An enactive and dynamical systems theory account of dyadic relationships

Many social relationships are a locus of struggle and suffering, either at the individual or interactional level. In this paper we explore why this is the case and suggest a modeling approach for dyadic interactions and the well-being of the participants. To this end we bring together an enactive approach to self with dynamical systems theory. Our basic assumption is that the quality of any social interaction or relationship fundamentally depends on the nature and constitution of the individuals engaged in these interactions. From an enactive perspective the self is conceived as an embodied and socially enacted autonomous system striving to maintain an identity. This striving involves a basic two-fold goal: the ability to exist as an individual in one's own right, while also being open to and affected by others. In terms of dynamical systems theory one can thus consider the individual self as a self-other organized system represented by a phase space spanned by the dimensions of distinction and participation, where attractors can be defined. Based on two everyday examples of dyadic relationship we propose a simple model of relationship dynamics, in which struggle or well-being in the dyad is analyzed in terms of movements of dyadic states that are in tension or in harmony with individually developed attractors. Our model predicts that relationships can be sustained when the dyad develops a new joint attractor toward which dyadic states tend to move, and well-being when this attractor is in balance with the individuals' attractors. We outline how this can inspire research on psychotherapy. The psychotherapy process itself provides a setting that supports clients to become aware how they fare with regards to the two-fold norm of distinction and participation and develop, through active engagement between client (or couple) and therapist, strategies to co-negotiate their self-organization.

The relationship between aquatic macrophytes and water quality in Nta-Wogba Stream, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

An empirical survey of macrophytes distribution and biomass from four stations, along Nta-wogba stream in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, was conducted between April and December 2007, to quantify the relationship between biomass, in stream nutrients and dissolved ions. The correlation analysis indicated that the biomass of the aquatic macrophytes under consideration, Einochloa pyramidalis; Diplazum sammatii; Cyperus difformis; Alternathera sessilis and Ludwigia decurrens were significantly (P<0.05) related to the nutrients: sulphate, ammonium; nitrate, and phosphate in all the stations. The measurement of total dissolved solid, which is correlated to ionic concentrations and turbidity, provided a rough indication of in stream light availability.

Macrophyte - mollusc relationship in Lake Kariba

Five species of submerged vegetation Lagarosiphon ilicifolius, Najas pectinata, Vallisneria aethiopica, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton octandrus; 7 species of gastropods Melanoides tuberculata, Bellamya capillata, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bullinus tropicus, Cleopatra sp, and Lymnaea natalensis and 4 species of bivalves Corbicula africana, Caelatura mossambicensis, Mutela dubia and Aspatharia wahlbergii are correlated with environmental variables particularly slope and transparency, in Lake Kariba. A stepwise regression analysis further revealed interdependence between (Cleopatra sp., B. pfeifferi, L. natalensis, B. capillata, and V. aethiopica as well as between as between C. mossambicensis and L. ilicifolius and N. pectinata. The dependence of B. pfeifferi, L. natalensis, B. capillata, Cleopatra sp. on V. aethiopica and C. mossambicensis on L. ilicifolius and N. pectinata implies that a change in the biomass of the vegetation species may affect distribution and biomass of the faunal species.

Limites e possibilidades da aplicação do processo clínico de cuidar em enfermagem às pessoas com câncer de cavidade bucal: autopercepção da equipe de enfermagem atuante na área de oncologia

Pressupõe-se que o cotidiano do cuidar da integralidade do cliente com câncer de cavidade bucal (CCB) reveste-se de significado especial devido à sensibilidade e responsabilidade dos profissionais de enfermagem; e, do mesmo modo, exige destas pessoas competência e habilidades técnicas e sociais para atuar constantemente com o sofrimento. Portanto, foram elaboradas as questões de pesquisa: quais são os limites e possibilidades da aplicação do processo clínico de cuidar em enfermagem ao cliente com câncer na cavidade bucal? Os objetivos foram: descrever os limites e possibilidades de aplicação do Process Clinical Caritas, formulado por Jean Watson, aos clientes com câncer na cavidade bucal; identificar as características individuais e profissionais dos membros da equipe de enfermagem atuantes na área de oncologia; identificar os aspectos do cuidar componentes do Process Clinical Caritas (PCC) aplicados pela equipe de enfermagem junto aos clientes com CCB, analisando a autopercepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre o seu desenvolvimento de tecnologias de cuidados, comparando-o à aplicação do PCC proposto por Jean Watson. O estudo centra-se na teorização do cuidado transpessoal, visando à compreensão dos aspectos do bem-estar propiciado, inclusive pela autêntica relação interpessoal entre profissional de enfermagem e cliente. Escolheu-se a abordagem de pesquisa quantitativa, aplicando-se o método descritivo e a técnica de autorrelato. A investigação ocorreu no período de agosto a setembro de 2012 em uma Instituição de Saúde Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, especializada em oncologia. Foram sujeitos do estudo 33 membros da equipe de enfermagem, atuantes em serviço de tratamento de CCB. Para implementar a técnica de autorrelato, utilizou-se um formulário, contendo, na primeira parte, as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais, e na segunda, uma adaptação dos 10 aspectos do PCC. Os dados quantitativos foram tratados mediante estatística descritiva simples, e as respostas sobre a aplicação do PCC foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que, do total de 33 sujeitos, 88% eram do sexo feminino, 37% na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos. Predominou a renda individual de 4 a 8 salários mínimos. A maioria da equipe era composta por técnicos de enfermagem. Havia 26 especialistas em oncologia; 78% eram estatutários com carga horária de 40 horas semanais, com exercício predominante de 11 a 15 anos. Referente à aplicação dos 10 aspectos do PCC, foram delimitadas quatro categorias: respeitando as praticas espirituais e a religiosidade; proporcionando ao cliente uma relação de cuidado e conforto; ser presente e tratar o cliente com empatia e respeito; competência e orientação ao autocuidado para o cuidado integral ao cliente. Aplicando o critério de avaliação à prática dos aspectos do PCC, verificou-se que somente três: práticas de amor e gentileza; desenvolvendo relação de ajuda; e ajudar nas necessidades básicas atenderam ao PCC. Conclui-se, que além da realização dos cuidados técnicos ao cliente com CCB, é necessário que a equipe de enfermagem se conscientize da importância do cuidado transpessoal para a reconstituição do equilíbrio corporal físico, mental e espiritual do cliente, visando seu bem-estar, apesar das dificuldades do adoecimento.

Relationship between abundance of juvenile rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) and environmental variables documented off northern California and potential mechanisms for the covariation

We estimated annual abundance of juvenile blue (Sebastes mystinus), yellowtail (S. f lavidus), and black (S. melanops) rockfish off northern California over 21 years and evaluated the relationship of abundance to oceanographic variables (sea level anomaly, nearshore temperature, and offshore Ekman transport). Although mean annual abundance was highly variable (0.01−181 fish/minute), trends were similar for the three species. Sea level anomaly and nearshore temperature had the strongest relationship with interannual variation in rockfish abundance, and offshore Ekman transport did not correlate with abundance. Oceanographic events occurring in February and March (i.e., during the larval stage) had the strongest relationship with juvenile abundance, which indicates that year-class strength is determined during the larval stage. Also of note, the annual abundance of juvenile yellowtail rockfish was positively correlated with year-class strength of adult yellowtail rockfish; this finding would indicate the importance of studying juvenile abundance surveys for management purposes.

The relationship between smolt and postsmolt growth for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

The interaction of ocean climate and growth conditions during the postsmolt phase is emerging as the primary hypothesis to explain patterns of adult recruitment for individual stocks and stock complexes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Friedland et al. (1993) first reported that contrast in sea surface temperature (SST) conditions during spring appeared to be related to recruitment of the European stock complex. This hypothesis was further supported by the relationship between cohort specific patterns of recruitment for two index stocks and regional scale SST (Friedland et al., 1998). One of the index stocks, the North Esk of Scotland, was shown to have a pattern of postsmolt growth that was positively correlated with survival, indicating that growth during the postsmolt year controls survival and recruitment (Friedland et al., 2000). A similar scenario is emerging for the North American stock complex where contrast in ocean conditions during spring in the postsmolt migration corridors was associated with the recruitment pattern of the stock complex (Friedland et al., 2003a, 2003b). The accumulation of additional data on the postsmolt growth response of both stock complexes will contribute to a better understanding of the recruitment process in Atlantic salmon.

Length-weight relationship of fishes caught by trawl off Alexandria, Egypt

This paper presents the length-weight relationship parameters (a and b) for 29 fish species, belonging to 16 families, taken by otter trawl fishing from Egyptian Mediterranean waters. The b values obtained ranged from 2.50 to 3.44 (with a mean of 2.926).

Length-weight relationship of fishes from Yemen waters (Gulf of Aden and Red Sea)

The data for this study were gathered between 1993 and 1996 on board commercial trawlers from Somalia, China and Yemen and also from the research vessel Ibn Magid belonging to the Marine Science and Resources Research Centre, Aden, Republic of Yemen. Fish were identified using the FAO species identification literature. All fish were measured to the nearest mm (total length) and weighed to the nearest g. Sex was determined by dissection after the length and weight had been measured. The length-weight relationships were calculated using least-squares regression on log-transformed data and the parameters of the relationship of the form of W=aL super(b) are summarized. Maximum and minimum size of fish sampled are also given. Common names and recent changes in nomenclature were taken from ICLARM's FishBase.

Length-weight relationship and relative condition of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes) from Idodo River, Nigeria

Length-weight relationship parameters of Heterobranchus longifilis males, females and combined sexes are given. The samples were collected from Idodo River, with size ranging from 123 mm total length, L, to 936 mm L. The values obtained for the mean L by sex show that males were significantly (p<0.05) larger than females. The results show that the slope (b) is significantly (p<0.05) below 3.0 for the male, female and pooled sample. The species exhibit a negative allometric growth pattern. The relative condition of fish shows seasonal variation, with females generally being in better condition than the males.

Length-weight relationship of fishes caught in the Itaipu Reservoir, Parana, Brazil

Parameters and related statistics of the length-weight relationship of the form W=aL super(b) are presented for 72 species of fish caught in the area of the Itaipu Reservoir in Parana, Brazil. The b values varied between 2.34 and 3.35, with the mean b=2.986 (s.d.=0.230) not significantly different from 3.0 (df=7, p=0.05).

Length-weight relationship of small pelagic fish species of the southeast and South Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone

The length-weight relationship (LWR) parameters of 23 small pelagic fish species (belonging to 13 families) from the south-southeast Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone in 1996 and 1997 are presented. The b values varied between 2.72 and 3.53. The samples for this study were collected during hydroacoustic surveys covering an area of 700 000 square km.

The relationship of shell dimensions and shell volume to live weight and soft tissue weight in the mangrove clam, Polymesoda erosa (Solander, 1786) from northern Australia

Shell dimensions (length, height, width) and shell volume were evaluated as estimators of growth for Polymesoda erosa in northern Australia. Each parameter was a good estimator when applied to live weight (r2 values of 76-96 percent), but not to soft tissue weight (wet, dry, or ash-free dry weight) (r2 values of 13-32 percent). The b value for shell volume to weight relationship of clams collected during the dry season (June to October) was signifi cantly different than for those collected in the wet season (February to April).