és l’aigua potable.

Poverty and children's work in Spain and Latin America. Some preliminary remarks.

In the first part of this paper we try to test the relationship between mothers earnings, fertility and children's work in the Spanish (Catalan) context of the first third of the 20th century. Specific human capital investment of adult working women had as an outcome the sharp increase of their real wage and also the increase of the opportunity cost of time devoted to house work including child rearing. Fertility evolution is endogenous to the model and decreases as a result of women real wage increases. Human capital investment of labouring women and mandatory schooling of children shift the labour supply function to a new steady state in which the slope is steeper. According to recent papers this model applies to 20th century Spain and it causes the abolition of children's work. Nonetheless the model do not apply to 20th century Latin America. Despite the positive evolution of literacy and life expectancy in this region, other factors involved poor results of the educational human capital investment. In this paper we remark the role of the increasing share of the informal sector of the economy ruled on the bases of women's and children's work. Second we stress the role of high income inequality evolution and endogamic school supplies to explain the limits of increasing literacy on more remarkable human capital improvements.

What do women do? World population growth and fertility patterns, 1960-2000

In this paper we attempt to describe the general picture reasons behind the world population explosion during the 20th century. In general we comment that if, according to some, at the end of the 20th century there were too many people, this was has a consequence of scientific innovation, circulation of information, and economic growth, leading to a dramatic improvement in life expectancies. Nevertheless, a crucial variable shaping differences in demographic growth is fertility. In this paper we identify as important exogenous variables affecting fertility female education levels, infant mortality, and racial identity and diversity. It is estimated that three additional years of schooling for mothers leads on average (at the world level ) to one child less per couple. Even if we can identify a worldwide trend towards convergence in demographic trends, the African case needs to be given more attention, not only because of its different demographic patterns, but also because this is the continent where the worldwide movement towards a higher quality of life has not yet been achieved for an important share of the world's population.

Labour Market Formation Patterns in Nineteenth Century Catalonia

In this paper we portray the features of the Catalan textiles labour market in a period of technological change. Supply and demand for labour as well as a gendered view of living standards are presented. A first set of results is that labour supply adjusts to changes in labour demand trough the spread of new demographic attitudes. In this respect we imply that labour economic agents (or labour population) were able to modify the economic condition of their children. A second set of results refers to living standards and income distribution inequality. In this respect we see that unemployment and protectionism were the main sources breeding income inequality. A third set of results deals with the extreme labour market segmentation according to gender. Since women s real wages did not obey to an economic rationale we conclude that women were outside the labour market.

The pattern of health care use of older prisoners in Switzerland.

Introduction: Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon that forces us to make radical changes on multiple levels of society. So far, studies have concluded that the health, both physical and mental, of prisoners in general and older prisoners in particular is worse than that of the general population. Prisoners are reported to age faster as compared to adults in the community. However, to date, very little is known about the actual healthcare conditions of older prisoners and almost no substantial knowledge is available concerning their patterns of healthcare use. Method: A quantitative study was conducted in four prisons for male prisoners in Switzerland, including two open and two closed prisons situated in different cantons. In this study, medical records of older prisoners (50+) were obtained from the respective authority upon consent and total anonymity was ensured. Data gathered from all available medical records included basic demographic information, education and prison sentencing. Healthcare data obtained were extensive in nature encompassing data related to illness types, number of visits to different health care providers and hospitals. The corresponding reasons for visits and outcomes of these visits were extracted. All data are analysed using statistical software SPSS 20.0. Results: Data were extracted for a total of 50 older prisoners living in Switzerland. The chosen prisons are located in German-speaking cantons. Preliminary results show that the age average was 56 years. For more than half, this was their first imprisonment. Nevertheless, a third of them were sentenced to measures (Art. 64 Swiss Criminal Code) which means that the length of the detention is indefinite and while release is possible it is in most cases not very likely. This entails that these prisoners will grow old in prison and some will even spend their remaining years there. Concerning their health, a third of the sample reported respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and half reported suffering from some form of musculoskeletal related pain. Older prisoners were prescribed on average only 3.5 medications, which is significantly fewer than the number of medication prescribed to younger prisoners, whose data were also sampled. Conclusion: Access to healthcare is a right given to all prisoners through the principle of equivalence which is generally exercised in Switzerland. Prisoners growing old in prison will represent a challenge for prison health care services.

Matters Relating to a Forced Move of, Use of a Chemical Agent on and Withdrawal of Medication for Inmate Craig Gardner, 1994

Case Number 91-151 Craig Gardner, an inmate in the Iowa prison system, was the subject of a force move by correctional officers while incarcerated at the Iowa State Penitentiary (ISP). This action involved the use of a chemical agent. This investigation began as a review of the use of a chemical agent in a forced cell move on June 30, 1991.

‘A tiger that wants to become a lion’: Violent forms of agency among youth in Cape Verde

Cape Verdean prison population raised 100% in the last ten years: in this paper I offer an interpretation of this disturbing figure, addressing the issue of young offenders and children in conflict with the law, the perception of youth crime in Cape Verde, and how the government has recently dealt with these issues. Cape Verde currently deploys a repressive approach to the issue of youth crime: in this draconian context, I will follow the application of policies and laws targeting juvenile delinquents as well as the public and media discourse on the issue. At the same time, through interviews with younger inmates in prisons and institutions, I will relocate young offenders’ behavior and activity within their wider social context, providing urgently needed data on the cultural and social dimensions of juvenile offending and violence.

Symptômes dépressifs et douleurs diffuses chez un détenu : penser au déficit en vitamine D [Depressive symptoms and widespread pains in a prisoner. Think on vitamin D deficiency].

The confinement can lead to an important limitation of sun exposure of the prisoners. This limitation can lead to a deficit in vitamin D, source of diverse disorders. Diffuse pains of members and of joints are the most classics troubles. The association of vitamin D deficiency and psychiatric disorders is frequent but badly known. Even if there is still no evidence indicating a cause and effect relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depressive episodes, the contribution of vitamin D deficiency in the arisen of a depression has to be considered. The treatment of vitamin D deficiency cannot, in itself, constitute a treatment of the depressive disorder but contributes to the improvement of the whole status The psychiatric follow-up remains indispensable, in particular because of the suicidal risk, particularly present in prison.

The investigation of deaths in custody: a qualitative analysis of problems and prospects.

The right to be treated humanely when detained is universally recognized. Deficiencies in detention conditions and violence, however, subvert this right. When this occurs, proper medico-legal investigations are critical irrespective of the nature of death. Unfortunately, the very context of custody raises serious concerns over the effectiveness and fairness of medico-legal examinations. The aim of this manuscript is to identify and discuss the practical and ethical difficulties encountered in the medico-legal investigation following deaths in custody. Data for this manuscript come from a larger project on Death in Custody that examined the causes of deaths in custody and the conditions under which these deaths should be investigated and prevented. A total of 33 stakeholders from forensic medicine, law, prison administration or national human rights administration were interviewed. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Forensic experts are an essential part of the criminal justice process as they offer evidence for subsequent indictment and eventual punishment of perpetrators. Their independence when investigating a death in custody was deemed critical and lack thereof, problematic. When experts were not independent, concerns arose in relation to conflicts of interest, biased perspectives, and low-quality forensic reports. The solutions to ensure independent forensic investigations of deaths in custody must be structural and simple: setting binding standards of practice rather than detailed procedures and relying on preexisting national practices as opposed to encouraging new practices that are unattainable for countries with limited resources.