Are sulfurous soil amendments (S0, Fe(II)SO4, Fe(III)SO4) an effective tool in the restoration of heathland and acidic grassland after four decades of rock phosphate Fertilization?

This paper deals with the complex issue of reversing long-term improvements of fertility in soils derived from heathlands and acidic grasslands using sulfur-based amendments. The experiment was conducted on a former heathland and acid grassland in the U.K. that was heavily fertilized and limed with rock phosphate, chalk, and marl. The experimental work had three aims. First, to determine whether sulfurous soil amendments are able to lower pH to a level suitable for heathland and acidic grassland re-creation (approximately 3 pH units). Second, to determine what effect the soil amendments have on the available pool of some basic cations and some potentially toxic acidic cations that may affect the plant community. Third, to determine whether the addition of Fe to the soil system would sequester PO4− ions that might be liberated from rock phosphate by the experimental treatments. The application of S0 and Fe(II)SO4− to the soil was able to reduce pH. However, only the highest S0 treatment (2,000 kg/ha S) lowered pH sufficiently for heathland restoration purposes but effectively so. Where pH was lowered, basic cations were lost from the exchangeable pool and replaced by acidic cations. Where Fe was added to the soil, there was no evidence of PO4− sequestration from soil test data (Olsen P), but sequestration was apparent because of lower foliar P in the grass sward. The ability of the forb Rumex acetosella to apparently detoxify Al3+, prevalent in acidified soils, appeared to give it a competitive advantage over other less tolerant species. We would anticipate further changes in plant community structure through time, driven by Al3+ toxicity, leading to the competitive exclusion of less tolerant species. This, we suggest, is a key abiotic driver in the restoration of biotic (acidic plant) communities.

Nitrogen dynamics under Lolium perenne after a single application of different sewage sludge types from the same treatment stream

Three sludge types from the same treatment stream (undigested liquid, anaerobically digested liquid and dewatered, anaerobically digested cake) were used in a field based tub study. Amendments (4, 8, and 16 Mg dry solid (ds)ha(-1)) were incorporated into the upper 15 cm of a sandy loam soil prior to sowing with rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.). Nitrogen transformations in the soil were determined for the 80 d period following incorporation. Nitrogen uptake and crop yield were measured in the cut sward 35 and 70 d after sowing. The study showed that application of sewage sludge at rates as low as 4 Mgha(-1) can have a nutritional benefit to rye-grass over the two harvests. Differences in N transformation, and hence crop nutritional benefit, between sludge types were evident throughout the experiment. In particular, the dewatering process changed the mineral N characteristics of the anaerobically digested sludge, which, when not dewatered, outperformed the other sludges in terms of yield and mineralisation rate at both harvests. The dewatered sludge produced the lowest yield of rye-grass. The undigested liquid sludge had the lowest foliar N and soil NO(3)-N concentrations, possibly immobilised as the large oxidisable C component of this sludge was metabolised by the microbial biomass. Correlation data support the concept of preferential uptake of NH(4)-N over NO(3)-N in Lolium perenne. Results are discussed in the context of managing sludge type and application for a plant nutrient source and NO(3)-N release.

Piriformospora indica reduces Fusarium head blight disease severity and mycotoxin DON contamination in wheat under UK weather conditions

Piriformospora indica (Sebacinaceae) is a cultivable root endophytic fungus. It colonises the roots of a wide range of host plants. In many settings colonisation promotes host growth, increases yield and protects the host from fungal diseases. We evaluated the effect of P. indica on Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of winter (cv. Battalion) and spring (cv. Paragon, Mulika, Zircon, Granary, KWS Willow and KWS Kilburn) wheat and consequent contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) under UK weather conditions. Interactions of P. indica with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis mosseae), fungicide application (Aviator Xpro) and low and high fertiliser levels were considered. P. indica application reduced FHB disease severity and incidence by 70%. It decreased mycotoxin DON concentration of winter and spring wheat samples by 70% and 80% respectively. P. indica also increased above ground biomass, 1000 grain weight and total grain weight. P. indica reduced disease severity and increased yield in both high and low fertiliser levels. The effect of P. indica was compatible with F. mosseae and foliar fungicide application. P. indica did not have any effects on plant tissue nutrients. These results suggest that P. indica might be useful in biological control of Fusarium diseases of wheat.

The effect of simulated flooding post-anthesis on pre-harvest sprouting and subsequent seed longevity in contrasting rice cultivars

Unpredictable flooding is a major constraint to rice production. It can occur at any growth stage. The effect of simulated flooding post-anthesis on yield and subsequent seed quality of pot-grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants was investigated in glasshouses and controlled-environment growth cabinets. Submergence post-anthesis (9-40 DAA) for 3 or 5 days reduced seed weight of japonica rice cv. Gleva, with considerable pre-harvest sprouting (up to 53%). The latter was greater the later in seed development and maturation that flooding occurred. Sprouted seed had poor ability to survive desiccation or germinate normally upon rehydration, whereas the effects of flooding on the subsequent air-dry seed storage longevity (p50) of the non-sprouted seed fraction was negligible. The indica rice cvs IR64 and IR64Sub1 (introgression of submergence tolerance gene Submergence1A-1) were both far more tolerant to flooding post-anthesis than cv. Gleva: four days’ submergence of these two near-isogenic cultivars at 10-40 DAA resulted less than 1% sprouted seeds. The presence of the Sub1A-1 allele in cv. IR64Sub1 was verified by gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. It had no harmful effect on loss in seed viability during storage compared with IR64 in both control and flooded environments. Moreover, the germinability and changes in dormancy during seed development and maturation were very similar to IR64. The efficiency of using chemical spray to increase seed dormancy was investigated in the pre-harvest sprouting susceptible rice cv. Gleva. Foliar application of molybdenum at 100 mg L-1 reduced sprouted seeds by 15-21% following 4 days’ submergence at 20-30 DAA. Analyses confirmed that the treatment did result in molybdenum uptake by the plants, and also tended to increase seed abscisic acid concentration. The latter was reduced by submergence and declined exponentially during grain ripening. The selection of submergence-tolerant varieties was more successful than application of molybdenum in reducing pre-harvest sprouting.

Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn., a native Atlantic Forest species, as a bio-indicator of ozone: Visible injury

Tibouchina pulchra saplings were exposed to carbon filtered air (CF), ambient non-filtered air (NF) and ambient non-filtered air + 40 ppb ozone (NF + O-3) 8 h per day during two months. The AOT40 values at the end of the experiment were 48, 910 and 12,895 ppb h(-1), respectively, for the three treatments. After 25 days of exposure (AOT40=3871 ppb h(-1)), interveinal red stippling appeared in plants in the NF + O-3 chamber. In the NF chamber, symptoms were observed only after 60 days of exposure (AOT40 = 910 ppb h(-1)). After 60 days, injured leaves per plant corresponded to 19% in NF + O-3 and 1% in the NF treatment; and the average leaf area injured was 7% within the NF + O-3 and 0.2% within the NF treatment. The extent of leaf area injured (leaf injury index) was mostly explained by the accumulated exposure of ozone (r(2) = 0.89; p < 0.05). (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative leaf anatomy and morphology of some neotropical Rutaceae: Pilocarpus Vahl and related genera

Previous anatomical studies have been restricted to the foliar aspects of Pilocarpus. However, no anatomical studies analyzing the foliar aspects of Pilocarpus in relation to related genera have been carried out. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify characters for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in Rutaceae, particularly in Pilocarpus, and to discuss the characteristics associated with the simple or compound leaf condition for the group. The petiole and the leaf blade of 14 neotropical Rutaceae species were analyzed, and the following characteristics were observed in all leaves studied: stomata on both surfaces; secretory cavities, including mesophyll type; camptodromous-brochidodromous venation pattern; and free vascular cylinder in the basal region of the petiole. Additional promising characters were identified for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in the Rutaceae family, especially for the Pilocarpus genera.

Influence of Viral Infection on Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)

Ocimum basilicum L., popularly known as sweet basil, is a Lamiaceae species whose essential oil is mainly composed of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids. The contents of these compounds can be affected by abiotic and biotic factors such as infections caused by viruses. The main goal of this research was an investigation of the effects of viral infection on the essential oil profile of common basil. Seeds of O. basilicum L. cv. Genovese were sowed and kept in a greenhouse. Plants presenting two pairs of leaves above the cotyledons were inoculated with an unidentified virus isolated from a field plant showing chlorotic yellow spots and foliar deformation. Essential oils of healthy and infected plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GCMS. Changes in essential oil composition due to viral infection were observed. Methyleugenol and p-cresol,2,6-di-tert-butyl were the main constituents. However, methyleugenol contents were significantly decreased in infected plants.

Plant Leaf Identification Using Gabor Wavelets

This article presents a novel method of plant classification using Gabor wavelet filters to extract texture filters in a foliar surface. The aim of this promising method is to add to the results obtained by other leaf attributes (such as shape, contour, color, among others), increasing, therefore, the percentage of classification of plant species. To corroborate the efficiency of the technique, an experiment using 20 species from Brazilian flora was done and discussed. The results are also compared with texture Fourier descriptors and cooccurrence matrices. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 236-243, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20201

Effects of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin on the global gene expression profile, virulence and biofilm formation of Xylella fastidiosa

In the xylem vessels of susceptible hosts, such as citrus trees, Xylella fastidiosa forms biofilm-like colonies that can block water transport, which appears to correlate to disease symptoms. Besides aiding host colonization, bacterial biofilms play an important role in resistance against antimicrobial agents, for instance antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that gomesin, a potent AMP from a tarantula spider, modulates X. fastidiosa gene expression profile upon 60 min of treatment with a sublethal concentration. DNA microarray hybridizations revealed that among the upregulated coding sequences, some are related to biofilm production. In addition, we show that the biofilm formed by gomesin-treated bacteria is thicker than that formed by nontreated cells or cells exposed to streptomycin. We have also observed that the treatment of X. fastidiosa with a sublethal concentration of gomesin before inoculation in tobacco plants correlates with a reduction in foliar symptoms, an effect possibly due to the trapping of bacterial cells to fewer xylem vessels, given the enhancement in biofilm production. These results warrant further investigation of how X. fastidiosa would respond to the AMPs produced by citrus endophytes and by the insect vector, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these molecules on bacterial virulence.

Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of metabolite disorder in orange trees caused by citrus sudden death disease

Citrus sudden death (CSD) is a new disease of sweet orange and mandarin trees grafted on Rangpur lime and Citrus volkameriana rootstocks. It was first seen in Brazil in 1999, and has since been detected in more than four million trees. The CSD causal agent is unknown and the current hypothesis involves a virus similar to Citrus tristeza virus or a new virus named Citrus sudden death-associated virus. CSD symptoms include generalized foliar discoloration, defoliation and root death, and, in most cases, it can cause tree death. One of the unique characteristics of CSD disease is the presence of a yellow stain in the rootstock bark near the bud union. This region also undergoes profound anatomical changes. In this study, we analyse the metabolic disorder caused by CSD in the bark of sweet orange grafted on Rangpur lime by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging. The imaging results show the presence of a large amount of non-functional phloem in the rootstock bark of affected plants. The spectroscopic analysis shows a high content of triacylglyceride and sucrose, which may be related to phloem blockage close to the bud union. We also propose that, without knowing the causal CSD agent, the determination of oil content in rootstock bark by low-resolution NMR can be used as a complementary method for CSD diagnosis, screening about 300 samples per hour.

Eficiência de uso da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa pelo tomateiro cultivado em diferentes ambientes

A produção de biomassa pelas culturas está relacionada à quantidade de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) interceptada e absorvida pelas folhas, bem como à eficiência com que estas convertem a energia radiante em energia química, através da fotossíntese. Esta capacidade de conversão é considerada como sendo a eficiência de uso da RFA. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de uso da RFA do tomateiro, cultivado em diferentes ambientes, foram conduzidos experimentos em estufa plástica com tela lateral anti-insetos (CT), em estufa plástica sem tela (ST) e a céu aberto (Fora). Os trabalhos foram executados em duas épocas (primavera-verão e verão-outono), no ano agrícola de 1999/2000, no Centro de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor - FEPAGRO, em Eldorado do Sul, RS. Foram feitas medições de matéria seca aérea e índice de área foliar (IAF) ao longo dos dois ciclos. Os fluxos de RFA incidente e transmitida foram registrados a cada 30 minutos. No conjunto de todos os dados o coeficiente de extinção da cultura foi de 0,57. A fração absorvida de RFA, em relação à RFA interceptada, foi de 0,90. O ambiente CT teve menos RFA incidente, mas proporcionou maior eficiência de uso de RFA (0,44 e 0,60 g de MS mol-1 de RFA nos primeiro e segundo ciclos, respectivamente). No ambiente Fora, com mais RFA incidente, houve menor eficiência de uso da RFA (0,30 e 0,32 g mol-1 de RFA nos primeiro e segundo ciclos, respectivamente), enquanto que o ambiente ST permitiu valores intermediários de eficiência de uso da RFA (0,45 e 0,53 g mol-1 de RFAint). A maior eficiência de uso da RFA, no interior de estufa, esteve associada ao maior IAF e à maior produção de biomassa da cultura.

Genética e mapeamento molecular da resistência parcial à ferrugem da folha da aveia (Avena sativa L.)

A ferrugem da folha é a moléstia de maior importância econômica para a cultura da aveia e a resistência qualitativa, geralmente utilizada para o seu controle, apresenta pouca durabilidade. A utilização de resistência parcial, caracterizada pelo progresso lento da moléstia, tem sido reconhecida como alternativa para obtenção de genótipos com resistência mais durável. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o progresso da ferrugem, o controle genético da resistência, e identificar marcadores moleculares associados a essa resistência, em várias gerações e anos. Populações F2, F3, F4, F5 e F6 do cruzamento UFRGS7/UFRGS910906 (sucetível/parcialmente resistente) (1998, 1999 e 2000) e F2 do cruzamento UFRGS7/UFRGS922003 (1998), foram avaliadas a campo quanto à porcentagem de área foliar infectada, para determinar a área sob a curva do progresso da doença (ASCPD). Mapeamento molecular, com marcadores AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), foi realizado em F2 e F6, do primeiro cruzamento, identificando marcadores associados à resistência quantitativa (“quantitative resistance loci” ou QRLs). Resultados de três anos evidenciaram alta influência do ambiente na expressão da resistência, apresentando, entretanto, variabilidade genética para resistência parcial nas populações segregantes. A distribuição de freqüências do caráter ASCPD nas linhas recombinantes F5 e F6 foi contínua, indicando a presença de vários genes de pequeno efeito em seu controle. Estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de moderada a alta. O mapa molecular F2 foi construído com 250 marcadores, em 37 grupos de ligação, e o mapa F6 com 86 marcadores em 17 grupos de ligação. Cinco QRLs foram identificados na F2 e três na F6. O QRL identificado na F6, pelo marcador PaaMtt340 apresentou consistência em dois ambientes.

Estimativa do potencial produtivo da soja e variabilidade espacial de área de produção

A busca de rendimentos elevados na cultura da soja, pressupõe o entendimento dos fatores responsáveis pela variabilidade dos parâmetros de planta que contribuem para o rendimento, e o desenvolvimento de metodologias para a avaliação destes parâmetros, em condições de lavoura. Como objetivos, o presente trabalho procurou estudar metodologias para a determinação do potencial de rendimento da soja durante a ontogenia, e avaliar a variabilidade existente em comunidades, por técnicas de geoestatística. Experimentos foram realizados na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (EEA/UFRGS), localizada em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no período de 1996 a 2001. Parte do trabalho enfocou a determinação do potencial de rendimento da soja durante a ontogenia. Para que se possa elevar o rendimento é necessário entender o comportamento do potencial. Para tanto, utilizou-se metodologias baseadas na quantificação das estruturas reprodutivas da soja, com acompanhamento temporal de cultivares diferenciadas, durante a ontogenia. Outra etapa experimental constou da análise espacial e temporal da produção de grãos e seus componentes, em uma comunidade de plantas de soja, manejada como uma lavoura comercial. Nesta última utilizou-se, além de técnicas estatísticas usualmente empregadas na experimentação agrícola, procedimentos de geoestatística para a caracterização da variabilidade espacial e temporal presentes na área O trabalho demonstrou a existência de padrões similares entre cultivares e anos, para o potencial de rendimento e sua perda durante a ontogenia. Também evidenciou que é possível determinar a variabilidade espacial e temporal de comunidades de soja, mesmo trabalhando-se em nível de planta, e a capacidade das técnicas geoestatísticas em auxiliar na visualização de tal variabilidade. As técnicas empregadas podem servir de base para estudos aplicados, onde sua utilização pode ser uma ferramenta importante no manejo de áreas onde se busca maior precisão na agricultura, para aumentar o rendimento de grãos.

Alterações físicas em ambientes de estufa plástica e seus efeitos sobre as condições hídricas e o crescimento do tomateiro

O consumo de frutas e hortaliças vem aumentando rapidamente, em função de mudanças nos hábitos das populações urbanas. Novas técnicas para produção são necessárias, para que haja um suprimento contínuo de alimentos de alta qualidade e baixo custo. Este foi o principal propósito da introdução do cultivo em estufas plásticas, em muitos países. Porém, à medida em que este sistema evoluiu, surgiram vantagens e limitações, ao mesmo tempo. Assim, tornou-se indispensável aprofundar conhecimentos das relações planta-atmosfera. Em particular, as relações entre as condições hídricas e o crescimento das plantas, em resposta às alterações físicas nos ambientes protegidos, devem ser melhor avaliadas. Com este objetivo conduzido um experimento com tomateiro cultivado dentro e fora de estufa plástica, em ciclos de primavera-verão e verão-outono, em Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, em 1999/2000. As reduções na radiação solar incidente e na velocidade do vento mostraram ser as causas primárias das alterações no ambiente interno. A redução na entrada de energia e na ventilação, combinadas ao aumento da umidade do ar causado pela transpiração do tomateiro, reduziram a demanda evaporativa do ambiente interno, causando modificações morfológicas e fisiológicas nas plantas. A área foliar, a duração da área foliar e a altura das plantas dentro da estufa foram maiores do que fora dela. A mesma tendência se deu na produção de biomassa. A condutância foliar e a transpiração relativa mostraram ser melhores indicadores de déficit hídrico do que o potencial da água na planta e a taxa fotossintética. A aclimatação das plantas nos ambientes protegidos provocou alterações morfológicas que resultaram em aumento na eficiência de uso da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. Como resultado, as plantas aumentaram a produção de matéria seca, apesar da redução (em cerca de 30%) na radiação global dentro da estufa. O uso de tela plástica anti-insetos nas bordas da estufa amplificaram tanto as alterações físicas como seus efeitos sobre as plantas do ambiente interno.

Alterações do conteúdo de S100B durante o desenvolvimento em tecido encefálico, líquor e cultura de astrócitos corticais de rato

A S100B é uma proteína ligante de cálcio expressa e secretada por astrócitos. Em culturas de neurônios a S100B estimula a sobrevivência e extensão de neuritos. Estudos de imunocitoquímica e hibridização do RNAm in situ indicaram um aumento pós-natal desta proteína num período coincidente com a sinaptogênese em ratos. Neste trabalho foi investigado o imunoconteúdo da S100B por ELISA no tecido cerebral e no líquor de ratos durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal bem como o conteúdo e secreção de S100B em culturas de astrócitos corticais de diferentes idades. Também foi avaliada a ontogenia da GFAP e GAP-43, dois possíveis alvos da S100B. Os resultados mostram um acúmulo de S100B em hipocampo, córtex cerebral e cerebelo entre a segunda e quarta semana pós-natal. Uma redução da S100B no líquor foi observada após um período considerado crítico para a sinaptogênese em roedores. Um perfil semelhante foi observado durante o envelhecimento das culturas. Este estudo contribui com a idéia de que a S100B é uma proteína glial importante durante o desenvolvimento cerebral e que alterações nos seus níveis extracelulares devem estar envolvidos com a plasticidade sináptica.