Hepatic Artery Thrombosis in Live Liver Donor Transplantation: How to Solve - a Case Report

The decrease in the number of cadaveric donors has proved a limiting factor in the number of liver transplants, leading to the death of many patients on the waiting list. The living donor liver transplantation is an option that allows, in selected cases, increase the number of donors. One of the most serious complications in liver transplantation is hepatic artery thrombosis, in the past considered potentially fatal without urgent re-transplantation. A white male patient, 48 years old, diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus, underwent living donor liver transplantation (right lobe). Doppler echocardiography performed in the immediate postoperative period did not identify arterial flow in the right branch, having been confirmed thrombosis of the right hepatic artery in CT angiography. Urgent re-laparotomy was performed, which consisted of thrombectomy and re-anastomosis of the hepatic artery with segmental splenic artery allograft interposition. The patient started anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid. Serial evaluation with Doppler echocardiography showed hepatic artery patency. At present, the patient is asymptomatic. One of the most devastating complications in liver transplantation, and particularly in living liver donor, is thrombosis of the hepatic artery; thus, early diagnosis and treatment is vital. The rapid intervention for revascularization of the graft avoids irreversible ischemia of the bile ducts and hepatic parenchyma, thus avoiding the need for re-transplantation.

Systemic Mastocytosis - a Diagnostic Challenge

Mastocytosis refers to a group of disorders characterized by the infiltration of clonally derived mast cells to the skin or extracutaneous tissues resulting in a heterogeneous clinical picture. It is a rare hematologic disorder in all its forms. The exact incidence is unknown; it affects patients of any age and males and females equally. Its molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. The clinical features of mastocytosis result from both chronic and episodic mast cell mediator release, signs and symptoms arising from diffuse or focal tissue infiltration, and, occasionally, the presence of an associated non-mast cell clonal hematologic disease. The histopathologic analysis is essential for definitive diagnosis but there is no curative treatment. The authors report a clinical case of a 72-year-old woman with no history of allergies, with bicytopenia, weight loss, and diffuse axial osteolytic lesions. This is a rare clinical case of aggressive systemic mastocytosis for which palliative treatment can improve survival and quality of life. A brief review of the literature about this pathology is also included.

A vez e a voz das crianças e jovens: olhares sobre a multiculturalidade

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação

Tumors of the Brachial Plexus in a Tertiary Referral Center: a Case Series and Literature Review

Introduction: Brachial plexus (BP) tumors are very rare tumors, with less than 800 cases been described in the literature worldwide since 1970. These tumors often present as local or radicular pain, with scant or no neurological deficits. These symptoms are shared by many other more common rheumatologic diseases, thus making their diagnosis difficult in most cases. Additionally, these tumors often present as lumps and are therefore biopsied, which carries a significant risk of iatrogenic nerve injury. Material and Methods: In this paper the authors describe their experience with the management of 5 patients with BP tumors followed up for at least 2 years. There were 4 males and 1 female. Median follow-up time was 41 ± 21 months. Average age at diagnosis was 40,0 ± 19,9 years. The most common complaints at presentation were pain and sensibility changes. All patients had a positive Tinel sign when the lesion was percussed. In all patients surgery was undertaken and the tumors removed. In 4 patients nerve integrity was maintained. In one patient with excruciating pain a segment of the nerve had to be excised and the nerve defect was bridged with sural nerve grafts. Results: Pathology examination of the resected specimens revealed a Schwannoma in 4 cases and a neurofibroma in the patient submitted to segmental nerve resection. Two years postoperatively, no recurrences were observed. All patients revealed clinical improvement. The patient submitted to nerve resection had improvement in pain, but presented diminished strength and sensibility in the involved nerve territory. Conclusion: Surgical excision of BP tumors is not a risk free procedure. Most authors suggest surgery if the lesion is symptomatic or progressing in size. If the tumor is stationary and not associated with neurological dysfunction a conservative approach should be taken.

Atheroembolic Renal Disease As a Cause of Allograft Primary Non-Function

Atheroembolic renal disease, also referred to as cholesterol crystal embolization, is a rare cause of renal failure, secondary to occlusion of renal arteries, renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries with cholesterol crystals, originating from atheromatous plaques of the aorta and other major arteries. This disease can occur very rarely in kidney allografts in an early or a late clinical form. Renal biopsy seems to be a reliable diagnostic test and cholesterol clefts are the pathognomonic finding. However, the renal biopsy has some limitations as the typical lesion is focal and can be easily missed in a biopsy fragment. The clinical course of these patients varies from complete recovery of the renal function to permanent graft loss. Statins, acetylsalicyclic acid, and corticosteroids have been used to improve the prognosis. We report a case of primary allograft dysfunction caused by an early and massive atheroembolic renal disease. Distinctive histology is presented in several consecutive biopsies. We evaluated all the cases of our Unit and briefly reviewed the literature. Atheroembolic renal disease is a rare cause of allograft primary non -function but may become more prevalent as acceptance of aged donors and recipients for transplantation has become more frequent.

Alterações renais no calazar canino espontâneo

O estudo microscópio dos rins de seis cães (Canis familiaris) naturalmente infectados pela Leishmania donavani, demonstrou alterações glomerulares, tais como: espessamento mesangial difuso em três casos e glomerulonefrite proliferativa, focal, difusa e progressiva nos casos restantes. O autor sugere que tais alterações poderiam estar relacionadas com o calazar e provavelmente poderiam depender de um mecanismo imunitário.

Meningite Tuberculosa. Revisão de 7 Anos

A meningite tuberculosa é uma complicação grave da infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Entre 1 de Janeiro 1989 e 31 de Dezembro de 1995 foram internadas 14 crianças na Unidade de Doenças Infecciosas do Serviço 2 do Hospital D. Estefânia (HDE), por meningite tuberculosa, enquanto nos 6 anos anteriores, tinham sido admitidas 22 crianças, com a mesma patologia. A maioria das crianças tinha idade superior a 5 anos (64%). A fonte de contágio foi identificada em 35,7% dos casos e 79% tinham sido vacinadas com BCG. Em 78,5% foi detectado compromisso neurológico focal. Todas fizeram tratamento com 4 antibacilares. Houve necessidade de intervenção neurocirúrgica em 21% dos doentes. Em 57% dos casos persistiram sequelas neurológicas no final do tratamento. Não se registaram casos de morte.

Perinatal Ischemic Stroke: a Five-Year Retrospective Study in a Level-III Maternity

Objective To study the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging diagnosis, and clinical outcome of perinatal stroke. Methods Data was retrospectively collected from full-term newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a level III maternity in Lisbon with cerebral stroke, from January 2007 to December 2011. Results There were 11 cases of stroke: nine were arterial ischemic stroke and two were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We estimated an incidence of arterial ischemic stroke of 1.6/5,000 births and of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis of 7.2/100,000 births. There were two cases of recurrent stroke. Eight patients presented with symptoms while the remaining three were asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. The most frequently registered symptoms (8/11) were seizures; in that, generalized clonic (3/8) and focal clonic (5/8). Strokes were more commonly left-sided (9/11), and the most affected artery was the left middle cerebral artery (8/11). Transfontanelle ultrasound was positive in most of the patients (10/11), and stroke was confirmed by cerebral magnetic resonance in all patients. Electroencephalographic recordings were carried out in five patients and were abnormal in three (focal abnormalities n=2, burst-suppression pattern n=1). Eight patients had previously identified risk factors for neonatal stroke which included obstetric and neonatal causes. Ten patients were followed up at outpatients setting; four patients developed motor deficits and one presented with epilepsy. Conclusions Although a modest and heterogeneous sample, this study emphasizes the need for a high level of suspicion when it comes to neonatal stroke, primarily in the presence of risk factors. The prevalence of neurological sequelae in our series supports the need of long-term follow-up and early intervention strategies.

Prostate Cancer: The Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been increasingly used for detection, localization and staging of prostate cancer over the last years. It combines high-resolution T2 Weighted-Imaging and at least two functional techniques, which include Dynamic Contrast–Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy. Although the combined use of a pelvic phased-array and an Endorectal Coil is considered the state-of-the-art for Magnetic Resonance Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer, Endorectal Coil is only absolute mandatory for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy at 1.5 T. Sensitivity and specificity levels in cancer detection and localization have been improving with functional technique implementation, compared to T2 Weighted-Imaging alone. It has been particularly useful to evaluate patients with abnormal PSA and negative biopsy. Moreover, the information added by the functional techniques may correlate to cancer aggressiveness and therefore be useful to select patients for focal radiotherapy, prostate sparing surgery, focal ablative therapy and active surveillance. However, more studies are needed to compare the functional techniques and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This article reviews the basic principles of prostatic mp-Magnetic Resonance Imaging, emphasizing its role on detection, staging and active surveillance of prostate cancer.

Placas Assintomáticas no Couro Cabeludo

A mucinose cutânea focal é um padrão de reação histológica descrita em várias doenças no qual existe uma deposição focal anormal de mucinas na derme. Os autores apresentam um caso de um doente de 62 anos de idade, com placas infiltradas assintomáticas no couro cabeludo frontal e occipital, com três meses de evolução. Biópsias seriadas demostraram um infiltrado linfocitário moderado e deposição homogénea de mucinas na derme, sem alterações da epiderme, unidade pilossebácea, epidermotropismo ou granulomas. Investigações posteriores revelaram um adenocarcinoma primário do pulmão. A mucinose cutânea focal pode ter um amplo espectro de apresentações clínicas. Relatamos este caso para ilustrar uma apresentação incomum de mucinose cutânea focal no couro cabeludo e realçar a importância de excluir uma doença secundária associada. No melhor conhecimento dos autores este é o primeiro caso relatado de uma possível associação entre o adenocarcinoma do pulmão e mucinose cutânea.

The Shading Sign: Is It Exclusive of Endometriomas?

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if the shading sign is an exclusive MRI feature of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors, and to analyze its different patterns. METHODS: Three hundred and fourty six women with adnexal masses who underwent 1.5/3-T MRI were included in this retrospective, board-approved study. The shading sign was found in 56 patients, but five cases were excluded due to lack of imaging follow-up or histological correlation. The final sample included 51 women. The type of tumor and the pattern of shading were recorded for each case. RESULTS: Thirty endometriomas and five endometrioid carcinomas were found. The remaining 16 cases corresponded to other benign and malignant tumors. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 93%, 59%, and 96%, respectively. Restricting the analysis to cystic lesions without solid or fat component, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 73%, 96%, 94%, and 80%. Five shading patterns were identified: layering (15.7%), liquid-liquid level (11.8%), homogenous (45.1%), heterogeneous (11.8%), and focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass (19.6%). No significant correlation was found between these patterns and the type of tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The shading sign is not exclusive of endometriomas or endometrioid tumors. Homogenous shading was the most prevalent pattern in endometriomas and half of the cases with focal/multifocal shading within a complex mass were endometrioid carcinomas.

Envolvimento renal na salmonelose septicêmica prolongada

Numa análise de 68 pacientes com o diagnóstico de salmonelose septicêmica prolongada (doentes com a forma hépato-esplênica da esquistossomose mansônica, e bactérias do gênero Salmonella isoladas do sangue), demonstrou-se que 28 deles (41,2%) apresentaram, concomitantemente, proteinúria e alterações significantes do sedimento urinário (hematúria, leucocitúria e cilindrúria). Destes doentes 3 apresentaram quadro de síndrome nefrótica e quatro se apresentaram urêmicos. Em 10 doentes foi realizado estudo histológico dos rins, havendo em 5, glomerulonefrite proliferativo membranoss, em 2 esclerose glomerular focal, 1 paciente apresentou glomerulonefrite proliferativa mesangial e um apenas alterações histológicas mínimas. Infecção do trato urinário por Salmonella (a mesma isolada do sangue) foi observada em 3 casos. A ocorrência do mesmo padrão histológico de alteração glomerular observado na glomerulopatia da esquistossomose sugeriu que o principal determinante da lesão glomerular foi, provavelmente, a infecção por S. mandoni. A elevada prevalência de alterações urinárias, em muitos casos desaparecendo com o tratamento da salmonelose, sugeriu que a infecção bacteriana contribuiu para o aparecimento das manifestações clínicas da nefropatia provavelmente através mecanismo imunológico. O achado de nefrite intersticial mais freqüente e intensa nestes casos do que naqueles apenas com esquistossomose também sugere uma peculiaridade desta condição provavelmente de natureza imunológica.

Pro poor tourism for community development on Atauro Island, Timor-Leste

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Identificação do Trypanosoma cruzi nos tecidos extracardíacos de portadores de miocardite crônica chagásica

Em autópsias realizadas durante 20 anos em portadores de miocardite crônica chagásica parasitologicamente comprovados, foi realizada uma pesquisa exaustiva das formas tissulares do Trypanosoma cruzi nas secções histológicas de vários órgãos. Os parasitos intracelulares foram encontrados nos tecidos extracardíacos em 11 casos (55%), a saber: tubo digestivo (10 vezes), adrenal (6 vezes) e em vários outros órgãos (1 vez cada). A presença dos parasitos se associava com discreta infiltração mononuclear focal, mas, o mais das vezes, não havia qualquer alteração. O estudo mostra que as formas de multiplicação do T. cruzi tendem a se distribuir amplamente na infecção crônica, mas como são escassas, o seu encontro depende de pesquisa minuciosa. Um fato interessante é que somente no miocárdio os parasitos aparecem associados com inflamação crônica, difusa, progressiva e fibrosante.

Evolução da cardiopatia experimentalmente induzida em coelhos infectados com Trypanosoma cruzi

Coelhos jovens de ambos os sexos (1-2 meses de idade), outbred, inoculados com tripomastigotas da cepa Colômbia de Trypanosoma cruzi desenvolveram lesões cardíacas, macro e microscópicas, além de características parasitológicas e imunológicas, muito semelhantes às observadas na doença de Chagas humana, tanto na fase aguda como na fase crônica. Na fase aguda a síndrome cardíaca caracteriza-se macroscopicamente por discreta cardiomegalia, com dilatação de câmaras direitas, e miscroscopicamente por miocardite focal pouco acentuada; na fase crônica, por cardiomegalia moderada ou acentuada, com hipertrofia e dilatação de câmaras e adelgaçamento da ponta (aneurisma apical), predominantemente do ventrículo esquerdo, e por miocardite focal, cóm áreas de necrose miocitolítica e degeneração de miocélulas, associadas a infiltrado inflamatório, principalmente composto de linfócitos, e fibrose intersticial. Devido à reprodução de aspectos da doença cardíaca chagásica humana em tempo relativamente curto, à simplicidade, à disponibilidade para múltiplos pesquisadores e ao baixo custo, o modelo representado pelo coelho constitui uma alternativa para estudos dos mecanismos, patologia e tratamento da cardiopatia chagásica.