Gravidade do olho seco em pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva: análise de conceito e construção de definições

Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease of the tear film, resulting from the instability of the lacrimal functional unit that produces volume change, up or tear distribution. In patients in intensive care the cause is enhanced due to various risk factors, such as mechanical ventilation, sedation, lagophthalmos, low temperatures, among others. The study's purpose is to build an assessment tool of Dry Eye Severity in patients in intensive care units based on the systematization of nursing care and their classification systems. The aim of this study is to build an assessment tool of Dry Eye Severity in hospitalized patients in Care Unit Intensiva.Trata is a methodological study conducted in three stages, namely: context analysis, concept analysis, construction of operational definitions and magnitudes of nursing outcome. For the first step we used the methodological framework for Hinds, Chaves and Cypress (1992). For the second step we used the model of Walker and Avant and an integrative review Whitemore seconds, Knalf (2005). This step enabled the identification of the concept of attributes, background and consequent ground and the construction of the settings for the result of nursing severity of dry eye. For the construction of settings and operational magnitudes, it was used Psicometria proposed by Pasquali (1999). As a result of context analysis, visualized from the reflection that the matter should be discussed and that nursing needs to pay attention to the problem of eye injury, so minimizing strategies are created this event with a high prevalence. With the integrative review were located from the crosses 19 853 titles, selected 215, and from the abstracts 96 articles were read in full. From reading 10 were excluded culminating in the sample of 86 articles that were used to analyze the concept and construction of settings. Selected articles were found in greater numbers in the Scopus database (55.82%), performed in the United States (39.53%), and published mainly in the last five years (48.82). Regarding the concept of analysis were identified as antecedents: age, lagophthalmos, environmental factors, medication use, systemic diseases, mechanical ventilation and ophthalmic surgery. As attributes: TBUT <10s, Schimer I test <5 mm in Schimer II test <10mm, reduced osmolarity. As consequential: the ocular surface damage, ocular discomfort, visual instability. The settings were built and added indicators such as: decreased blink mechanism and eyestrain.

O Ensino de ligações químicas por meio do conceito de energia: uma proposta didática para o ensino médio

This work presents discussions on the teaching of Chemical Bonds in high school and some implications of this approach in learning chemistry by students. In general, understanding how the chemicals combine to form substances and compounds, it is a key point for understanding the properties of substances and their structure. In this sense, the chemical bonds represent an extremely important issue, and their knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the changes occurring in our world. Despite these findings, it is observed that the way in which this concept is discussed in chemistry class has contributed, paradoxically, to the emergence of several alternative designs, making the understanding of the subject by students. It is believed that one of the explanations for these observations is the exclusive use of the "octet rule" as an explanatory model for the Chemical Bonds. The use of such a model over time eventually replace chemical principles that gave rise to it, transforming knowledge into a series of uninteresting rituals and even confusing for students. Based on these findings, it is deemed necessary a reformulation in the way to approach this content in the classroom, taking into account especially the fact that the explanations of the formation of substances should be based on the energy concept, which is fundamental to understanding how atoms combine. Thus, the main question of the survey and described here of the following question: Can the development of an explanatory model for the Chemical Bonds in high school based on the concept of energy and without the need to use the "octet rule"? Based on the concepts and methodologies of modeling activity, we sought the development of a teaching model was made through Teaching Units designed to give subsidies to high school teachers to address the chemical bonds through the concept of energy. Through this work it is intended to make the process of teaching and learning of Chemical Bonds content becomes more meaningful to students, developing models that contribute to the learning of this and hence other basic fundamentals of chemistry.

O conceito de motivação em dizeres de professores de língua inglesa

This work aimed at analyzing the speeches constructed about motivation by English teachers who teach at public state schools in the interior of Minas Gerais. We aimed at delineating the concept of subject underlying the subjects’ notion of motivation and identifying the role that the English teacher attributes to himself and to the student when he/she enunciates on motivational issues, problematizing the possible consequences of these issues for some English teachers while working in public schools. In order to do so, our investigation made use of theoretical assumptions from Applied Linguistics and Discourse Analysis. The theoretical fundamentation deriving from Bakhtin Circle as well as from Michel Pecheux’s theoretical basis were also very relevant for this research. The intersection of these studying fields entails a theoretical construction that considers the voices of those who live the social practice (MOITA LOPES, 2006), which allows one to see the subjects through their heterogeneity, fluidity and fragmentation. Moreover, it generates knowledge about language in its political, ideological, social and historical aspects. AREDA (SERRANI, 1998) was used as a theoretical and methodological framework for data collection. In our analysis, we considered the voices and the conditions of production that constitute 5 English teachers and, from some selected speeches extracted from their discursive production, some notions as intra and interdiscourse, discursive resonance, discursive memory, among others, can be seen interwoven. We hypothesize that the production of meaning deriving from these English teachers comes from a cleavage between the interdiscursivity about motivation and their position in relation to the English language. Some of these teachers’ discursive inscriptions were delineated as they follow: i) the silenced motivation, in which the teachers come up with several voices, repeating what that has already been said about motivation through silence by excess; also, through an inscription in a process of anomy, the English teachers silence motivation, as they come up with other sayings, in an anomic order, denying their identification with their mother tongue and culture because of a desire to learn the foreign language and culture; ii) the motivation in/from/ by others that resounds, in the way the teachers speak, a relation of alterity on what, in/from desire of other relations (colleagues, students, teaching materials, media, etc.), other forms and alternatives are established as a guarantee of students’ motivation; the teachers are also inscripted in in-service practice training as a space of educational development, because they imagine that the experience of the in-service practice alone, which excludes the educational instruction from the Languages course in which they graduated/were graduating at, taught them how to motivate the students; iii) the motivation as a will of power/knowledge, which means there seems to be teachers’ inscription in the relationship between power and knowledge (Foucault, 1996), disconsidering the conflicts that constitute the English classroom to say that there is a control of the English teaching and learning process and, as a result, they also sustain that they hold control over how to motivate; furthermore, the presence of a resonant voice, whose effect is given by an inscription on the (illusion of) completeness can be seen, because the English teachers believe that while motivating their students, this motivation will provide them with all the missing elements, which would mean that when they motivate students, they would be able to fulfill all the gaps in their learning process.

O Ensino de ligações químicas por meio do conceito de energia: uma proposta didática para o ensino médio

This work presents discussions on the teaching of Chemical Bonds in high school and some implications of this approach in learning chemistry by students. In general, understanding how the chemicals combine to form substances and compounds, it is a key point for understanding the properties of substances and their structure. In this sense, the chemical bonds represent an extremely important issue, and their knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the changes occurring in our world. Despite these findings, it is observed that the way in which this concept is discussed in chemistry class has contributed, paradoxically, to the emergence of several alternative designs, making the understanding of the subject by students. It is believed that one of the explanations for these observations is the exclusive use of the "octet rule" as an explanatory model for the Chemical Bonds. The use of such a model over time eventually replace chemical principles that gave rise to it, transforming knowledge into a series of uninteresting rituals and even confusing for students. Based on these findings, it is deemed necessary a reformulation in the way to approach this content in the classroom, taking into account especially the fact that the explanations of the formation of substances should be based on the energy concept, which is fundamental to understanding how atoms combine. Thus, the main question of the survey and described here of the following question: Can the development of an explanatory model for the Chemical Bonds in high school based on the concept of energy and without the need to use the "octet rule"? Based on the concepts and methodologies of modeling activity, we sought the development of a teaching model was made through Teaching Units designed to give subsidies to high school teachers to address the chemical bonds through the concept of energy. Through this work it is intended to make the process of teaching and learning of Chemical Bonds content becomes more meaningful to students, developing models that contribute to the learning of this and hence other basic fundamentals of chemistry.

Resgatando o Conceito de Marketing Social

O Marketing Social vem sendo utilizado pelas empresas para agregar valor à imagem de suas marcas, o que o afasta de seu foco e da sua verdadeira aplicação. Ou seja, caracterizando como estratégias que se aplicam às organizações privadas, inclusive, sendo equivocadamente rebatizado e associado a outros termos como, por exemplo: Marketing Societal, Propaganda Institucional, Responsabilidade Social, Cidadania Corporativa e Filantropia Estratégica. Tudo isso vem gerando distorções e vulgarizações acerca das práticas gerenciais, inserindo “modismos” que têm finalidade estratégica e lucrativa, muito distinta daquela que corresponde à sua original conceituação. Aqui é feita uma reflexão sobre essa confusão conceitual, visando contribuir para a restauração do uso original do conceito de Marketing Social. Este ensaio se propõe, também, a apresentar um instrumento de avaliação das atividades do Marketing Social, como forma de identificar se os princípios estão sendo aplicados nos programas e causas sociais anunciados e “pregados” pelo mercado.

Resgatando o conceito de marketing social

O Marketing Social vem sendo utilizado pelas empresas para agregar valor à imagem de suas marcas, o que o afasta de seu foco e da sua verdadeira aplicação. Ou seja, caracterizando como estratégias que se aplicam às organizações privadas, inclusive, sendo equivocadamente rebatizado e associado a outros termos como, por exemplo: Marketing Societal, Propaganda Institucional, Responsabilidade Social, Cidadania Corporativa e Filantropia Estratégica. Tudo isso vem gerando distorções e vulgarizações acerca das práticas gerenciais, inserindo “modismos” que têm finalidade estratégica e lucrativa, muito distinta daquela que corresponde à sua original conceituação. Aqui é feita uma reflexão sobre essa confusão conceitual, visando contribuir para a restauração do uso original do conceito de Marketing Social. Este ensaio se propõe, também, a apresentar um instrumento de avaliação das atividades do Marketing Social, como forma de identificar se os princípios estão sendo aplicados nos programas e causas sociais anunciados e “pregados” pelo mercado.

O Conceito de Velhice em Transformação

A velhice é um dos temas mais relevantes na transformação da sociedade de hoje. No entanto, o próprio conceito de velhice se transforma, conforme se transforma a sociedade. Em contraposição com as representações distópicas sobre a velhice como, simultaneamente, um declínio pessoal e um ‘problema social’, novas retóricas e novos eufemismos desenvolvem uma visão utópica, por assim dizer, da velhice, no quadro dos políticas de alargamento do tempo da vida produtiva, como resposta ao próprio envelhecimento demográfico.

A Solidão e o Auto-Conceito na Idade Adulta e Velhice

Neste estudo propomo-nos estudar as possíveis diferenças existentes entre a idade adulta e a velhice ao nível da solidão e do auto-conceito. Analisámos o papel de variáveis psicossociais específicas e de variáveis psicológicas, como a depressão, ansiedade, stresse e estilos de coping, sobre a solidão, bem como qual o conjunto de variáveis que melhor prediz a solidão. A solidão e o auto-conceito constituem constructos relevantes na vida do ser humano nas mais variadas formas, interagindo com um grande leque de domínios pessoais e desempenhando um papel importante na compreensão da psicopatologia. Nesta investigação participaram 222 sujeitos, com idades compreendidas entre 35 e 90 anos de idade. Para avaliar as variáveis psicológicas pretendidas foi utilizada a Escala de Solidão da UCLA, o Inventário Clínico de Auto-conceito, a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Stresse (DASS-21) e o Questionário de Estratégias de Coping (CSQ). Os resultados indicaram que os indivíduos em idade adulta e na velhice não diferem na experiência de solidão, embora apresentem diferenças significativas ao nível de autoconceito, com os idosos a revelarem um pior auto-conceito. São os indivíduos com um trabalho doméstico, com menor escolaridade, com uma relação conjugal pouca satisfatória, com um nível sócio-económico baixo, com uma saúde pobre e sem suporte social que apresentam valores mais elevados de solidão. Na análise da acção conjunta das variáveis, o auto-conceito e os estilos de coping revelaram-se os melhores preditores da solidão. Não obstante as limitações reconhecidas, o presente estudo contribuiu para um melhor conhecimento desta realidade na população portuguesa adulta e idosa.

Procedimiento de obtención de abono líquido orgánico rico en sustancias húmicas a partir de compost de origen vegetal

Obtención de un producto líquido rico en sustancias húmicas mediante un procedimiento sencillo, rápido y extrapolable a nivel industrial y cuya aplicación a nivel agrícola sea satisfactoria. La obtención de dicho abono se ha llevado a cabo gracias a la optimización del proceso de extracción de las sustancias húmicas presentes en muestras de compost de origen vegetal. Las condiciones óptimas en las que se llevó a cabo dicho proceso implicaron altos valores de pH (> 10) y temperaturas superiores a 100°C. La aplicación del producto obtenido bajo tales condiciones, a nivel agrícola, ha mostrado aspectos de enorme interés tanto desde el punto de vista del desarrollo vegetal como en relación a las características del suelo o de la microbiota asociada a dicho sustrato.

Objeto e ambiente virtual de aprendizagem: análise de conceito na perspectiva evolucionária de Rodgers

Introdução: No contexto dos avanços tecnológicos incorporados ao ensino, os objetos e os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem constituem ferramentas de apoio ao ensino colaborativo e interativo cada vez mais desenvolvidas (Aguiar, 2011; Alencar, 2012). A fim de nortear o desenvolvimento e validação destes relevantes instrumentos educacionais, verifica-se a necessidade de conhecer os conceitos que nortearam o seu desenvolvimento e identificar suas origens e aplicações, o que pode favorecer a uniformização do uso e significado pelos pesquisadores nas diversas áreas do conhecimento. Objetivos: Analisar o conceito de objeto e de ambiente virtual de aprendizagem na perspetiva evolucionária de Rodgers. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem mista, realizado a partir das etapas propostas por Rodgers (2000) em seu modelo de análise conceitual. A coleta de dados ocorreu em agosto de 2015 com a busca de dissertações e teses no Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados a partir de estatística descritiva simples e os conceitos através de análise lexicográfica com suporte do software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionneires (IRAMUTEQ). Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 161 estudos, onde predominaram os decorrentes de mestrado acadêmico (67,1%). O conceito "ambiente virtual de aprendizagem" (AVA) foi apresentado em 99 (61,5%) estudos, enquanto "objeto virtual de aprendizagem" (OVA) em apenas 15 (9,3%). Em relação aos atributos dos conceitos, destacaram-se o incentivo à participação, colaboração e interação de discentes (77; 47,8%) e a integração de diversas mídias nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem (74; 46,0%). Quanto aos antecedentes, o mais citado foi a popularização da internet (52; 32,3%). Como consequentes, destacam-se a exigência de uma aprendizagem colaborativa (30; 18,6%) e a necessidade de incorporação de tecnologias à luz de abordagens pedagógicas (28; 17,4%). O conceito AVA teve 12 termos substitutos, com destaque para ambiente virtual de ensino e aprendizagem (12; 7,5%). Já o termo OVA apresentou 5 substitutos, com predomínio de Objeto de Aprendizagem (11; 6,8%). Enquanto conceito relacionado, destacou-se Educação à Distância, discutido em todos os trabalhos analisados. Conclusões: Ambiente virtual de aprendizagem foi compreendido enquanto um sistema computacional que integra funcionalidades e ferramentas que possibilitam a construção de um processo de ensino aprendizagem interativo, online, acessado por navegadores na internet ou em redes locais. Em contrapartida, objeto virtual de aprendizagem foi conceituado enquanto um recurso digital de tamanho limitado que pode ser reutilizado dentro de várias atividades e estratégias pedagógicas. Em síntese, pode-se afirmar que um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem reúne vários e diferentes tipos de objetos virtuais de aprendizagem em um contexto pedagógico comum.

A história da ciência como subsídio para a construção do conhecimento do conceito da dupla hélice

Acompanha: Dupla-hélice: a construção de um conhecimento

Metodologia de ensino do conceito de função exponencial à luz da teoria das situações didáticas

This essay presents a proposal on methodology over the mathematical object Exponential Function which enables the development of interpretative and creative skills with potential meaning to the students starting from a didactic sequence structured on the light of The Theory of Didactic Situations from Guy Brousseau and, from the Records of Semiotic Representation of Duval, providing interactions among the students, the teacher and the environment of cooperative learning where the students feel free to express their own ideas as well as to suggest their own approaches. The methodology presented has been developed according to the students first knowledge, valuing their different ways of registering, which have such an important role during the teaching and learning processes. The proposal has been applied to the students from the first year of high school of Colégio Estadual José de Anchieta Ensino Fundamental e Médio, located in a town called Dois Vizinhos –Paraná. In order to the development of the research the methodological tool Didactic Engineering Artigue which consists in a methodology developed only to the research with didactic situations. The main goal has been reached at first, which was to work on the conceptual part of the Exponential Function, the relation of dependence and its main characteristic so that the variable part is in the exponent. Moreover with no imposition but starting from suitable didactic situations, the students were able to realize that they could solve the problems which involve the exponential function and furthermore create new problems (according to their universe) modeled by this kind of function. Its believed that the methodology based on the theory of didactic situations, analysis of students registers, observation on mistakes and obstacles as well as reflections over the aspects of the didactic contract are of fundamental importance to the teaching practice and determinant during the teaching-learning process.

Estudo experimental do escoamento bifásico líquido gás em golfadas com leve mudança de direção

Gas-liquid two-phase flow is very common in industrial applications, especially in the oil and gas, chemical, and nuclear industries. As operating conditions change such as the flow rates of the phases, the pipe diameter and physical properties of the fluids, different configurations called flow patterns take place. In the case of oil production, the most frequent pattern found is slug flow, in which continuous liquid plugs (liquid slugs) and gas-dominated regions (elongated bubbles) alternate. Offshore scenarios where the pipe lies onto the seabed with slight changes of direction are extremely common. With those scenarios and issues in mind, this work presents an experimental study of two-phase gas-liquid slug flows in a duct with a slight change of direction, represented by a horizontal section followed by a downward sloping pipe stretch. The experiments were carried out at NUEM (Núcleo de Escoamentos Multifásicos UTFPR). The flow initiated and developed under controlled conditions and their characteristic parameters were measured with resistive sensors installed at four pipe sections. Two high-speed cameras were also used. With the measured results, it was evaluated the influence of a slight direction change on the slug flow structures and on the transition between slug flow and stratified flow in the downward section.