Logic cells as basic structures to add/drop WDM information signals

Nowadays, in order to take advantage of fiber optic bandwidth, any optical communications system tends to be WDM. The way to extract a channel, characterized by a wavelength, from the optical fiber is to filter the specific wavelength. This gives the systems a low degree of freedom due to the fact of the static character of most of the employed devices. In this paper we will present a different way to extract channels from an optical fiber with WDM transmission. The employed method is based on an Optically Programmable Logic Cells (OPLC) previously published by us, for other applications as a chaotic generator or as basic element for optical computing. In this paper we will describe the configuration of the OPLC to be employed as a dropping device. It acts as a filter because it will extract the data carried by a concrete wavelength. It does depend, internally, on the wavelength. We will show how the intensity of the signal is able to select the chosen information from the line. It will be also demonstrated that a new idea of redundant information it is the way of selecting the concrete wavelength. As a matter of fact this idea is apparently the only way to use the OPLC as a dropping device. Moreover, based on these concepts, a similar way to route signals to different routes is reported. The basis is the use of photonic switching configurations, namely Batcher or Bayan structures, where the unit switching cells are the above indicated OPLCs.

Tecnología y equipos para redes ultrarrápidas

Este proyecto de fin de carrera se realiza bajo la supervisión y aprobación de la empresa BT S.A.U. Este documento pretende ser un manual básico para dar a conocer al lector los elementos, herramientas y procedimientos para llevar a cabo un proyecto de tendido de fibra óptica en España. Se compone de 5 temas cuyos contenidos paso a resumir a continuación. Tema 1. En él, se muestra una explicación a las redes de acceso y las distintas topologías FTTx necesarias para llegar al cliente, además de las tecnologías y elementos utilizados para su conexión. Tema 2. Se explicará la regulación española para el tendido de redes de acceso necesarios como son la Regulación OBA, coubicación en las centrales de Telefónica, y la Regulación MARCO, compartición de la infraestructura de Telefónica con otros operadores. Tema 3. Aquí se explica la herramienta NEON, necesaria para la “comunicación” con Telefónica para las peticiones de la compartición de su infraestructura y un apartado para la legislación municipal para el despliegue de redes de fibra. Tema 4. Expondremos el procedimiento de trabajo en campo. Hablaremos de los procedimientos del tendido de cable, las obras civiles, y finalmente las medidas para comprobar el enlace. Tema 5. Explicaremos un ejemplo de despliegue real, desde la viabilidad hasta finalmente el tendido. Tema 6. Por último, expondré mis conclusiones y trabajos futuros. Este proyecto está orientado desde un punto de vista de la infraestructura (Capa Física, Modelo OSI). ABSTRACT. This thesis project is carried out under the supervision and approval of the company BT S.A.U. This document is intended as a basic manual to expose the reader items, tools, and procedures to carry out a deployment of optical fiber project in Spain. It is composed of 5 topics whose contents I summarize below. Topic 1. In it, shows an explanation to access networks and different topologies FTTx necessary to reach the customer, as well as technologies and elements used for connection. Topic 2. In this topic will be explained the Spanish regulation for the access networks needed such as the regulation of OBA, co-location in Telefonica’s central, and the framework regulation, sharing of Telefonica infrastructure with other operators. Topic 3. Here we explain the tool NEON, necessary for the "communication" with Telefónica for requests for infrastructure sharing, and a section for municipal legislation for the deployment of fiber networks. Topic 4. We will exhibit work in field procedure. We will discuss the procedures of laying cable, civil works, and finally measures to check the link. Topic 5. We will present an example of an actual deployment, from viability until finally laying. Topic 6. Finally, I shall explain my conclusions and future work. This project is from a point of view of the infrastructure (physical layer, OSI model).

Diseño de una red de acceso mediante fibra óptica

Con el objetivo de consolidar los conocimientos en Sistemas de Telecomunicación, se pretende diseñar una red para la distribución de servicios avanzados, como televisión, internet de banda ancha y telefonía, mediante el uso de la tecnología FTTH. La red será totalmente pasiva, óptica, y de gran ancho de banda, Tipo PON (Passive Optical Network), de manera que el haz de luz del emisor se distribuye hacia múltiples fibras siguiendo diferentes direcciones, o las confina en el sentido opuesto usando técnicas WDM y TDMA. En primer lugar, es preciso realizar un estudio teórico sobre las características de la fibra óptica, junto con las propiedades de los elementos activos y pasivos que interactúan con ella, para poder comprender la tecnología en la que se basa y así ofrecer una solución final acorde a las necesidades que se presenten. Tras un vistazo general a la tecnología de fibra óptica, se procede a estudiar las características y topologías de las redes de acceso basadas en la misma, junto con los requisitos de cara al diseño de la redes y a la gestión de proyectos. Se definirán los objetivos de la red, ya que la complejidad de la red depende de factores como la extensión y cobertura de la misma, o el ancho de banda. Posteriormente se irá diseñando la red en una arquitectura descendente hasta destinar una única fibra óptica para cada hogar dentro de la cobertura de la red. Se detallarán todas las especificaciones necesarias para definir la red, (potencias, modulaciones y tipos de fibra) así como el instrumental y demás medios necesarios para operar con la misma. Aunque el diseño de una red FTTH contempla muchos más aspectos de los estudiados en el presente proyecto, se tomó como objetivo el diseño y planificación correspondientes a una sección de un área de escasa población donde la instalación se tomó como viable, obviando así pequeños detalles y centrándose en el despliegue de fibra óptica. Se pretende así ofrecer una solución de infraestructura doméstica de telecomunicaciones, apta para las futuras necesidades que implican la creciente demanda de servicios como internet de banda ancha o almacenamiento y procesado de aplicaciones en nube. La fibra óptica tiene mucho que ofrecer a las telecomunicaciones, y cada vez es más frecuente encontrar redes de fibra óptica como parte de un servicio de telecomunicaciones, tanto como para particulares como empresas. ABSTRACT. Aiming to strengthen knowledge in Telecommunications Systems, is intended to design a network for advanced services broadcasting, including digital TV, broadband internet and telephony, by using FTTH technology. This network will be entirely passive optic, and high bandwidth, PON type (Passive Optical Network) so that the transmitter beam is broadcasting to multiple optical fibers, branching out in different ways or joining them in the opposite. First, it is necessary to perform a theoretical study on the characteristics of the optical fiber, along with the properties of the active and passive elements that interact with it, to understand the technology that is based and offer a final solution according needs that arise. After an overview of the optical fiber technology, we proceed to study the characteristics and topologies access networks based on that, together with the requirements to face the network design and project management. System objectives will be determined, since the complexity of the network depends on factors such as the size and scope of it, or bandwidth. Later, the network will be designing in downstream architecture to deliver a single optical fiber to each household within the network area. All necessary specifications to define the network (power, modulation and fiber types) will be determined, as instruments and other means to operate it. Although FTTH network design includes many more aspects of those studied in this project, it was taken as objective the network design and planning corresponding to a section of a sparsely populated area where the facility was taken as feasible thus obviating small details and focus on the deployment of optical fiber. This is intended to provide a solution of household telecommunications infrastructure suitable for future needs involving the growing demand for services such as broadband internet or processing storage and cloud applications. The optical fiber has much to offer to telecommunications, and it is increasingly common to find fiber optic networks as part of a telecommunications service, both to individuals and businesses.

Arrays de sensores interferométricos recirculantes de fibra óptica

Two discrete interferometric sensors' arrays have been analysed from time división multiplexing of recirculating crossed loop structures based on singlemode optical fiber. Intensity impulsive responses for both arrays have been obtained and compared under different design considerations, calculating Ihe system coupling constants, signial to interference noise ratio, input pulse repetition rate and duty cycle for each case. First experimental results are shown in this paper and very simple temperature and pressure sensing applicalions are suggested from here.

Planificación de una red 4G

La intensa evolución tecnológica que está experimentando nuestra sociedad en las últimas décadas hace que se estén desarrollando continuamente nuevas tecnologías que proporcionan mejoras tanto en la calidad como en la seguridad del servicio, este es el caso del 4G. A día de hoy, en España, la cuarta generación de comunicaciones móviles se ve encabezada por LTE, mientras que LTE-Advanced sólo se está implantando en las principales ciudades de nuestro país durante los últimos meses. Por este motivo, se ha creído interesante realizar una planificación sobre una zona que, hasta el momento, no está cubierta por cobertura LTE-Advanced. Además hay que tener en cuenta la naturaleza del terreno en el que trabajaremos, ya que se aleja del suelo urbano que encontramos en las principales ciudades con LTE-Advanced, como Madrid, Barcelona o Valencia. El estudio de esta zona semirural es de gran interés ya que uno de los objetivos de la cuarta generación es hacer llegar conexión a internet de calidad a lugares en los que no puede llegar la fibra óptica, como por ejemplo estas zonas semirurales. Para añadir aún más interés en el estudio, se ha decidido utilizar la banda de 800 MHz para el despliegue de la red. Esta banda que anteriormente era utilizada para la transmisión TDT, recientemente ha quedado liberada, en el conocido como Dividendo Digital para su uso en comunicaciones móviles. La tecnología LTE-Advanced se está empezando a desplegar en esta banda aunque realmente hasta Noviembre del año 2015 no tendremos un uso real de la misma, por lo que en estos momentos las redes 4G están utilizando la banda de 2.6 GHz. La utilización de la banda de 800 MHz conllevará mejoras tanto al usuario como a las operadoras, las cuales iremos viendo a lo largo del desarrollo del proyecto. La planificación pasará por distintas fases de optimización y expansión en las que se analizaran tanto la parte radioeléctrica como su capacidad. Se analizaran señales del tipo RSRP, RSSI o RSRQ y para el análisis de capacidad se definirá un conjunto de usuarios, distribuidos adecuadamente por toda la zona, que permitirá estudiar en detalle la capacidad de nuestra red. Para finalizar, se realizarán varias pruebas que demostrarán lo importante que es la tecnología MIMO tanto en LTE como en LTE-Advanced. ABSTRACT. Nowadays, our society is experiencing an intense pace of technological evolution which causes the constant development of new technologies. In the network planning area, these new technologies are focused on improving both quality and safety of service, with the recent deployment of 4G technologies in our networks. This project focuses on Spain, where the fourth generation of mobile communications is led by LTE, because LTE-Advanced has only been deployed in the largest cities, so far. The goal of this project is to plan, deploy and simulate LTE-Advanced network, of an area that hasn´t yet been covered. Furthermore, it will be taken into account the nature of the terrain where the network will be developed, as it moves away from urban areas in the major cities with LTE-Advanced, including Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia. The study of these semi-rural areas is extremely important because one of the main objectives of the fourth generation technologies is to get high-speed internet access to places that can be reached through other technologies, such as optical fiber. In order to adjust to the actual needs, the project was developed for the 800 MHz band. Those frequencies used to be assigned for digital terrestrial TV, but they have recently been released through the Digital Dividend in 2015 to use with mobile communications. That is the reason why, the LTE-Advanced technology in Spain is starting to be deployed in those frequencies. Despite the freeing of the 800 MHz band, it is not allowed to use it until November 2015, so 4G networks are currently using the 2.6 GHz band. The use of the 800 MHz band will led to advantages and improvements to users and operators, which will be detailed over the project. Each step of the planning of the 4G network is detailed. It is analyzed the optimization and expansion of the network, based on the radio and capacity premises. RSRP, RSSI or RSRQ signals were analyzed and an analysis of the network capacity was carried out. Finally, several tests are developed to show the importance of MIMO in LTE and LTE-Advanced.

Despliegue FTTH: evolución de las redes de banda ancha fijas hacia la fibra óptica

En este Proyecto se va a abordar el estudio, tanto de arquitectura como de tecnologías, de la evolución de las redes de banda ancha fijas, desde la invención del teléfono hasta la progresiva implantación de la fibra óptica, debido a que las redes de cobre serán reemplazadas por este nuevo material. Se va a estudiar esta evolución en base al medio físico en el que se apoyan las diferentes redes desde el pasado hasta nuestros días. Esta implantación de fibra óptica es conocida como FTTH, fibra hasta el hogar, donde se despliegan estas redes con sus diferentes elementos para proporcionar servicio de banda ancha a la sociedad. En esta memoria se recoge el despliegue para diferentes escenarios tipo más comunes y llevados a cabo por las diferentes compañías de telecomunicaciones del país. Para ello se ha escogido la cartografía del distrito madrileño de Moratalaz y se ha procedido a diseñar tanto la red de alimentación como la red de distribución que conforman el despliegue FTTH. Por último se ha comentado las futuras líneas de evolución de estas redes, tanto a corto plazo como a largo, analizando los beneficios económicos para las diferentes compañías encargadas de los despliegues y los mejorados servicios que ofrecen al conjunto de la sociedad. ABSTRACT. This Project will address the study of the evolution of fixed broadband networks, mainly in architectures and technologies. The study will start from the invention of telephone to the progressive implantation of optical fiber since this medium are intended to replace the copper wires employed in this networks. It will study this evolution based on the physical medium in which the different networks are supported from the past to our times. This implantation of fiber-optic technology is known as FTTH, fiber to the home, so these networks are deployed with different elements in order to provide the broadband service to society. In this report, deployment for different common cases implanted by different telecommunications companies in the country is collected. For this it has chosen the cartography of Moratalaz and has proceeded to design the supply and distribution networks that compose the FTTH deployment. Finally, it has been discussed the future lines of the evolution for these networks in the short-term and long-term analyzing the economic benefits for the companies and the improved services provided to the whole society.

Despliegue de la tecnología de fibra óptica hasta la vivienda

El presente Proyecto Fin de Grado, expone un estudio detallado del despliegue de una red FTTH para una determinada zona de viviendas. En él se podrá observar paso a paso los elementos que forman parte de las redes G-PON y las técnicas utilizadas para calcular las necesidades de cada vivienda. Este tipo de redes permite el despliegue de fibra óptica desde la central hasta la propia vivienda del abonado. La fibra óptica es el medio de transmisión de información que ofrece mejores prestaciones en cuanto a velocidad de transmisión y distancia, permitiendo ofrecer servicios que requieren de un gran ancho de banda. De esta manera, la tecnología FTTH se sitúa a la cabeza en cuanto a prestaciones frente a otras tecnologías. El principal objetivo de este despliegue es analizar el recorrido que lleva la fibra hasta llegar a la vivienda del abonado, para ello se explicará los elementos por los que pasa, los materiales y equipos que deben instalarse, las canalizaciones a utilizar y el diseño final del trazado de la fibra por las diferentes viviendas a las que queremos dar servicio. Este documento se organiza en distintos capítulos. Comienza con un capítulo donde se explican los principales objetivos de este proyecto. En el segundo capítulo se explicará la arquitectura y las principales características de las redes FTTH. En el tercer capítulo se explicaran los criterios, estructura y elementos que compone una red FTTH desde que sale de la central hasta que llega a la vivienda. Y por último, se realizará un caso práctico y real del recorrido de la fibra con sus correspondientes planos. ABSTRACT. The present Final Degree Project expounds a detailed study for the deployment of an FTTH network, for a particular housing area. We will see step by step the elements that are part of the G-PON and the techniques used to calculate the needs of each place. FTTH networks allow the deployment of optical fiber from the central office to the subcriber´s home. The optical fiber is the medium of transmission that offers the best performance in terms of speed and distance, allowing us to offer services that require high bandwidth. So, the FTTH technology takes the lead in performance over other technologies. The main objective of this deployment is to analyse the itinerary of the fiber optic to arrive to the house of the client, in order to this, it will be explained the parts that are crossed by the fiber optic, the materials and equipments that have to be instaled, the scorings and the final design of the route of the fiber optic around the houses. This document is divided in different chapters. In the first one it is explained the main objectives of this project and in the second one the architecture and main characteristics of FTTH networks. In the third chapter are described the rules, structures and elements that composed this network in order to arrive to houses. Finally, I will exemplify the previous theory with a practical case, with a real route with its plans.

Tight frames of k-plane ridgelets and the problem of representing objects that are smooth away from d-dimensional singularities in Rn

For each pair (n, k) with 1 ≤ k < n, we construct a tight frame (ρλ : λ ∈ Λ) for L2 (Rn), which we call a frame of k-plane ridgelets. The intent is to efficiently represent functions that are smooth away from singularities along k-planes in Rn. We also develop tools to help decide whether k-plane ridgelets provide the desired efficient representation. We first construct a wavelet-like tight frame on the X-ray bundle χn,k—the fiber bundle having the Grassman manifold Gn,k of k-planes in Rn for base space, and for fibers the orthocomplements of those planes. This wavelet-like tight frame is the pushout to χn,k, via the smooth local coordinates of Gn,k, of an orthonormal basis of tensor Meyer wavelets on Euclidean space Rk(n−k) × Rn−k. We then use the X-ray isometry [Solmon, D. C. (1976) J. Math. Anal. Appl. 56, 61–83] to map this tight frame isometrically to a tight frame for L2(Rn)—the k-plane ridgelets. This construction makes analysis of a function f ∈ L2(Rn) by k-plane ridgelets identical to the analysis of the k-plane X-ray transform of f by an appropriate wavelet-like system for χn,k. As wavelets are typically effective at representing point singularities, it may be expected that these new systems will be effective at representing objects whose k-plane X-ray transform has a point singularity. Objects with discontinuities across hyperplanes are of this form, for k = n − 1.

Highly refractive index sensitive femtosecond laser inscribed long period gratings

The distinct behaviour of femtosecond laser inscribed long period gratings, with a non-uniform index perturbation within the optical fibre core, has been studied experimentally. The non-uniform laser-induced perturbation results in light coupling from the core mode to a greater number of cladding modes than is the case with their UV laser inscribed counterparts, and this is made evident from the surrounding refractive index (SRI) grating response. Femtosecond inscribed long period gratings are shown to simultaneously couple to multiple sets of cladding modes. A 400μm LPG is shown to result in attenuation peaks that have both blue and red wavelength shifts over a 1250nm to 1700nm wavelength range. This gives rise to SRI sensitivities far greater than anything achievable by monitoring a single attenuation peak. The maximum sensitivity produced by monitoring a single attenuation peak was 1106nm/RIU, whereas monitoring opposing wavelength shifts resulted in a significantly improved sensitivity of 1680nm/RIU. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Fast and widely tunable Bragg grating reflection filter

A fiber Bragg grating filter device linearly tunable over 45 nm is presented. The device has a maximum tuning speed of 19 nm/ms with a wavelength setting time below 1.5 ms.

Compensating for dispersion and nonlinear Kerr effect without phase conjugation

We propose the use of a dispersive medium with a negative nonlinear refractive-index coefficient as a way to compensate for the dispersion and the nonlinear effects resulting from pulse propagation in an optical fiber. The undoing of pulse interaction might allow for increased bit rates.

1220km propagation of 40Gbit/s single channel RZ data over dispersion managed standard (non-dispersion shifted) fibre

Error free propagation of a single polarisation optical time division multiplexed 40 Gbit/s dispersion managed pulsed data stream over dispersion (non-shifted) fibre. This distance is twice the previous record at this data rate.

Role of power jitter induced by interchannel interactions in dispersion-managed lines

Collision induced power jitter is examined in dispersion-managed wavelength division-multiplexed transmission systems. The power jitter causes ’ a serious problem for a singly-periodic dispersion managed line having almost zero average dispersion, which can be reduced by applying doubly-periodic dispersion management.

Evaluating the capacity of long haul soliton transmission

We review recent developments in the use of optical solitons for communication systems spanning transoceanic distances. The implementation of "soliton control" to alleviate the detrimental impact of effects such as amplifier noise is shown to be critical for obtaining advantages over competing technologies. The potential performance of two control strategies, namely straight line filtering and synchronous phase modulation, is examined in detail. Design diagrams are used to determine the maximum permissible amplifier spacing, which is a key determinant of system economics. To focus the enquiry, two example system spans are taken, representing transatlantic and transpacific distances. It is concluded that straight line filtering provides very little improvement over a basic design without control. However synchronous phase modulation, which may be implemented using a handful of actively driven components, provides very substantial benefits. These may be used either to extend the overall bit-rate-distance product of the system or to increase the amplifier spacing at more moderate capacities.

Unequal OTDM channels in a 2R regenerated, dispersion managed transmission system

The dynamics of switching and transmission of an optical signal comprising individual OTDM channels of unequal amplitudes in a dispersion-managed link with in-line non-linear fibre loop mirrors is investigated for the first time.