Efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório com diferentes cargas na força e função de músculos respiratórios

Background: The inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been considered an option in reversing or preventing decrease in respiratory muscle strength, however, little is known about the adaptations of these muscles arising from the training with charge. Objectives: To investigate the effect of IMT on the diaphragmatic muscle strength and function neural and structural adjustment of diaphragm in sedentary young people, compare the effects of low intensity IMT with moderate intensity IMT on the thickness, mobility and electrical activity of diaphragm and in inspiratory muscles strength and establish a protocol for conducting a systematic review to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training in children and adults with neuromuscular diseases. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial, sample of 28 healthy, both sexes, and sedentary young people, divided into two groups: 14 in the low load training group (G10%) and 14 in the moderate load training group (G55%). The volunteers performed for 9 weeks a home IMT protocol with POWERbreathe®. The G55% trained with 55% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the G10% used a charge of 10% of MIP. The training was conducted in sessions of 30 repetitions, twice a day, six days per week. Every two weeks was evaluated MIP and adjusted the load. Volunteers were submitted by ultrasound, surface electromyography, spirometry and manometer before and after IMT. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Were performed Student's t-test for paired samples to compare diaphragmatic thickness, MIP and MEP before and after IMT protocol and Wilcoxon to compare the RMS (root mean square) and median frequency (MedF) values also before and after training protocol. They were then performed the Student t test for independent samples to compare mobility and diaphragm thickness, MIP and MEP between two groups and the Mann-Whitney test to compare the RMS and MedF values also between the two groups. Parallel to experimental study, we developed a protocol with support from the Cochrane Collaboration on IMT in people with neuromuscular diseases. Results: There was, in both groups, increased inspiratory muscle strength (P <0.05) and expiratory in G10% (P = 0.009) increase in RMS and thickness of relaxed muscle in G55% (P = 0.005; P = 0.026) and there was no change in the MedF (P> 0.05). The comparison between two groups showed a difference in RMS (P = 0.04) and no difference in diaphragm thickness and diaphragm mobility and respiratory muscle strength. Conclusions: It was identified increased neural activity and diagrammatic structure with consequent increase in respiratory muscle strength after the IMT with moderate load. IMT with load of 10% of MIP cannot be considered as a placebo dose, it increases the inspiratory muscle strength and IMT with moderate intensity is able to enhance the recruitment of muscle fibers of diaphragm and promote their hypertrophy. The protocol for carrying out the systematic review published in The Cochrane Library.

The effects of foam rolling on muscular co-activation around the knee joint

The major objectives of this thesis were to determine if foam rolling had any effect on antagonist muscle activation and whether those changes would alter muscular co-activation patterns. The results from this thesis along with current literature will help clinicians to develop adequate exercise prescription for rehabilitative and pre-activity purposes. The existing literature has shown that foam rolling or roller massagers can increase range of motion (ROM), improve performance, and alter pain perception, however little research exists regarding changes in muscle activation following foam rolling. This study developed a reliable method for measuring muscle activation around the knee joint and using that method found that foam rolling the quadriceps can impair hamstrings muscle activation likely due to greater levels of perceived pain when rolling the quadriceps.

Seleção de características para identificação de diferentes proporções de tipos de fibras musculares por meio da eletromiografia de superfície

Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fiber types that have different physiological and biochemical characteristics. Basically, the muscle fiber can be classified into type I and type II, presenting, among other features, contraction speed and sensitivity to fatigue different for each type of muscle fiber. These fibers coexist in the skeletal muscles and their relative proportions are modulated according to the muscle functionality and the stimulus that is submitted. To identify the different proportions of fiber types in the muscle composition, many studies use biopsy as standard procedure. As the surface electromyography (EMGs) allows to extract information about the recruitment of different motor units, this study is based on the assumption that it is possible to use the EMG to identify different proportions of fiber types in a muscle. The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics of the EMG signals which are able to distinguish, more precisely, different proportions of fiber types. Also was investigated the combination of characteristics using appropriate mathematical models. To achieve the proposed objective, simulated signals were developed with different proportions of motor units recruited and with different signal-to-noise ratios. Thirteen characteristics in function of time and the frequency were extracted from emulated signals. The results for each extracted feature of the signals were submitted to the clustering algorithm k-means to separate the different proportions of motor units recruited on the emulated signals. Mathematical techniques (confusion matrix and analysis of capability) were implemented to select the characteristics able to identify different proportions of muscle fiber types. As a result, the average frequency and median frequency were selected as able to distinguish, with more precision, the proportions of different muscle fiber types. Posteriorly, the features considered most able were analyzed in an associated way through principal component analysis. Were found two principal components of the signals emulated without noise (CP1 and CP2) and two principal components of the noisy signals (CP1 and CP2 ). The first principal components (CP1 and CP1 ) were identified as being able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types. The selected characteristics (median frequency, mean frequency, CP1 and CP1 ) were used to analyze real EMGs signals, comparing sedentary people with physically active people who practice strength training (weight training). The results obtained with the different groups of volunteers show that the physically active people obtained higher values of mean frequency, median frequency and principal components compared with the sedentary people. Moreover, these values decreased with increasing power level for both groups, however, the decline was more accented for the group of physically active people. Based on these results, it is assumed that the volunteers of the physically active group have higher proportions of type II fibers than sedentary people. Finally, based on these results, we can conclude that the selected characteristics were able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types, both for the emulated signals as to the real signals. These characteristics can be used in several studies, for example, to evaluate the progress of people with myopathy and neuromyopathy due to the physiotherapy, and also to analyze the development of athletes to improve their muscle capacity according to their sport. In both cases, the extraction of these characteristics from the surface electromyography signals provides a feedback to the physiotherapist and the coach physical, who can analyze the increase in the proportion of a given type of fiber, as desired in each case.

Efecto de la electroestimulación muscular abdominal en el caballo

La especialidad de fisioterapia y rehabilitación veterinaria ha adquirido una importancia creciente experimentando un constante desarrollo en las últimas décadas. Prueba de ello es la aparición de varios cursos de postgrado en diferentes universidades veterinarias o la creación del American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation en 2010. En términos generales, esta especialidad se ha nutrido de los protocolos de medicina humana sin existir una base científica sólida, por lo que las publicaciones científicas en el campo veterinario, aunque han ido incrementando recientemente, son aún escasas. Por lo tanto, son necesarios estudios que exploren tratamientos, protocolos y métodos de valoración funcional en veterinaria. En la clínica equina, la fisioterapia se ha centrado en gran medida en la rehabilitación de lesiones musculoesqueléticas, donde los problemas de dorso son una de las principales causas de disminución del rendimiento en caballos de deporte. Su etiología suele ser multifactorial y su presentación hace difícil un diagnóstico claro. Basándonos en el modelo de medicina humana, donde se ha demostrado el papel vital que juega la musculatura multífida en la estabilidad dinámica de la columna y en el desarrollo de patologías, se han comenzado a describir diferentes programas de ejercicios en caballos con el objetivo de mejorar la estabilidad y el control motor del raquis. Aunque algunos han demostrado ser efectivos, aún se necesitan muchos estudios que pongan de manifiesto la aplicación clínica de estos protocolos y su metodología exacta de aplicación en medicina equina...

Systemic restoration of UBA1 ameliorates disease in spinal muscular atrophy

Blood biochemistry analysis and serum analysis were performed by the Easter Bush Pathology Department, University of Edinburgh. Animal husbandry was performed by Centre for Integrative Physiology bio-research restructure technical staff, University of Edinburgh. Assistance with intravenous injections was provided by Ian Coldicott (University of Sheffield) and Hannah Shorrock (University of Edinburgh). Human blood cDNA was a gift to GH from Kathy Evans, University of Edinburgh. Imaging was performed at the IMPACT imaging facility, University of Edinburgh, with technical assistance from Anisha Kubasik-Thayil. The authors would also like to thank Lyndsay Murray for technical discussions relating to qRT-PCR analysis. This work was supported by funding from the SMA Trust and the Anatomical Society (via grants to THG); the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research (via grants to THG and SHP); the Wellcome Trust (via grants to EJNG and THG); Muscular Dystrophy UK (via grants to THG and CGB); a Elphinstone Scholarship from the University of Aberdeen (to SHP); and The French Muscular Dystrophy Association (via grants to CM and JC).

Vascular defects and spinal cord hypoxia in spinal muscular atrophy

© 2015 American Neurological Association. Funded by The Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research The SMA Trust Muscular Dystrophy UK The SMA Trust The SMA Trust Motor Neurone Disease Association National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Center Medical Research Council Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity

Cognitive dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a possible role for neuromodulatory immune molecules

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X chromosome-linked disease characterized by progressive physical disability, immobility, and premature death in affected boys. Underlying the devastating symptoms of DMD is the loss of dystrophin, a structural protein that connects the extracellular matrix to the cell cytoskeleton and provides protection against contraction-induced damage in muscle cells, leading to chronic peripheral inflammation. However, dystrophin is also expressed in neurons within specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, a structure associated with learning and memory formation. Linked to this, a subset of boys with DMD exhibit nonprogressing cognitive dysfunction, with deficits in verbal, short-term, and working memory. Furthermore, in the genetically comparable dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of DMD, some, but not all, types of learning and memory are deficient, and specific deficits in synaptogenesis and channel clustering at synapses has been noted. Little consideration has been devoted to the cognitive deficits associated with DMD compared with the research conducted into the peripheral effects of dystrophin deficiency. Therefore, this review focuses on what is known about the role of full-length dystrophin (Dp427) in hippocampal neurons. The importance of dystrophin in learning and memory is assessed, and the potential importance that inflammatory mediators, which are chronically elevated in dystrophinopathies, may have on hippocampal function is also evaluated.

Assisted standing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of standing devices and orthoses on musculoskeletal impairments (such as pain, contracture, scoliosis development and bone density) in people with DMD, and secondarily to determine their effect on quality of life, participation in activities, and patient experience.

Influencia del polimorfismo del receptor de andrógenos en la masa ósea, masa muscular y condición física en niños y niñas

Programa de doctorado: Actividad Física, Salud y Rendimiento Deportivo

Muscular anatomy of the pectoral and forelimb of caiman crocodilus crocodilus (linnaeus, 1758) (crocodylia: alligatoridae)

v. 17, n. 2, p. 285-295, abr./jun. 2016.