Freqüência de lesões gástricas em suínos destinados ao abate na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP

Foram colhidos e examinados 1085 estômagos de suínos, machos castrados ou fêmeas, todos com idade entre 140 e 150 dias. As lesões encontradas foram classificadas de acordo com a localização, tipo e severidade. A análise macroscópica revelou que 694 (64%) estômagos apresentavam algum tipo de lesão. A paraqueratose foi identificada como alteração patológica única em 213 (19,6%) estômagos. em outros 319 (29,4%) estômagos, ela estava associada apenas a processos erosivos ou associada a erosões e úlceras. Erosões isoladas ou associadas a ulcerações foram identificadas em 121 (11,2%) animais, enquanto que úlceras, foram verificadas em 41 (3,8%) animais. A avaliação por regiões, revelou que 62,8% apresentaram lesões na região gastresofágica e apenas 6,6% na região fúndica do órgão. Tais achados sugerem a existência de diferentes causas na etiopatogenia desses dois processos gástricos. A ulceração gastresofágica estava presente em 213 (19,6%) animais, dos quais 22,7% eram machos castrados e 16,5% eram fêmeas, fato que evidencia possível influência do sexo na freqüência dessa patologia em suínos. Os exames microscópicos, realizados em parte das amostras, apenas confirmaram as alterações, já identificadas pelo exame macroscópico. Apenas o exame macroscópico conduz a resultados confiáveis na avaliação de lesões gástricas em suínos.

Clinical, parasitological and immunological aspects of experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi in dogs

This research investigated the pattern of antibody response by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) through the course of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs. Clinical and parasitological features were also studied. The average prepatent period was 11.2 days and parasitaemia showed an undulating course. Biometrical study of parasites revealed a mean total length of 21.68mm. The disease was characterized by intermittent fever closely related to the degree of parasitaemia and main clinical signs consisted of pallor of mucous membrane, edema, progressive emaciation and enlargement of palpable lymph nodes. Diagnostic antibody was detected within 12 to 15 days and 15 to 19 days of infection by IFAT and Elisa, respectively. High and persistent antibody levels were detected by both tests and appeared not to correlate with control of parasitaemia

Ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. I. Inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desempenho dos serviços de atenção primária do município de Natal/RN para o diagnóstico e controle da tuberculose

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important health problems being faced worldwide. In Brazil, the responsibility for the actions of to diagnosis and control of this disease was transferred to the municipalities within the Primary Health Care (PHC), aiming at improvement in epidemiological indicators, requiring reorientation of the practice of family health teams and requiring methodologies to analyze the extent to which components of the PHC are being achieved. Thus, this study aims to analyze the performance of primary care services in the city of Natal-RN for the diagnosis and control of TB, from the perspective of health professionals (doctors and nurses). The study is descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative. Data collection was conducted from March to July 2011 and involved 121 health professionals working in 52 health units (family health unit, basic health unit and mixed units). The instrument is structured based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validated and adapted to assess attention to TB in Brazil, and includes questions regarding the Structure and Process components of health services. For quantitative analysis, it was constructed indicators, whose response patterns are followed according to the Likert scale between one and five, which meant the degree of preference relation (or agreement) of the claims. Values between 1 and 3 were considered unsatisfactory for the indicator, between 3 and less than 4, regular, and between 4 and 5, satisfactory. With regard to inputs and equipment, the units had satisfactory condition for form (  = 4.26), consultation (  = 4.02) and basic basket (  = 4.24); regular condition to pot (  = 3.56) and unsatisfactory conditions for transportation tickets (  = 1.50) and sputum smear microscopy (  = 2.42) and X-rays (  = 1.07). In relation to actions, there was satisfactory development for those focused on the individual patient. Actions aimed at the collective level, as the search for respiratory symptoms (RS), monitoring of contacts and guidelines for the community ranged from regular to unsatisfactory (  = 3.16 -  = 1.34). With regard to training, 94,2% received training to identify RS. As regards the time for diagnosis, the median time elapsed between the identification of RS and the beginning of treatment it was 22 days. In relation to the difficulties faced by professionals in the diagnosis of TB, 56,2% reported that they are related only to health services, especially for the failure in the rearguard laboratory and in the specialized services reference, the lack of human and material resources and low performing an active search. The professionals perceive the performance of diagnosis and control of TB, permeated with limitations and barriers to organizational and operational character of various sizes, emerging the need for effective coordination of various sectors and key stakeholders of TB care, to adoption of a new intersectoral strategies that aim to increase the responsiveness of the PHC, providing the best performance in service delivery to the user, family and community, and ensuring effective action and resolving the needs of this population group.

As ações de controle da tuberculose na atenção primária à saúde: a visão do doente

Tuberculosis is a disease of great impact on the world context today. In Brazil, the disease management was directed to the Primary Health Care, due to the determination of the Ministry of Health to decentralize health actions for primary care. Thus, since the actions of diagnosis, treatment and control of the disease should happen in this context, however, there are still many barriers that may hinder the realization of these determinations. This study aims to analyze the development of tuberculosis control activities conducted in the services of primary health care from the patient's vision. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. The population consists of 517 tuberculosis patients treated in units of Primary Health Care in the city of Natal-RN; the sample consists of 93 TB patients. The collect instrument is structured, based in The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validated in Brazil and adapted to assess attention to TB in Brazil, with modifications. This instrument was divided into blocks: the first one describes the socio-demographic information of patients with TB and the second one describes the health services working in control, diagnosis and treatment of TB, and includes issues related to the dimensions of primary care: access, bond, services, coordination of care, guidance to the community and family focus. For quantitative analysis, were built indicators for each item of the instrument. The response patterns are followed according to the Likert scale, which was assigned a value between one and five meant that the degree of preference relation (or agreement) of the statements. Values between 1 and 3 were considered unsatisfactory for the indicator, between 3 and less than 4, regular, and between 4 and 5, satisfactory. The results indicate that 62.37% of patients are male, 27.96% aged 41 to 50 years old, and 34.41% unemployed, with low education and low family income. It was found that the reference hospital services are the front door to the patient (59.14%), and are also the local diagnosis of the disease (72.04%). On access, the conditions satisfactory found are: the number of times the patients need to pick up the health care issue, the marking and the facility to get a consultancy in the HS, assistance provided without harm to the individual's attendance labor and facilities related to the proximity between the residence and services; were considered unsatisfactory conditions related to travel to the HS, and on hours and days of operation of services. As for the cast of services were satisfactory and regular actions related to the request for examination to become viable in the first HS, the availability of pot to perform smear and medicines for the treatment, as well as consultations control and receiving information about the disease and the treatment performed; it is considered unsatisfactory the performance of the home care for patients with TB by the HS that acts as a front door, for implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment (DOT), home visits during treatment, the provision of transportation allowance to the patient and the existence of groups for TB patients. Regarding the coordination of care, resulted in regular the action of referring the patient to other HS to obtain examinations, and as unsatisfactory referral to obtain medications. The relationship bond between patient and health team were considered satisfactory in the majority or regular. As for the family and community focus, is satisfactory only the indicator relating to questions from professionals to the patient about the existence of respiratory symptoms in the family. It is considered that there is need for greater commitment from government entities to the incentives required to TB control, as well as the availability of necessary inputs and training of human resources working in the PHC in the ongoing quest to strengthen primary care, as a place of broader host needs to contact the user with the actions and health professionals. It is recommended the adoption of management mechanisms possible to expand the capacity of the health PHC, promoting the service delivery to the user and ensuring attention to population health.

Nutrição e crescimento do fungo nematófago Arthrobotrys oligospora

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Esterco bovino e calagem para formação de mudas de guanandi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação, os efeitos de doses de esterco bovino e de calcário na formação de mudas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambèss.). Foram avaliadas quatro doses de cada fator, combinadas em esquema fatorial 4x4. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso com quatro repetições, e cada parcela continha cinco mudas. O substrato foi formado pela mistura, em volume, de oito partes de subsolo e duas partes de areia, e doses de esterco correspondentes a 0, 2, 4 e 6 partes que, em massa, equivalem a 0, 101, 175 e 229 kg m-3. As doses de calcário foram calculadas para elevar a saturação por bases (V%) a 20, 35, 50 e 65%. Aos 120 dias, foram avaliados: altura, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, área foliar e matéria seca das partes aérea e radicular das mudas. em substrato constituído de subsolo+areia, a calagem e a adubação com esterco bovino não são necessárias para produção de mudas de guanandi.

Assistência de enfermagem e o risco para úlceras de pressão medido pela Escala de Braden em unidade de terapia intensiva

The problem facing the incidence of pressure ulcers (UP) in the hospital environment especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), although it is an old and frequent event in our professional practice, it is not notified in the researches as much as it should be. We observed a tendency to invest in therapeutical and in studies about the production of sophisticated new bandages. Few, however, are the investments in research on preventive measures in order to prevent or at least slow down the development of lesions. In this sense, the study aimed to analyze the correlation between nursing care and the risk of developing UP measured by the Braden scale in ICU patients. This is a descriptive study of longitudinal quantitative approach. The project obtained a favourable opinion from the Ethics Committee of HUOL (no 486/10). Data collection was carried out in the Hospital of Unimed in Natal during six months in 2011. The sample was of 32 patients hospitalized in ICU for over four days. The results were processed in SPSS 15.0 for descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. We identified that, only 9.4% of our sample developed UP, being predominantly male, elderly people aged above 60 years, Caucasian, with diagnostic hypothesis at the time of hospitalization of sepsis, were clinical patients, who presented hemodynamic instability, using orotracheal tube (TOT), enteral probe (SNE), vesical probe delay (SVD) and had values of albumin and hemoglobin levels below normal. In addition, these patients had a longer hospital stay, longer usage of TOT, SNE, SVD, increased use of sedation and drain than those who did not develop UP and were all at risk for developing these injuries second Braden scores. 66.7% of the lesions developed were located in the sacral region, limiting the degree I and all patients that developed were considered serious, 100.0% of them have evolved since the death. Small were the differences between the averages of Braden scores between patients with and without UP, 11,9+2,4 against 12,4+2,6 with p = 0.627. The clinical aspects of the patients in the study were instrumental in the development of UP, once, these findings were statistically significant through the Mann-Whitney test, and appropriateness of nursing conduct was decisive for the prevention of pressure ulcers in critical patients, since many were those classified as at risk (28) and few who have developed lesions (03)

Nível crítico de fósforo no solo paraPanicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia

Foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de fósforo (P) em solo argiloso, de textura média e arenoso, sobre a produção de matéria seca de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos de plástico contendo 10 dm³ de solo, em esquema fatorial e delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Após calagem para V = 70% e aplicação de 0, 35, 70, 105 e 140 mg/dm³ de P, o solo foi umedecido, e depois de 30 dias, secado e amostrado. O ensaio foi conduzido por 76 dias, a partir da emergência das plântulas, com o primeiro corte aos 48 dias, a 10 cm do solo, e o segundo, aos 76,rente ao solo. Com a aplicação de P houve aumento de produção de matéria seca, e o maior acréscimo ocorreu com a aplicação de 35 mg/dm³. A maior produção foi obtida no solo de textura média. O teor de P nas plantas estava adequado nos solos arenoso e argiloso. No de textura média, ele diminuiu com o aumento da produção,caracterizando efeito de diluição. Com aprodução relativa e o teor de P de cada solo, foi determinado o nível crítico de 38 mg/dm³ de P extraído por resina.

Avaliação física e química de produtos minimamente processados de abacaxi-'Pérola'

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, física e quimicamente, produtos minimamente processados de abacaxi-'Pérola', rodelas e metades, armazenados sob diferentes temperaturas (3ºC, 6ºC e 9ºC). Frutos selecionados, quanto ao grau de maturação e ausência de danos, foram lavados, desinfeccionados com cloro (200 mg.L-1) e armazenados a 10ºC, por 12 horas, antes do processamento. O produto minimamente processado foi embalado em bandejas de isopor recobertas com filme de PVC esticável (metades) ou bandejas de tereftalato de polietileno (rodelas) e armazenado sob refrigeraç ;ão, com avaliação a cada 3 dias, quanto à textura, coloração, pH, e conteúdos de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, ácido ascórbico e de açúcares, solúveis e redutores. Durante o armazenamento, o produto tornou-se menos firme, e sua polpa apresentou escurecimento. Os conteúdos de açúcares solúveis e redutores e de sólidos solúveis totais não foram afetados pelo tipo de preparo, temperatura ou embalagem. Os teores de acidez total titulável aumentaram e foram influenciados pela temperatura, sendo que os mantidos a 9ºC apresentaram os maiores teores, havendo, como conseqüência, decréscimo no pH. Os produtos armazenados a 9ºC também apresentaram evolução mais rápida no escurecimento, na redução do teor de ácido ascórbico e menor vida útil (6 dias), enquanto, para os armazenados a 3ºC e 6ºC, este período foi de 9 dias. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a temperatura de armazenamento foi o fator limitante para a vida útil destes produtos.

Conservação de mamão 'Formosa' minimamente processado armazenado sob refrigeração

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de produtos minimamente processados de mamão 'Formosa', fatias ou metades, armazenados sob diferentes temperaturas (3ºC, 6ºC e 9ºC). Utilizou-se de frutos que, depois de selecionados quanto ao grau de maturação e ausência de danos, foram lavados, desinfeccionados com cloro (200 mg.L-1) e armazenados a 12ºC, por 12 horas antes do processamento, que foi feito manualmente, a 12ºC. Os mamões, depois de descascados, foram cortados em fatias (5,0 x 2,5 cm) ou em metades longitudinais sem as pontas, que, depois de enxaguadas com água sanitizada (20 mg de cloro.L-1) e escorridas por 2-3 minutos, foram embaladas em bandejas de isopor recobertas com filme de PVC esticável (metades) ou em bandejas de tereftalato de polietileno - PET (fatias) e imediatamente armazenadas sob refrigeração. A avaliação destes produtos foi feita a cada 3 dias, quanto à resistência da polpa, coloração, pH e conteúdos de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico e de carboidratos, solúveis e de redutores. Durante o armazenamento, as fatias tenderam a se tornarem mais firmes, com a sua polpa apresentando pequeno escurecimento. Os conteúdos de carboidratos solúveis e de redutores e de sólidos solúveis não foram afetados pelo tipo de corte, temperatura de armazenamento ou embalagem. Durante o armazenamento, os teores de acidez titulável aumentaram nas fatias e diminuíram nas metades e observou-se influência da temperatura. Não se observaram reduções nos teores de ácido ascórbico durante o armazenamento, ou influência dos cortes ou das embalagens. Os produtos mantiveram-se adequados para comercialização até o 10º dia de armazenamento.

Estimates of genetic correlations between days to calving and reproductive and weight traits in Nelore cattle

Data comprising 53,181 calving records were analyzed to estimate the genetic correlation between days to calving (DC), and days to first calving (DFC), and the following traits: scrotal circumference (SC), age at first calving (AFC), and weight adjusted for 550 d of age (W550) in a Nelore herd. (Co)variance components were estimated using the REML method fitting bivariate animal models. The fixed effects considered for DC were contemporary group, month of last calving, and age at breeding season (linear and quadratic effects). Contemporary groups were composed by herd, year, season, and management group at birth; herd and management group at weaning; herd, season, and management group at mating; and sex of calf and mating type (multiple sires, single sire, or AI). In DFC analysis, the same fixed effects were considered excluding the month of last calving. For DC, a repeatability animal model was applied. Noncalvers were not considered in analyses because an attempt to include them, attributing a penalty, did not improve the identification of genetic differences between animals. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 for DC, from 0.06 to 0.13 for DFC, from 0.42 to 0.44 for SC, from 0.06 to 0.08 for AFC, and was 0.30 for W550. The genetic correlation estimated between DC and SC was low and negative (-0.10), between DC and AFC was high and positive (0.76), and between DC and W550 was almost null (0.07). Similar results were found for genetic correlation estimates between DFC and SC (-0.14), AFC (0.94), and W550 (-0.02). The genetic correlation estimates indicate that the use of DC in the selection of beef cattle may promote favorable correlated responses to age at first mating and, consequently, higher gains in sexual precocity can be expected.

Genetic parameters for milk yield of Bubalus bubalis using unadjusted and adjusted milk production for days in milk.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Degradação in vitro de tecidos da lâmina foliar e do colmo de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, em função do estádio de desenvolvimento

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da idade sobre o potencial de degradação dos diferentes tecidos da lâmina foliar e do colmo de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora) e capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon sp). Foram amostradas a 7ª (capim-braquiária e capim-gordura) e a 11ª (capim-tifton 85) lâminas foliares, no dia da exposição da lígula e 20 dias após. Por meio de observações ao microscópio foram estimadas a extensão da digestão in vitro dos tecidos da lâmina e do colmo e a redução na espessura da parede de células do esclerênquima do colmo. Lâminas foliares e segmentos de colmos jovens apresentaram maiores áreas digeridas. Permaneceram intactos os tecidos com células de parede espessada e lignificada, a bainha parenquimática dos feixes, o esclerênquima, o xilema e a epiderme do colmo. Tecidos com células de parede delgada, normalmente não-lignificada, o mesofilo, o floema e o parênquima, desapareceram completamente. O avanço na idade reduziu a digestão do mesofilo, em lâminas de capim-braquiária e capim-gordura, e do parênquima em colmos, principalmente de capim-gordura. A epiderme na lâmina foliar foi parcialmente digerida, independentemente da idade e da espécie. Embora aparentemente intactas, células esclerenquimáticas do colmo sofreram redução da espessura da parede com a incubação em líquido ruminal. A porcentagem de redução variou de 7 a 37% e a taxa de redução da espessura de 0,007 a 0,018 µm/h.

Energy and lysine for broilers from 44 to 55 days of age

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of broilers at 55 days of age fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy and lysine. Evaluated data of performance were weight gain, feed intake, energy intake, lysine intake, caloric conversion and feed conversion. Carcass assessment was performed based on data from carcass yield, breast weight, whole wings, whole legs, back, head + neck, feet and abdominal fat. A 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was used, with 3 levels of metabolizable energy (3,200; 3,400 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg) and 3 lysine levels (0.95%; 1.05% and 1.15%). There was no interaction between the two factors. Nevertheless, increasing levels of metabolizable energy improved weight gain (745 g; 841 g and 910 g, respectively) and feed intake was higher in broilers receiving the diets with 3,200 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg. Overall performance was not affected by lysine levels. Feed conversion values were 2.69, 2.42 and 2.14 for birds fed diets with 3,200; 3,400 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg, respectively. Carcass yield and breast weight increased with higher levels of energy and lysine in the diets.