Produção de conhecimento sobre o cuidado ao recém-nascido em UTI Neonatal: contribuição da enfermagem brasileira

Esta pesquisa documental teve como objetivo refletir sobre o estado da arte na Enfermagem brasileira acerca do cuidado ao recém-nascido em UTI neonatal. A fonte de pesquisa foi o Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem. Foram identificados 81 estudos. A análise dos dados foi feita em duas etapas: primeiro realizamos a caracterização dos trabalhos; após, organizamos o material a partir de dados evidentes nos estudos, dando lugar às categorias temáticas: cuidado centrado nos aspectos fisiológicos do recém-nascido; a família que acompanha os cuidados ao recém-nascido em UTI neonatal; e a equipe de saúde que atua no cuidado ao recém-nascido em UTI neonatal. Constatamos que a pesquisa em enfermagem busca novas formas de cuidar, e proporciona uma aproximação entre a teoria e a prática, garantindo sua sustentação enquanto profissão, e contribuindo na produção de conhecimento em neonatologia.

Variation de la mortalité périnatale selon l'heure de naissance en Suisse. [Variations in perinatal mortality according to the hour of birth in Switzerland].

In Switzerland like in most developed countries, the number of births is strongly related to the hour of the day and the day of the week: this pattern is very probably related to the current practice in obstetrics. Less expected is the fact that the perinatal mortality shows a striking circadian rhythm according to the hour of birth. The paper presents this pattern and comments some related issues.

ASTRAL Score Predicts 5-Year Dependence and Mortality in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ASTRAL score was externally validated showing remarkable consistency on 3-month outcome prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to evaluate ASTRAL score's prognostic accuracy to predict 5-year outcome. METHODS: All consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke registered in the Athens Stroke Registry between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2010, were included. Patients were excluded if admitted >24 hours after symptom onset or if any ASTRAL score component was missing. End points were 5-year unfavorable functional outcome, defined as modified Rankin Scale 3 to 6, and 5-year mortality. For each outcome, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated; also, a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to investigate whether the ASTRAL score was an independent predictor of outcome. The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used to estimate the probability of 5-year survival for each ASTRAL score quartile. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the score to predict 5-year unfavorable functional outcome was 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 0.91. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the ASTRAL score was independently associated with 5-year unfavorable functional outcome (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.10). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the ASTRAL score's discriminatory power to predict 5-year mortality was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.83). In multivariate analysis, the ASTRAL score was independently associated with 5-year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.09, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.10). During the 5-year follow-up, the probability of survival was significantly lower with increasing ASTRAL score quartiles (log-rank test <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ASTRAL score reliably predicts 5-year functional outcome and mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Vivências e perspectivas maternas na internação do filho prematuro em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal

O estudo teve o objetivo de apreender o motivo para a permanência materna no hospital durante a internação do filho prematuro em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. A pesquisa foi realizada com doze mães de recém-nascidos prematuros numa maternidade municipal do Rio de Janeiro em 2007. Adotou-se como suporte metodológico a Fenomenologia Sociológica de Alfred Schütz. A entrevista fenomenológica foi utilizada para captar o discurso das mães, cuja ação intencional foi desvelada mediante as seguintes categorias: Cuidar do filho - enfrentando o desafio de ter um pequeno bebê; Ficar perto do filho prematuro - a presença materna contribuindo para a sua recuperação mais rápida; Ajuda recíproca entre as mães - é a esperança reforçada a cada dia. O alojamento de mães destaca-se como iniciativa inovadora e relevante durante a internação dos filhos prematuros, sendo considerado um espaço de convivências, troca de experiências e apoio mútuo, na longa e difícil permanência hospitalar.

Avaliação do diagnóstico da sepse neonatal: uso de parâmetros laboratoriais e clínicos como fatores diagnósticos

Objetivou-se descrever e comparar as características clínicas, laboratoriais e assistenciais de RN que apresentaram sepse comprovada tardia e de RN que apresentaram sepse não comprovada tardia. Em seguida, avaliar se houve diferença entre os grupos, além de descrever os germes prevalentes na unidade neonatal estudada. Estudo descritivo, envolvendo 168 casos. Observou-se que 33,3% tiveram sepse tardia provada. A idade no momento da sepse, o tempo total de internação, a quantidade total de neutrófilos, a quantidade de neutrófilos imaturos e o valor da PC-r mostraram bons parâmetros na diferenciação entre os dois grupos quando analisados de forma isolada. A Klebisiella pneumoniae, o Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e o S. aureus foram as bactérias mais comumente isoladas.

O processo de trabalho em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a organização do processo de trabalho em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal através das relações estabelecidas entre os atores sociais presentes no espaço micropolítico. Trata-se de uma metodologia não-convencional, adaptada a estudo qualitativo. Adotou-se um estudo de série de casos cuja trajetória foi denominada trajetória-sentinela e, através desta foram, detectados ruídos que influenciaram na qualidade da assistência. A análise do fluxograma revelou fragilidades na rede de contratualidade, problemas de registros e arquivamento de documentação e, erros relativos ao processo assistência.

Neonatal Minimally Invasive Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias: a multicenter study using thoracoscopy or laparoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been described previously, but few neonatal cases of CDH have been reported. This study aimed to report the multicenter experience of these rare cases and to compare the laparoscopic and thoracoscopic approaches. METHODS: Using MIS procedures, 30 patients (16 boys and 14 girls) from nine centers underwent surgery for CDH within the first month of life, 26 before day 5. Only one patient had associated malformations. There were 10 preterm patients (32-36 weeks of gestational age). Their weight at birth ranged from 1,800 to 3,800 g, with three patients weighing less than 2,600 g. Of the 30 patients, 18 were intubated at birth. RESULTS: The MIS procedures were performed in 18 cases by a thoracoscopic approach and in 12 cases by a laparoscopic approach. No severe complication was observed. For 20 patients, reduction of the intrathoracic contents was achieved easily with 15 thoracoscopies and 5 laparoscopies. In six cases, the reduction was difficult, proving to be impossible for the four remaining patients: one treated with thoracoscopy and three with laparoscopy. The reasons for the inability to reduce the thoracic contents were difficulty of liver mobilization (1 left CDH and 2 right CDH) and the presence of a dilated stomach in the thorax. Reductions were easier for cases of wide diaphragmatic defects using thoracoscopy. There were 10 conversions (5 laparoscopies and 5 thoracoscopies). The reported reasons for conversion were inability to reduce (n = 4), need for a patch (n = 5), lack of adequate vision (n = 4), narrow working space (n = 1), associated bowel malrotation (n = 1), and an anesthetic problem (n = 1). Five defects were too large for direct closure and had to be closed with a patch. Four required conversion, with one performed through video-assisted thoracic surgery. The recurrences were detected after two primer thoracoscopic closures, one of which was managed by successful reoperation using thoracoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: In the neonatal period, CDH can be safely closed using MIS procedures. The overall success rate in this study was 67%. The indication for MIS is not related to weeks of gestational age, to weight at birth (if >2,600 g), or to the extent of the immediate neonatal care. Patients with no associated anomaly who are hemodynamically stabilized can benefit from MIS procedures. Reduction of the herniated organs is easier using thoracoscopy. Right CDH, liver lobe herniation, and the need for a patch closure are the most frequent reasons for conversion.

Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) as an intra-hospital mortality predictor for patients in septic shock

Aim: Gas6 is known to be elevated in sepsis, correlating with the severity of infection and organ failure. We aimed to investigate the performance of Gas6 plasma levels at admission to predict the risk of mortality in a cohort of septic patients.Methods: We used prospectively collected data and plasma samples from the 'Sepsis Cohorte Romande'. Gas6 level was measured by ELISA at admission and expressed in percentage relative to its level in a pool of normal plasma.Results: Non-survivors (n = 19) presented higher Gas6 levels than survivors (n = 78; median 287% vs. 158%, IQR 182 and 119 respectively; P = 0.0003). Gas6 correlated positively with different cytokine and was the best mortality predictor, as shown by the ROC curves area (Fig. 1). In patients with septic shock (n = 67), using 249% as a cut-off value, Gas6 measurement had a specificity of 81% and a sensitivity of 68% for predicting mortality. ROC curve area was 0.76. Positive and negative predictive values were 59% and 87%, respectively.Conclusion: Thus, Gas6 plasma level at admission might be a useful tool to predict mortality in patients with septic shock. Nevertheless, independent association of Gas6 level with mortality still needs to be assessed. Although Gas6 hold promise as an early sepsis marker, its precise implication in sepsis remains to be elucidated.

A percepção do acompanhante sobre a humanização da assistência em uma unidade neonatal

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a percepção das mães acompanhantes na unidade neonatal em relação às ações humanizadoras. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva, com enfoque qualitativo, desenvolvido na unidade neonatal do Hospital da Universidade de São Paulo com as acompanhantes dos bebês que permaneceram internados a partir do quinto dia de vida até a alta hospitalar. O período estudado foram os meses de outubro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas, analisadas segundo o referencial de Bardin, o que permitiu a construção das categorias: assistência recebida, relacionamento com os profissionais e condições institucionais. Constatou-se satisfação quanto à assistência recebida e ao apoio da equipe, mas foram apontadas necessidades de mudanças na estrutura física do setor, para proporcionar uma assistência mais humanizada.

Childhood cancer mortality in Europe, 1970-2007.

To update trends in childhood cancer mortality in Europe, we analysed mortality data derived from the World Health Organization for all childhood neoplasms, bone and kidney cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and leukaemias, in 30 European countries up to 2007. Between 1990-1994 and 2005-2007, mortality from all neoplasms steadily declined in most European countries (from 5.2 to 3.5/100,000 boys and from 4.3 to 2.8/100,000 girls in the European Union, EU). In 2005-2007, however, mortality rates from childhood cancers were still higher in countries from Eastern (4.9/100,000 boys and 3.9/100,000 girls) and Southern (4.0/100,000 boys and 3.1/100,000 girls) Europe than in those from Western (3.1/100,000 boys and 2.5/100,000 girls) and Northern (3.2/100,000 boys and 2.5/100,000 girls) Europe. Similar temporal trends and geographic patterns were observed for leukaemias, with declines from 1.7 to 0.9/100,000 boys and from 1.3 to 0.7/100,000 girls between 1990-1994 and 2005-2007 in the EU. For kidney cancer and NHL mortality rates were low and have been declining in larger European countries over the last 15years. The pattern of trends was less clear for bone cancer, with no systematic downward trends at age 0-14, though some fall was evident at age 15-19. Thus, mortality from childhood cancer continued to decline over more recent years in most European countries. However, the mortality rates in Eastern - but also Southern - European countries in the mid 2000's were similar to those in the Western and Northern European ones in the early 1990's. Some further improvement in childhood cancer mortality is therefore achievable through more widespread and better adoption of currently available treatments.

Nível de pressão sonora em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar o nível de pressão sonora (NPS) de duas salas de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) e identificar as suas fontes. É uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, conduzida em duas salas de UTIN de hospital universitário de São Paulo - SP, Brasil. Registros de NPS foram realizados por três dosímetros, totalizando 261 horas de mensuração. Obteve-se 48 horas de registros das fontes que produzem ruídos. Os resultados indicam elevados níveis de pressão sonora nos dois ambientes. Os maiores níveis de Leq foram 71,0 dBA na sala A e 68,0 dBA na sala B. As principais fontes de ruído encontradas nas duas unidades foram ruído no corredor, trânsito e conversa entre os profissionais. Os resultados revelam que os NPS das salas da UTIN estão distantes dos recomendados pelos órgãos regulamentadores. Foi desenvolvido um protocolo e implementado um programa educativo, visando à redução dos níveis de pressão sonora.

Continuing declines in cancer mortality in the European Union

BACKGROUND: From 1988 to 1997 age-standardised total cancer mortality rates in the European Union (EU) fell by around 9% in both sexes. Available cancer mortality data in Europe up to 2002 allow a first check of the forecast of further declines in cancer mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We considered trends in age-standardised mortality from major cancer sites in the EU during the period 1980-2002. RESULTS: For men, total cancer mortality, after a peak of 191.1/100,000 in 1987 declined to 177.8 in 1997 (-7%), and to 166.5 in 2002. Corresponding figures for females were 107.9/100,000, 100.5 and 95.2, corresponding to falls of 7% from 1987 to 1997, and to 5% from 1997 to 2002. Over the last 5 years, lung cancer declined by 1.9% per year in men, to reach 44.4/100,000, but increased by 1.7% in women, to reach 11.4. In 2002, for the first year, lung cancer mortality in women was higher than that for intestinal cancer (11.1/100,000), and lung cancer became the second site of cancer deaths in women after breast (17.9/100,000). From 1997 to 2002, appreciable declines were observed in mortality from intestinal cancer in men (-1.6% per year, to reach 18.8/100,000), and in women (-2.5%), as well as for breast (-1.7% per year) and prostate cancer (-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the persisting rises in female lung cancer, the recent trends in cancer mortality in the EU are encouraging and indicate that an 11% reduction in total cancer mortality from 2000 to 2015 is realistic and possible.

Custo da adequação quantitativa de profissionais de enfermagem em Unidade Neonatal

Este estudo descritivo, de natureza quantitativa, visou: identificar o tempo médio de assistência de enfermagem despendido e requerido pelos Recém-Nascidos (RN) internados na Unidade Neonatal do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo; calcular o custo do tempo médio de assistência de enfermagem despendido e requerido por RN; verificar o montante financeiro da adequação do quadro de profissionais de enfermagem requerido para assistir os RN. O tempo médio de assistência despendido pela equipe de enfermagem e requerido pelos RN foi calculado por meio de equações disponíveis na literatura e aplicação do Nursing Activities Score. O custo do tempo médio de assistência e do montante financeiro da adequação do quadro de profissionais foi calculado com base no custo/hora dos enfermeiros e dos técnicos de enfermagem. O impacto financeiro da adequação quantitativa de profissionais de enfermagem correspondeu a um acréscimo de 30% no custo do quadro existente.

Three cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection presenting as fulminant hepatitis.

We report three cases of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection presenting as fulminant hepatitis. None of the patients had clear risk factors for HSV infection and they all died. Antiviral treatment for HSV is currently available but must be administered early in the course of the disease before irreversible liver tissue damage is present. Since the diagnosis may be difficult to establish, we wish to draw the attention of clinicians to the presentation of neonatal HSV infection and suggest that in such cases viral cultures, including culture of liver tissue, should be obtained early and antiviral treatment administered while awaiting the culture results.