964 resultados para conhecimento


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Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

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As leishmanioses são enfermidades infecciosas que costumam afetar populações de países de clima tropical e subtropical, em sua maioria subdesenvolvidos, uma vez que seus principais vetores necessitam de condições ambientais e climáticas adequadas facilmente encontradas nessas regiões, para se proliferar. Há diferentes formas clínicas que se caracterizam por sua evolução crônica, sendo a forma visceral (LV) uma das mais graves. Neste caso, a disseminação é relativamente rápida uma vez que existe também a abundância de um dos seus principais reservatórios domésticos, o cão, que vive bem próximo ao homem, o qual é também acometido por esta zoonose. Dessa maneira é preciso que as populações, principalmente aquelas localizadas em áreas endêmicas, saibam identificar os pontos principais dessa doença como a transmissão, sinais clínicos e prevenção. Por esse motivo, essa revisão sistemática objetivou procurar saber qual o conhecimento de diferentes populações sobre as leishmanioses. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: (knowledge) AND (population) AND (leishmaniasis), através de um levantamento bibliográfico em três bases de dados, LILACS, SCIELO e PUBMED. Foi possível concluir, através da análise de sete artigos, que o conhecimento das leishmanioses ainda se encontra muito superficial dentro das populações e que a principal fonte de informação ainda é a informal, de pessoa a pessoa

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

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Dans ce texte, nous avons abordé l'enseignement des langues selon une approche constructiviste, où le sujet qui apprend et l'objet de connaissance ne se polarisent pas, mais s'articulent. Ceci signifie que personne ni rien ne sort indemne d'un processus de formation : il y a des transformations chez le sujet (apprenant) et l'objet (langues). Nous critiquons par conséquent la conception du langage et donc de la langue en tant qu'instrument de communication.

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Na presente publicação apresenta-se análises de um conjunto de manuais escolares que circularam na Escola Normal brasileira e portuguesa entre meados do século XIX e meados do século XX a partir de diferentes olhares, reeditando em outra chave o processo original de circulação de ideias entre Brasil e Portugal no qual esses materiais se inserem. Orientados por outros estudos que tratam do mesmo tema, os autores realizaram recolha nos dois países a fim de comprovar a circulação do corpus empírico que, ao final, foi definido como fonte. Assim, chegou-se ao seguinte conjunto de manuais didáticos: Elementos de Pedagogia de Affreixo & Freire (1870); Curso Prático de Pedagogia Destinado aos Alunos-Mestres das Escolas Normaes Primarias e aos Instituidores em Exercício de Daligault (1874); Lições de Pedagogia Geral e de História da Educação de Pimentel Filho (1875); Lições de Pedologia e Pedagogia Experimental de Faria de Vasconcelos (1910); Lições de Metodologia, de Fonseca Lage (1920); A arte da leitura, de Mário Gonçalves Viana (1949) e Lições de Pedagogia, de Aquiles Archêro Junior (1955). Os pesquisadores utilizam diferentes lentes para tecer suas análises e, cada um segundo sua especialidade de pesquisa, aprofunda aspectos que, juntos, compõem um painel interpretativo sobre o processo de escolarização e seus espaços, a normatização do trabalho docente, os princípios que nortearam a seleção cultural para a escola primária, a constituição de modos e métodos de ensino para realizar os objetivos educacionais e a especificidade que assumem os materiais e o ensino da leitura e da escrita nessa instituição. Todas as análises reiteram a importância dos impressos na consolidação da escola primária portuguesa e brasileira, notadamente no que se refere às prescrições feitas nos manuais escolares que, em trânsito, configuram-se como palavras viajeiras.

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Aim: observe the knowledge of dental caries and periodontal disease of primary schoolteachers, according to type of institution (public and private) from Araraquara city. methodology: for that participants were 113 teachers from public schools and 57 from private schools. The instrument of analysis was based on a questionnaire with closed and open questions concerning the etiology, prevention and development of dental caries and periodontal disease. Results: 97,3% of public ́s schoolteachers and 91,2% of private ́s schoolteachers answered that they knows what is dental caries, but they didn ́t answer correctly about the caries etiology as being multifactorial and about methods of prevention. Both of schoolteachers (public and private) had more sucessful when answered about bacterial plaque than periodontal disease and yours manifestation. Conclusion: the dental knowledge of schoolteachers in public and private school was evaluated and limited educational programs should be directed to both public and private schoolteachers, in order to increase the level of dental knowledge of them, so that they can act as educational agents with the children.

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The Family Health Strategy is a primary care public policy that is becoming a decisive step towards the transformation of the Brazilian healthcare model. This study evaluated the dental knowledge among individuals who attended a Family-Health Unit (FHU) in the city of São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Methods: The evaluation was based on a questionnaire with 20 questions about oral health, prevention and development of dental caries and periodontal disease. The questionnaire was given to 168 individuals, over 18 years of age and both sexes, to fill out under the supervision of a trained dentist. After data collection, the answers contained in the original questionnaires were entered into a database built using the program Excel® (Microsoft Corporation, USA) and a descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: 66.67% of the subjects reported having received information about dental caries and periodontal disease before attending the FHU, and dentists were cited as the main source of such information (60.71%). With regard to dental caries, 70.24% of the individuals stated that they knew about the subject, but the majority of answers revealed incorrect explanation of it. The multifactorial etiology (bacteria/sugar/poor hygiene) was not mentioned. A low percentage of subjects (24.40%) claimed to know what periodontal disease is, and of these, the highest percentage of responses was related to gingivitis (26.83%) and gingival bleeding (12.20%). Out of all subjects, 80.36% affirmed that oral hygiene is important, and among them, the main reasons cited were the maintenance of oral health (29.63%), to avoid diseases (16.30%) and to preserve and prevent disease (14.81%). Conclusion: Responses from the questionnaires revealed deficient dental knowledge among the individuals. To improve the understanding about this issue, the information obtained through the questionnaire can be used to develop educational programs that will focus specifically on the major deficiencies found.

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Introduction: Despite tooth avulsion following trauma being relatively common in children, the available studies show that adults have limited knowledge about it. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess, by a questionnaire, the mothers’ general knowledge about the immediate management of tooth avulsion. Material and method: This descriptive study was carried out on a convenient sample of mothers (n= 65) who participated of the “Pastoral da Criança”, from Araraquara, SP, Brazil. The questionnaire comprised 15 questions about personal data and knowledge on tooth avulsion management. Results: Participants were, on average, 35 years old. A total of 30.8% of the mothers reported that their children suffered dental trauma. The majority had never received advice on this subject (76.9%); and did not know how teeth are kept in the dental arch (69.2%). Almost a half of the sample believed that an avulsed tooth can be replanted (49.2%). In relation to the management of tooth avulsion, 40% of them would clean the avulsed tooth with water, even if it was not dirty (38.5%). Most of them (69.2%) would take the tooth by hand for cleaning purposes, regardless the tooth region; and believed that brushing the tooth was important to take the dirty out (67.7%). Conclusion: The general knowledge of mothers about the immediate management of tooth avulsion was considered inadequate endangering the successful treatment of tooth avulsion.

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The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge level on oral health promotion for babies of all mothers (n=60), aged 18-42 years, assisted in the Preventive Dentistry Clinic of the Faculty of Araraquara, at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), during the period 2005-2008. Methods - An interview was performed using a questionnaire with 18 open and five closed questions about knowledge and practices related to caries prevention as well as demographic information. Methods - The majority believed that breast milk does not cause caries (73,3%), that caries is not a transmissible disease (51,6%) and that anatibiotics cause caries (63,3%). Almost all mothers (93,3%) responded that brushing teeth could prevent the disease, action that should be initiated since first tooth erupts (75%). For 73,3% of the respondents, the use of dental floss should be initiated onle after all deciduous teeth erupt. Results - The majority (83,3%) knew what was fluoride, but a third of them (33,3%) did not know the best time to start using it. The dentist counseling related to oral health of babies was considered imoprtant by 96,7% of mothers. Conslusion - The mothers presented good knowledge about baby's oral hygiene, however, they did not know about other important variables for oral health promotin of babies.

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Pós-graduação em Design - FAAC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)