Étude du comportement des fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) en compression-cisaillement simultanée

Les fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) sont des fluides intelligents dont la viscosité apparente peut être modifiée rapidement (<1ms) par l'application d'un champ magnétique externe. À l'aide de cette caractéristique unique, les embrayages MR permettent de moduler rapidement un couple entre deux surfaces sans contact mécanique direct. De construction simple et robuste, les embrayages MR offrent ainsi un potentiel remarquable d'innovation pour diverses applications robotiques nécessitant un contrôle rapide et une haute fiabilité, comme dans les domaines de l'automobile [10], de l'aéronautique [16] ou de l'interaction humaine [77]. À ce jour, les embrayages MR exploitent le fluide MR strictement en cisaillement pur. Dans de telles conditions, la densité de couple des embrayages est limitée par l'optimisation de la mécanique des embrayages (ex. : poids) [63] et les propriétés fondamentales des fluides MR (ex. : contrainte) [11]. Alors qu'en cisaillement pur, la contrainte des fluides MR est limitée à ∼100 kPa, des études récentes démontrent qu'elle peut être augmentée d'un ordre de grandeur (>1000 kPa) lorsque le fluide MR est soumis à une compression, avant d'être cisaillé [89]. La combinaison de la compression et du cisaillement du fluide MR pourrait ainsi décupler la densité de couple des embrayages MR, mais ce phénomène d'agrégation assistée par compression, aussi appelé squeeze-strengthening ou super-strong} (SS), est toujours très mal compris. Beaucoup d'incertitude persiste quant à l'origine exacte du phénomène [45], des conditions qui le favorisent [55] [75] et des effets qu'il engendre [31]. Dans le but ultime d'augmenter la densité de couple des embrayages MR à l'aide du phénomène SS, le présent projet de recherche vise à étudier le comportement rhéologique des fluides MR dans des conditions de compression et de cisaillement simultané afin d'en comprendre les conditions qui favorisent le phénomène d'augmentation des contraintes. Pour ce faire, un banc d'essai permettant la compression pure, le cisaillement pur et la compression-cisaillement simultanée des fluides MR est conçu et utilisé pour étudier le fluide MR lorsque soumis à des conditions de chargement typique des embrayages MR. Les résultats expérimentaux issus de cette vaste étude expérimentale permettront d'établir un lien direct entre ce phénomène et le celui de filtration, duquel un modèle prédictif sera proposé. À l'aide du modèle théorique, le phénomène SS sera étudié à l'aide de diverses compositions de fluide MR (ex. : concentration, taille des particules, viscosité) et différentes géométries de compression, ce qui permettra de valoriser le modèle pour la conception préliminaire d'embrayages MR qui exploitent le phénomène SS.

BATTERY POWERED PORTABLE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE SYSTEM WITH PCM CONDENSER

A battery powered air-conditioning device was developed to provide an improved thermal comfort level for individuals in inadequately cooled environments. This device is a battery powered air-conditioning system with the phase change material (PCM) for heat storage. The condenser heat is stored in the PCM during the cooling operation and is discharged while the battery is charged by using the vapor compression cycle as a thermosiphon loop. The main focus of the current research was on the development of the cooling system. The cooling capacity of the vapor compression cycle measured was 165.6 W with system COP at 2.85. It was able to provide 2 hours cooling without discharging heat to the ambient. The PCM was recharged in nearly 8 hours under thermosiphon mode.

Compression stockings and the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well recognised and preventable complication of acute stroke. While graduated compression stockings reduce the risk of VTE in surgical patients their benefit in acute stroke remains uncertain. Methods: The relationship between symptomatic VTE and use of stockings using observational data from the ‘Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial’, which compared 10 days of treatment with tinzaparin (175 IU.kg-1 or 100 IU.kg-1) with, aspirin (300 mg od), was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for known VTE risk factors and treatment. Results: Symptomatic VTE occurred in 28 patients (1.9%, DVT 18, PE 13) within 15 days of enrolment in 1,479 patients. Patients wearing one or two stockings for any period of time during the first 10 days (n=803) had a non-significant increase (odds ratio, OR 2.45, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.95 - 6.32) in the risk of symptomatic VTE. In contrast, those wearing bilateral stockings for 10 days (n=374) had a non-significant reduction in the odds of symptomatic VTE as compared to those who wore no stockings or wore them for less than 10 days (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.26-1.65). Mild stroke and treatment with tinzaparin were associated with a reduced risk of VTE. Conclusions: Bilateral graduated compression stockings may reduce the incidence of VTE by one-third in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. However, the uncertainty in this finding, low frequency of symptomatic VTE, potential for stockings to cause harm, and cost of stockings highlight the need for a large randomised-controlled trial to examine the safety and efficacy of stockings in acute stroke.

3D Porous Architecture of Stacks of β-TCP Granules Compared with That of Trabecular Bone: A microCT, Vector Analysis, and Compression Study

International audience

The impact of mechanical compression on cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis: a quantitative pipeline

Exogenous mechanical perturbations on living tissues are commonly used to investigate whether cell effectors can respond to mechanical cues. However, in most of these experiments, the applied mechanical stress and/or the biological response are described only qualitatively. We developed a quantitative pipeline based on microindentation and image analysis to investigate the impact of a controlled and prolonged compression on microtubule behaviour in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, using microtubule fluorescent marker lines. We found that a compressive stress, in the order of magnitude of turgor pressure, induced apparent microtubule bundling. Importantly, that response could be reversed several hours after the release of compression. Next, we tested the contribution of microtubule severing to compression-induced bundling: microtubule bundling seemed less pronounced in the katanin mutant, in which microtubule severing is dramatically reduced. Conversely, some microtubule bundles could still be observed 16 hours after the release of compression in the spiral2 mutant, in which severing rate is instead increased. To quantify the impact of mechanical stress on anisotropy and orientation of microtubule arrays, we used the nematic tensor based FibrilTool ImageJ/Fiji plugin. To assess the degree of apparent bundling of the network, we developed several methods, some of which were borrowed from geostatistics. The final microtubule bundling response could notably be related to tissue growth velocity that was recorded by the indenter during compression. Because both input and output are quantified, this pipeline is an initial step towards correlating more precisely the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in living tissues.

Nonlinear combining and compression in multicore fibers

We demonstrate numerically light-pulse combining and pulse compression using wave-collapse (self-focusing) energy-localization dynamics in a continuous-discrete nonlinear system, as implemented in a multicore fiber (MCF) using one-dimensional (1D) and 2D core distribution designs. Large-scale numerical simulations were performed to determine the conditions of the most efficient coherent combining and compression of pulses injected into the considered MCFs. We demonstrate the possibility of combining in a single core 90% of the total energy of pulses initially injected into all cores of a 7-core MCF with a hexagonal lattice. A pulse compression factor of about 720 can be obtained with a 19-core ring MCF.

A eficácia terapêutica da fisioterapia no linfedema pós cirurgia de cancro da mama

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia

Optimisation thermodynamique d’un procédé solaire utilisant un système de réfrigération à éjecto-compression pour la production du froid

L’objectif essentiel de cette thèse est de développer un système industriel de réfrigération ou de climatisation qui permet la conversion du potentiel de l’énergie solaire en production du froid. Ce système de réfrigération est basé sur la technologie de l’éjecto-compression qui propose la compression thermique comme alternative économique à la compression mécanique coûteuse. Le sous-système de réfrigération utilise un appareil statique fiable appelé éjecteur actionné seulement par la chaleur utile qui provient de l’énergie solaire. Il est combiné à une boucle solaire composée entre autres de capteurs solaires cylindro-paraboliques à concentration. Cette combinaison a pour objectif d’atteindre des efficacités énergétiques et exergétiques globales importantes. Le stockage thermique n’est pas considéré dans ce travail de thèse mais sera intégré au système dans des perspectives futures. En première étape, un nouveau modèle numérique et thermodynamique d’un éjecteur monophasique a été développé. Ce modèle de design applique les conditions d’entrée des fluides (pression, température et vitesse) et leur débit. Il suppose que le mélange se fait à pression constante et que l’écoulement est subsonique à l’entrée du diffuseur. Il utilise un fluide réel (R141b) et la pression de sortie est imposée. D’autre part, il intègre deux innovations importantes : il utilise l'efficacité polytropique constante (plutôt que des efficacités isentropiques constantes utilisées souvent dans la littérature) et n’impose pas une valeur fixe de l'efficacité du mélange, mais la détermine à partir des conditions d'écoulement calculées. L’efficacité polytropique constante est utilisée afin de quantifier les irréversibilités au cours des procédés d’accélérations et de décélération comme dans les turbomachines. La validation du modèle numérique de design a été effectuée à l’aide d’une étude expérimentale présente dans la littérature. La seconde étape a pour but de proposer un modèle numérique basé sur des données expérimentales de la littérature et compatible à TRNSYS et un autre modèle numérique EES destinés respectivement au capteur solaire cylindro-parabolique et au sous-système de réfrigération à éjecteur. En définitive et après avoir développé les modèles numériques et thermodynamiques, une autre étude a proposé un modèle pour le système de réfrigération solaire à éjecteur intégrant ceux de ses composantes. Plusieurs études paramétriques ont été entreprises afin d’évaluer les effets de certains paramètres (surchauffe du réfrigérant, débit calorifique du caloporteur et rayonnement solaire) sur sa performance. La méthodologie proposée est basée sur les lois de la thermodynamique classique et sur les relations de la thermodynamique aux dimensions finies. De nouvelles analyses exergétiques basées sur le concept de l’exergie de transit ont permis l'évaluation de deux indicateurs thermodynamiquement importants : l’exergie produite et l’exergie consommée dont le rapport exprime l’efficacité exergétique intrinsèque. Les résultats obtenus à partir des études appliquées à l’éjecteur et au système global montrent que le calcul traditionnel de l’efficacité exergétique selon Grassmann n’est désormais pas un critère pertinent pour l'évaluation de la performance thermodynamique des éjecteurs pour les systèmes de réfrigération.

Improving the Flexibility of Active Grids through Web Services

Active Grids are a form of grid infrastructure where the grid network is active and programmable. These grids directly support applications with value added services such as data migration, compression, adaptation and monitoring. Services such as these are particularly important for eResearch applications which by their very nature are performance critical and data intensive. We propose an architecture for improving the flexibility of Active Grids through web services. These enable Active Grid services to be easily and flexibly configured, monitored and deployed from practically any platform or application. The architecture is called WeSPNI ('Web Services based on Programmable Networks Infrastructure'). We present the architecture together with some early experimental results on using web services to monitor data movement in an active grid.

In step

In Step was a wearable artwork consisting of a pair of embroidered foot bandages and an actuator ‘cushion’ embedded with 15 electromechanical actuator pistons. The bandage was embedded with woven, soft and flexible fabric sensors - interconnected with metallic connecting threads, fasteners and a wireless interface (in a final form). When wrapped around a foot and lower leg the sensors sat on the ball of the toes and heel. This ‘wearable interface’ was then connected wirelessly to a soft sculptural form, which employed actuators to tap gently in response to the qualities of the walk detected by the soft sensors. In this way the ‘tread qualities’ of the walker could then be felt by someone else holding this device against their stomach – thereby allowing pairs of participants to ‘feel’ the tactile qualities of the other's walk. The work was presented both as a working object and via a short videorecorded performance.----- In Step generated innovative new approaches to interface and sensor embedded clothing/footware whilst also creating an evocative vehicle to comment upon contemporary Post Colonial theories of weight and groundedness – particularly the psycho-geographical ‘separation’ from the landscape that inspired Paul Carter’s “environmentally grounded poetics”. The work’s final form also suggested critical new directions for responsive clothing and footwear for the emerging genre of smart textiles.

Radiographic outcomes over time after endoscopic anterior scoliosis correction

A prospective, consecutive series of 106 patients receiving endoscopic anterior scoliosis correction. The aim was to analyse changes in radiographic parameters and rib hump in the two years following surgery. Endoscopic anterior scoliosis correction is a level sparing approach, therefore it is important to assess the amount of decompensation which occurs after surgery. All patients received a single anterior rod and vertebral body screws using a standard compression technique. Cleared disc spaces were packed with either mulched femoral head allograft or rib head/iliac crest autograft. Radiographic parameters (major, instrumented, minor Cobb, T5-T12 kyphosis) and rib hump were measured at 2,6,12 and 24 months after surgery. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used to assess the statistical significant of changes between adjacent time intervals.----- Results: Mean loss of major curve correction from 2 to 24 months after surgery was 4 degrees. Mean loss of rib hump correction was 1.4 degrees. Mean sagittal kyphosis increased from 27 degrees at 2 months to 30.6 degrees at 24 months. Rod fractures and screw-related complications resulted in several degrees less correction than patients without complications, but overall there was no clinically significant decompensation following complications. The study concluded that there are small changes in deformity measures after endoscopic anterior scoliosis surgery, which are statistically significant but not clinically significant.

The anatomical and biomechanical consequences of anterior vertebral stapling for the fusionless correction of scoliosis

Fusionless scoliosis surgery is an emerging treatment for idiopathic scoliosis as it offers theoretical advantages over current forms of treatment. Anterior vertebral stapling using a nitinol staple is one such treatment. Despite increasing interest in this technique, little is known about the effects on the spine following insertion, or the mechanism of action of the staple. The aims of this study were threefold; (1) to measure changes in the bending stiffness of a single motion segment following staple insertion, (2) to describe the forces that occur within the staple during spinal movement, and (3) to describe the anatomical changes that occur following staple insertion. Results suggest that staple insertion consistently decreased stiffness in all directions of motion. An explanation for the finding may be found in the outcomes of the strain gauge testing and micro-CT scan. The strain gauge testing showed that once inserted, the staple tips applied a baseline compressive force to the surrounding trabecular bone and vertebral end-plate. This finding would be consistent with the current belief that the clinical effect of the staples is via unilateral compression of the physis. Interestingly however, as each specimen progressed through the five cycles of each test, the baseline load on the staple tips gradually decreased, implying that the force at the staple tip-bone interface was decreasing. We believe that this was likely occurring as a result of structural damage to the trabecular bone and vertebral end-plate by the staple effectively causing ‘loosening’ of the staple. This hypothesis is further supported by the findings of the micro-CT scan. The pictures depict significant trabecular bone and physeal injury around the staple blades. These results suggest that the current hypothesis that stapling modulates growth through physeal compression may be incorrect, but rather the effect occurs through mechanical disruption of the vertebral growth plate.