An Electric Vehicle Dispatch Module for Demand-Side Energy Participation

The penetration of the electric vehicle (EV) has increased rapidly in recent years mainly as a consequence of advances in transport technology and power electronics and in response to global pressure to reduce carbon emissions and limit fossil fuel consumption. It is widely acknowledged that inappropriate provision and dispatch of EV charging can lead to negative impacts on power system infrastructure. This paper considers EV requirements and proposes a module which uses owner participation, through mobile phone apps and on-board diagnostics II (OBD-II), for scheduled vehicle charging. A multi-EV reference and single-EV real-time response (MRS2R) online algorithm is proposed to calculate the maximum and minimum adjustable limits of necessary capacity, which forms part of decision-making support in power system dispatch. The proposed EV dispatch module is evaluated in a case study and the influence of the mobile app, EV dispatch trending and commercial impact is explored.

An analysis of wind curtailment and constraint at a nodal level

Many countries have set challenging wind power targets to achieve by 2020. This paper implements a realistic analysis of curtailment and constraint of wind energy at a nodal level using a unit commitment and economic dispatch model of the Irish Single Electricity Market in 2020. The key findings show that significant reduction in curtailment can be achieved when the system non-synchronous penetration limit increases from 65% to 75%. For the period analyzed, this results in a decreased total generation cost and a reduction in the dispatch-down of wind. However, some nodes experience significant dispatch-down of wind, which can be in the order of 40%. This work illustrates the importance of implementing analysis at a nodal level for the purpose of power system planning.

Optimized operations of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources in Smart Grid

The renewable energy sources (RES) will play a vital role in the future power needs in view of the increasing demand of electrical energy and depletion of fossil fuel with its environmental impact. The main constraints of renewable energy (RE) generation are high capital investment, fluctuation in generation and requirement of vast land area. Distributed RE generation on roof top of buildings will overcome these issues to some extent. Any system will be feasible only if it is economically viable and reliable. Economic viability depends on the availability of RE and requirement of energy in specific locations. This work is directed to examine the economic viability of the system at desired location and demand.

Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

Study of led lamps technologies impact on the utility

With the growing interest in the issue of reducing powerconsumption in electricity applications, energy-saving devises and the problem of their operation gains more attention. The increase in the utilization of energy-saving lamps, especially LED lamps, leads to the wide interest in their influence on the power system. The impact of discussed devices on the voltage and current in the grid must be thoroughly studied before launching devices into the market. The studies undertaken on the LED lamps present in a wide range the issue of harmonic emission from lamps and their influence on power quality. Due to many anufacturing technologies, different LED devices can have various effects on the utility. It is significant to carry out researches concerning the adverse effects of energy-saving lamps in order to utilize devices that meet certain requirements which are set by the international commissions.

Teoria de carteiras e a alocação de parques eólicos offshore

The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

Contribuição à estabilidade transitória de sistemas elétricos industriais de unidades estacionárias de produção de petróleo

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.

Distance and overcurrent relay coordination considering non standardized inverse time curves

Protective relaying comprehends several procedures and techniques focused on maintaining the power system working safely during and after undesired and abnormal network conditions, mostly caused by faulty events. Overcurrent relay is one of the oldest protective relays, its operation principle is straightforward: when the measured current is greater than a specified magnitude the protection trips; less variables are required from the system in comparison with other protections, causing the overcurrent relay to be the simplest and also the most difficult protection to coordinate; its simplicity is reflected in low implementation, operation, and maintenance cost. The counterpart consists in the increased tripping times offered by this kind of relays mostly before faults located far from their location; this problem can be particularly accentuated when standardized inverse-time curves are used or when only maximum faults are considered to carry out relay coordination. These limitations have caused overcurrent relay to be slowly relegated and replaced by more sophisticated protection principles, it is still widely applied in subtransmission, distribution, and industrial systems. In this work, the use of non standardized inverse-time curves, the model and implementation of optimization algorithms capable to carry out the coordination process, the use of different levels of short circuit currents, and the inclusion of distance relays to replace insensitive overcurrent ones are proposed methodologies focused on the overcurrent relay performance improvement. These techniques may transform the typical overcurrent relay into a more sophisticated one without changing its fundamental principles and advantages. Consequently a more secure and still economical alternative can be obtained, increasing its implementation area

Programme d’exercice en douceur basé sur le yoga Bali chez les personnes atteintes d’insuffisance cardiaque : les premiers pas.

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est un problème d’importance grandissante lié à des perturbations des systèmes nerveux autonome, immunitaire, et cardiovasculaire. Ces perturbations contribuent à plusieurs symptômes physiques et psychologiques invalidants. La recherche faite jusqu’ici sur des programmes d’exercice basés sur le yoga a démontré des résultats préliminaires assez prometteurs en IC. Néanmoins, il reste des lacunes à combler dans la littérature face aux populations testées, à la combinaison des mesures physiques et psychologiques, au suivi du traitement à la maison et à la perception des symptômes au quotidien. Ce projet pilote a donc pour objectif de développer un programme d’exercice complémentaire basé sur le yoga adapté aux patients souffrant d’IC, d’en mesurer la faisabilité et l’acceptabilité en plus d’obtenir des données préliminaires quant à l’impact de cette intervention à réduire la symptomatologie physique et psychologique et d’améliorer la qualité de vie (QV) de ces patients. Les deux premiers participants recrutés dans le cadre de l’étude pilote font l’objet de ce mémoire. Ils ont pris part à huit séances hebdomadaires de yoga Bali, couplé de psychoéducation et méditation tous données à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal par une instructrice certifiée dans la méthode BALI. L’élaboration des outils nécessaires au déroulement du programme, y compris le manuel d’enseignement et le DVD, la faisabilité d’une collaboration avec le personnel médical et évidement l’évaluation des effets du programme en soit sur les symptômes physiques et psychologique s sont parmi les sujets abordés. Les résultats, quoique préliminaires, semblent tendre vers une amélioration des corrélats physiologiques liés à l’insuffisance cardiaque, notamment l’activité du système nerveux autonome tel que témoigné par la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque, et l’inflammation indiqué par le niveau de CRP sanguin.

Strategic Optimization Techniques For FRTU Deployment and Chip Physical Design

Combinatorial optimization is a complex engineering subject. Although formulation often depends on the nature of problems that differs from their setup, design, constraints, and implications, establishing a unifying framework is essential. This dissertation investigates the unique features of three important optimization problems that can span from small-scale design automation to large-scale power system planning: (1) Feeder remote terminal unit (FRTU) planning strategy by considering the cybersecurity of secondary distribution network in electrical distribution grid, (2) physical-level synthesis for microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, and (3) discrete gate sizing in very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuit. First, an optimization technique by cross entropy is proposed to handle FRTU deployment in primary network considering cybersecurity of secondary distribution network. While it is constrained by monetary budget on the number of deployed FRTUs, the proposed algorithm identi?es pivotal locations of a distribution feeder to install the FRTUs in different time horizons. Then, multi-scale optimization techniques are proposed for digital micro?uidic lab-on-a-chip physical level synthesis. The proposed techniques handle the variation-aware lab-on-a-chip placement and routing co-design while satisfying all constraints, and considering contamination and defect. Last, the first fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) is proposed for the delay driven discrete gate sizing problem, which explores the theoretical view since the existing works are heuristics with no performance guarantee. The intellectual contribution of the proposed methods establishes a novel paradigm bridging the gaps between professional communities.

Developing a Process to Create and Validate an Instrument Assessing Student Attainment of Competencies at an Intercultural University in Mexico

This study took place at one of the intercultural universities (IUs) of Mexico that serve primarily indigenous students. The IUs are pioneers in higher education despite their numerous challenges (Bertely, 1998; Dietz, 2008; Pineda & Landorf, 2010; Schmelkes, 2009). To overcome educational inequalities among their students (Ahuja, Berumen, Casillas, Crispín, Delgado et al., 2004; Schmelkes, 2009), the IUs have embraced performance-based assessment (PBA; Casillas & Santini, 2006). PBA allows a shared model of power and control related to learning and evaluation (Anderson, 1998). While conducting a review on PBA strategies of the IUs, the researcher did not find a PBA instrument with valid and reliable estimates. The purpose of this study was to develop a process to create a PBA instrument, an analytic general rubric, with acceptable validity and reliability estimates to assess students’ attainment of competencies in one of the IU’s majors, Intercultural Development Management. The Human Capabilities Approach (HCA) was the theoretical framework and a sequential mixed method (Creswell, 2003; Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009) was the research design. IU participants created a rubric during two focus groups, and seven Spanish-speaking professors in Mexico and the US piloted using students’ research projects. The evidence that demonstrates the attainment of competencies at the IU is a complex set of actual, potential and/or desired performances or achievements, also conceptualized as “functional capabilities” (FCs; Walker, 2008), that can be used to develop a rubric. Results indicate that the rubric’s validity and reliability estimates reached acceptable estimates of 80% agreement, surpassing minimum requirements (Newman, Newman, & Newman, 2011). Implications for practice involve the use of PBA within a formative assessment framework, and dynamic inclusion of constituencies. Recommendations for further research include introducing this study’s instrument-development process to other IUs, conducting parallel mixed design studies exploring the intersection between HCA and assessment, and conducting a case study exploring assessment in intercultural settings. Education articulated through the HCA empowers students (Unterhalter & Brighouse, 2007; Walker, 2008). This study aimed to contribute to the quality of student learning assessment at the IUs by providing a participatory process to develop a PBA instrument.

Programme d’exercice en douceur basé sur le yoga Bali chez les personnes atteintes d’insuffisance cardiaque : les premiers pas

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est un problème d’importance grandissante lié à des perturbations des systèmes nerveux autonome, immunitaire, et cardiovasculaire. Ces perturbations contribuent à plusieurs symptômes physiques et psychologiques invalidants. La recherche faite jusqu’ici sur des programmes d’exercice basés sur le yoga a démontré des résultats préliminaires assez prometteurs en IC. Néanmoins, il reste des lacunes à combler dans la littérature face aux populations testées, à la combinaison des mesures physiques et psychologiques, au suivi du traitement à la maison et à la perception des symptômes au quotidien. Ce projet pilote a donc pour objectif de développer un programme d’exercice complémentaire basé sur le yoga adapté aux patients souffrant d’IC, d’en mesurer la faisabilité et l’acceptabilité en plus d’obtenir des données préliminaires quant à l’impact de cette intervention à réduire la symptomatologie physique et psychologique et d’améliorer la qualité de vie (QV) de ces patients. Les deux premiers participants recrutés dans le cadre de l’étude pilote font l’objet de ce mémoire. Ils ont pris part à huit séances hebdomadaires de yoga Bali, couplé de psychoéducation et méditation tous données à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal par une instructrice certifiée dans la méthode BALI. L’élaboration des outils nécessaires au déroulement du programme, y compris le manuel d’enseignement et le DVD, la faisabilité d’une collaboration avec le personnel médical et évidement l’évaluation des effets du programme en soit sur les symptômes physiques et psychologique s sont parmi les sujets abordés. Les résultats, quoique préliminaires, semblent tendre vers une amélioration des corrélats physiologiques liés à l’insuffisance cardiaque, notamment l’activité du système nerveux autonome tel que témoigné par la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque, et l’inflammation indiqué par le niveau de CRP sanguin.

Essays in Energy Economics

This thesis presents four essays in energy economics. The first essay investigates one of the workhorse models of resource economics, the Hotelling model of an inter-temporally optimizing resource extracting firm. The Hotelling model provides a convincing theory of fundamental concepts like resource scarcity, but very few empirical validations of the model have been conducted. This essay attempts to empirically validate the Hotelling model by first expanding it to include exploration activity and market power and then using a newly constructed data set for the uranium mining industry to test whether a major resource extracting mining firm in the industry is following the theory’s predictions. The results show that the theory is rejected in all considered settings. The second and third essays investigate the difference in market outcomes under spot-market based trade as compared to long-term contract based trade in oligopolistic markets with investments. The second essay investigates analytically the difference in market outcomes in an electricity market setting, showing that investments and consumer welfare may be higher under spot-market based trade than under long-term contracts. The third essay proposes techniques to solve large-scale models of this kind, empirically, by exploring the practicability of this approach in an application to the international metallurgical coal market. The final essay investigates the influence of policy uncertainty on investment decisions. With France debating the role of nuclear technology, this essay analyses how policy uncertainty regarding nuclear power in France may feature in the French and European power sector. Applying a stochastic model for the European power system, the analysis shows that the costs of uncertainty in this particular application are rather low compared to the overall costs of a nuclear phase-out.

State-narco networks and the ‘War on Drugs’ in post-transition Bolivia, with special reference to 1989-1993

This thesis examines the development of state-narco networks in post-transition Bolivia. Mainstream discourses of drugs tend to undertheorise such relationships, holding illicit economies, weak states and violence as synergistic phenomena. Such assumptions fail to capture the nuanced relations that emerge between the state and the drug trade in different contexts, their underlying logics and diverse effects. As an understudied case, Bolivia offers novel insights into these dynamics. Bolivian military authoritarian governments (1964-1982), for example, integrated drug rents into clientelistic systems of governance, helping to establish factional coalitions and reinforce regime authority. Following democratic transition in 1982 and the escalation of US counterdrug efforts, these stable modes of exchange between the state and the coca-cocaine economy fragmented. Bolivia, though, continued to experience lower levels of drug-related violence than its Andean neighbours, and sustained democratisation despite being a major drug producer. Focusing on the introduction of the Andean Initiative (1989-1993), I explore state-narco interactions during this period of flux: from authoritarianism to (formal) democracy, and from Cold War to Drug War. As such, the thesis transcends the conventional analyses of the drugs literature and orthodox readings of Latin American narco-violence, providing insights into the relationship between illicit economies and democratic transition, the regional role of the US, and the (unintended) consequences of drug policy interventions. I utilise a mixed methods approach to offer discrete perspectives on the object of study. Drawing on documentary and secondary sources, I argue that state-narco networks were interwoven with Bolivia’s post-transition political settlement. Uneven democratisation ensured pockets of informalism, as clientelistic and authoritarian practices continued. This included police and military autonomy, and tolerance of drug corruption within both institutions. Non-enforcement of democratic norms of accountability and transparency was linked to the maintenance of fragile political equilibrium. Interviews with key US and Bolivian elite actors also revealed differing interpretations of state-narco interactions. These exposed competing agendas, and were folded into alternative paradigms and narratives of the ‘war on drugs’. The extension of US Drug War goals and the targeting of ‘corrupt’ local power structures, clashed with local ambivalence towards the drug trade, opposition to destabilising, ‘Colombianised’ policies and the claimed ‘democratising mission’ of the Bolivian government. In contrasting these US and Bolivian accounts, the thesis shows how real and perceived state-narco webs were understood and navigated by different actors in distinct ways. ‘Drug corruption’ held significance beyond simple economic transaction or institutional failure. Contestation around state-narco interactions was enmeshed in US-Bolivian relations of power and control.