The functions of Japanese Sound Symbolic Words in Different Types of Texts and Their Translation

Though sound symbolic words (onomatopoeia and mimetic words, or giongo and gitaigo in Japanese) exist in other languages, it would not be so easy to compare them to those in Japanese. This is because unlike in Japanese, in many other languages (here we see English and Spanish) sound symbolic words do not have distinctive forms that separate them immediately from the rest of categories of words. In Japanese, a sound symbolic word has a radical (that is based on the elaborated Japanese sound symbolic system), and often a suffix that shows subtle nuance. Together they give the word a distinctive form that differentiates it from other categories of words, though its grammatical functions could vary, especially in the case of mimetic words (gitaigo). Without such an obvious feature, in other languages, it would not be always easy to separate sound symbolic words from the rest. These expressions are extremely common and used in almost all types of text in Japanese, but their elaborated sound symbolic system and possibly their various grammatical functions are making giongo and gitaigo one of the most difficult challenges for the foreign students and translators. Studying the translation of these expressions into other languages might give some indication related to the comparison of Japanese sound symbolic words and those in other languages. Though sound symbolic words are present in many types of texts in Japanese, their functions in traditional forms of text (letters only) and manga (Japanese comics)are different and they should be treated separately. For example, in traditional types of text such as novels, the vast majority of the sound symbolic words used are mimetic words (gitaigo) and most of them are used as adverbs, whereas in manga, the majority of the sound symbolic words used (excluding those appear within the speech bubbles) are onomatopoeias (giongo) and often used on their own (i.e. not as a part of a sentence). Naturally, the techniques used to translate these expressions in the above two types of documents differ greatly. The presentation will focus on i) grammatical functions of Japanese sound symbolic words in traditional types of texts (novels/poems) and in manga works, and ii) whether their features and functions are maintained (i.e. whether they are translated as sound symbolic words) when translated into other languages (English and Spanish). The latter point should be related to a comparison of sound symbolic words in Japanese and other languages, which will be also discussed.

Dialectal Speech in Literature and Translation : Bachelor Degree Thesis in English Linguistics

This essay studies how dialectal speech is reflected in written literature and how this phenomenon functions in translation. With this purpose in mind, Styron's Sophie's Choice and Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are analysed using samples of non-standard orthography which have been applied in order to reflect the dialect, or accent, of certain characters. In the same way, Lundgren's Swedish translation of Sophie's Choice and Ferres and Rolfe's Spanish version of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are analysed. The method consists of linguistically analysing a few text samples from each novel, establishing how dialect is represented through non-standard orthography, and thereafter, comparing the same samples with their translation into another language in order to establish whether dialectal features are visible also in the translated novels. It is concluded that non-standard orthography is applied in the novels in order to represent each possible linguistic level, including pronunciation, morphosyntax, and vocabulary. Furthermore, it is concluded that while Lundgren's translation intends to orthographically represent dialectal speech on most occasions where the original does so, Ferres and Rolfe's translation pays no attention to dialectology. The discussion following the data analysis establishes some possible reasons for the exclusion of dialectal features in the Spanish translation considered here. Finally, the reason for which this study contributes to the study of dialectology is declared.

Machine Translation and the Disruption of Foreign Language Learning Activities

This study examines the question of how language teachers in a highly technologyfriendly university environment view machine translation and the implications that this has for the personal learning environments of students. It brings an activity-theory perspective to the question, examining the ways that the introduction of new tools can disrupt the relationship between different elements in an activity system. This perspective opens up for an investigation of the ways that new tools have the potential to fundamentally alter traditional learning activities. In questionnaires and group discussions, respondents showed general agreement that although use of machine translation by students could be considered cheating, students are bound to use it anyway, and suggested that teachers focus on the kinds of skills students would need when using machine translation and design assignments and exams to practice and assess these skills. The results of the empirical study are used to reflect upon questions of what the roles of teachers and students are in a context where many of the skills that a person needs to be able to interact in a foreign language increasingly can be outsourced to laptops and smartphones.

Machine translation and the disruption of foreign language learning activities

This study examines the question of how language teachers in a highly technology-friendly university environment view machine translation and the implications that this has for the personal learning environments of students. It brings an activity-theory perspective to the question, examining the ways that the introduction of new tools can disrupt the relationship between different elements in an activity system. This perspective opens up for an investigation of the ways that new tools have the potential to fundamentally alter traditional learning activities. In questionnaires and group discussions, respondents showed general agreement that although use of machine translation by students could be considered cheating, students are bound to use it anyway, and suggested that teachers focus on the kinds of skills students would need when using machine translation and design assignments and exams to practice and assess these skills. The results of the empirical study are used to reflect upon questions of what the roles of teachers and students are in a context where many of the skills that a person needs to be able to interact in a foreign language increasingly can be outsourced to laptops and smartphones.

Knowledge translation in Uganda : a qualitative study of Ugandan midwives' and managers' perceived relevance of the sub-elements of the context cornerstone in the PARIHS framework

BACKGROUND: A large proportion of the annual 3.3 million neonatal deaths could be averted if there was a high uptake of basic evidence-based practices. In order to overcome this 'know-do' gap, there is an urgent need for in-depth understanding of knowledge translation (KT). A major factor to consider in the successful translation of knowledge into practice is the influence of organizational context. A theoretical framework highlighting this process is Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS). However, research linked to this framework has almost exclusively been conducted in high-income countries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the perceived relevance of the subelements of the organizational context cornerstone of the PARIHS framework, and also whether other factors in the organizational context were perceived to influence KT in a specific low-income setting. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in a district of Uganda, where focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with midwives (n = 18) and managers (n = 5) within the catchment area of the general hospital. The interview guide was developed based on the context sub-elements in the PARIHS framework (receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation). Interviews were transcribed verbatim, followed by directed content analysis of the data. RESULTS: The sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework--i.e., receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation--also appear to be relevant in a low-income setting like Uganda, but there are additional factors to consider. Access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement were all perceived to play important roles for successful KT. CONCLUSIONS: In further development of the context assessment tool, assessing factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings--resources, community involvement, and commitment and informal payment--should be considered for inclusion. For low-income settings, resources are of significant importance, and might be considered as a separate subelement of the PARIHS framework as a whole.

Swedish translation and psychometric testing of the safety attitudes questionnaire (operating room version)

Background: Tens of millions of patients worldwide suffer from avoidable disabling injuries and death every year. Measuring the safety climate in health care is an important step in improving patient safety. The most commonly used instrument to measure safety climate is the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ). The aim of the present study was to establish the validity and reliability of the translated version of the SAQ. Methods: The SAQ was translated and adapted to the Swedish context. The survey was then carried out with 374 respondents in the operating room (OR) setting. Data was received from three hospitals, a total of 237 responses. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument. Results: The Cronbach's alpha values for each of the factors of the SAQ ranged between 0.59 and 0.83. The CFA and its goodness-of-fit indices (SRMR 0.055, RMSEA 0.043, CFI 0.98) showed good model fit. Intercorrelations between the factors safety climate, teamwork climate, job satisfaction, perceptions of management, and working conditions showed moderate to high correlation with each other. The factor stress recognition had no significant correlation with teamwork climate, perception of management, or job satisfaction. Conclusions: Therefore, the Swedish translation and psychometric testing of the SAQ (OR version) has good construct validity. However, the reliability analysis suggested that some of the items need further refinement to establish sound internal consistency. As suggested by previous research, the SAQ is potentially a useful tool for evaluating safety climate. However, further psychometric testing is required with larger samples to establish the psychometric properties of the instrument for use in Sweden.

Process evaluation of a knowledge translation intervention using facilitation of local stakeholder groups to improve neonatal survival in the Quang Ninh province, Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Annually, 2.8 million neonatal deaths occur worldwide, despite the fact that three-quarters of them could be prevented if available evidence-based interventions were used. Facilitation of community groups has been recognized as a promising method to translate knowledge into practice. In northern Vietnam, the Neonatal Health - Knowledge Into Practice trial evaluated facilitation of community groups (2008-2011) and succeeded in reducing the neonatal mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95 % confidence interval 0.30-0.89). The aim of this paper is to report on the process (implementation and mechanism of impact) of this intervention. METHODS: Process data were excerpted from diary information from meetings with facilitators and intervention groups, and from supervisor records of monthly meetings with facilitators. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. An evaluation including attributes and skills of facilitators (e.g., group management, communication, and commitment) was performed at the end of the intervention using a six-item instrument. Odds ratios were analyzed, adjusted for cluster randomization using general linear mixed models. RESULTS: To ensure eight active facilitators over 3 years, 11 Women's Union representatives were recruited and trained. Of the 44 intervention groups, composed of health staff and commune stakeholders, 43 completed their activities until the end of the study. In total, 95 % (n = 1508) of the intended monthly meetings with an intervention group and a facilitator were conducted. The overall attendance of intervention group members was 86 %. The groups identified 32 unique problems and implemented 39 unique actions. The identified problems targeted health issues concerning both women and neonates. Actions implemented were mainly communication activities. Communes supported by a group with a facilitator who was rated high on attributes and skills (n = 27) had lower odds of neonatal mortality (odds ratio, 0.37; 95 % confidence interval, 0.19-0.73) than control communes (n = 46). CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation identified several factors that might have influenced the outcomes of the trial: continuity of intervention groups' work, adequate attributes and skills of facilitators, and targeting problems along a continuum of care. Such factors are important to consider in scaling-up efforts.

Eidos em movimento: da recepção à criação do audiovisual

A partir da célebre imagem bergsoniana do mecanismo cinematográfico da inteligência e da percepção, adentra-se ao mundo das idéias de Platão em busca da distinção entre o contínuo movimento do real e o eidos como representação estável da instabilidade das coisas. Os conceitos de eidos e movimento serão, então, empregados para analisar a concepção, a produção e a recepção de um produto audiovisual. a necessidade de estabilização do movimento real das coisas e dos acontecimentos é presente em vários momentos do processo audiovisual: no roteiro, que usa palavras de uma linguagem que solidifica a fluidez advinda da criação; no storyboard, que representa gráfica e estaticamente as ações mais importantes; no enquadramento das imagens, que separa do fluxo contínuo da realidade, os momentos privilegiados; no fotograma ou nos quadros videográficos, que são imagens imóveis do movimento real; na percepção do espectador, que capta os instantes da realidade para depois alinhá-los; na memória, que seleciona e separa os momentos mais marcantes do que foi percebido; e, finalmente, nos comentários do espectador, que fragmenta e narra as imagens mentais retidas.

O lugar da imagem: ANCINE, ANCINAV e o desafio da regulação do audiovisual no Brasil

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como políticas públicas de regulação, fiscalização e incentivo à indústria audiovisual no Brasil, a partir da criação da ANCINE ¿ Agência Nacional do Cinema estão inseridas na perspectiva das transformações recentes do aparato institucional do Estado brasileiro e qual o seu sentido para o entendimento das agências reguladoras independentes no país. Além disso, avaliamos o debate sobre a mudança no perfil e escopo da agência, para uma perspectiva mais estritamente regulatória,com a proposta de sua substituição pela ANCINAV ¿ Agência Nacional do Cinema e do Audiovisual e a forma polêmica pela qual esta proposta foi discutida, tanto no campo setorial como no âmbito político mais amplo. Interpretamos essa experiência brasileira como a difusão de um aparato institucional articulador de política pública setorial, concretização, ainda que potencial, dos anseios por legitimidade, credibilidade e estabilidade institucional no setor, ao mesmo tempo que limitada em seu escopo regulatório pela dificuldade em ampliar sua atividade em direção aos meios de comunicação de massa.

A recepção da mensagem audiovisual pela criança: busca de um olhar antropológico diante do espectador cinematográfico infantil

Os estudos e pesquisas realizados sobre a recepção da mensagem audiovisual pela criança têm se preocupado muito mais com os efeitos dos meios de comunicação nos receptores do que com a capacidade de decodificacão e leitura das mensagens por parte dos receptores. A meta deste trabalho é lançar um olhar antropológico diante do espectador infantil, procurando focalizá-lo nas suas várias diferenças segundo o meio, a região e o grupo social a que pertence, pois cada individuo é um caso particular. Tanto o texto filmico quanto o texto escrito oferecem possibilidades de participação ativa do espectador/ leitor que se projeta nas mensagens provocadas pelos espaços vazios e intersticios deixados no texto pelo autor. Por outro lado verifica-se que a competência icônica é tão desejavel quanto a competência lingüistica pois os educadores mais preocupados com a preparaçao na linguagem verbal não conseguem ver o gue se passa com a criança na comunicação visual. Quanto às consequências pedagógicas é preciso salientar que a influência do filme é grande se o que ele veicula se desenvolve na mesma linha da educação cotidiana da criança e ela é pequena quando é oposta à esta educacão. A pesquisa do trabalho fez perceber que nao e preciso ter tanto medo da influência e do poder da imagem. O cinema nao coloca nada alheio na criança, e sim dá lugar e a possibilidade de ação ao que já existe nela. Cabe observar ainda que não se deve ter apenas um olhar científico e dogmático na busca de parâmetros para a pesquisa da recepçao cinematoaráfica infantil. Outros elementos como a emoção e o sonho podem ser introduzidos para estimular a razao.

Características jurídicas do mercado brasileiro de audiovisual: a construção da Lei 12.485 de 2011 e seus desdobramentos

A Lei 12.485 de 2011 surgiu com a finalidade de reformar o aparato regulatório nacional sobre o mercado de televisão por assinatura. Dentre as justificativas oficiais para sua criação são elencadas como as mais importantes a ampliação da concorrência no setor, a necessidade de promover a diversidade das fontes de informação, o combate à formação de concentrações econômicas no setor e a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Com vistas a atingir tais objetivos, a Lei cria uma série de provisões destinadas a estabelecer mecanismos coordenação da atuação dos agentes, de controle da estrutura e da imposição de obrigações relacionadas à veiculação de conteúdos nacionais independentes. Por outro lado, somente estas justificativas não são suficientes para que se possa compreender quais são as principais alterações trazidas pela nova legislação e o que representam para o mercado. Isso porque as discussões sobre a introdução desta reforma no mercado tiveram como pano de fundo uma disputa intensa entre grupos que na maioria das vezes tinham interesses conflitantes e estavam inseridos em um cenário econômico e político bastante particular. Dessa forma, a análise da reforma da regulação sobre a comunicação audiovisual deve ultrapassar a mera comparação entre a redação de diferentes textos legais e investigar de modo aprofundado uma série de elementos que influenciaram a construção do novo aparato regulatório do setor, assim como os reais motivos para que se empreendesse essa reformulação das regras jurídicas. Com isso em vista, o presente trabalho se propõe a reconstruir este processo, analisando o histórico da regulação, de que maneira o mercado nacional se consolidou, quais seus principais agentes, o contexto econômico posto à época das reformas, de que maneira transcorreu o processo legislativo até a aprovação do texto final, para, somente então, apontar quais as principais características da nova legislação e em que influencia o setor. Ao final, também busca identificar quais são os eventuais problemas e desafios que podem surgir desse processo, tanto para o desenvolvimento do mercado quanto para o funcionamento da regulação, sopesando os riscos inerentes à adoção de diferentes estratégias regulatórias tomando como base os diversos aspectos apresentados.

Política cultural audiovisual sob o prisma do mecanismo de investimento reembolsável da RioFilme

O presente trabalho busca analisar o resultado da restituição das receitas investidas nos projetos audiovisuais pela empresa RioFilme, no período de 2009 a 2013, por meio do mecanismo de investimento reembolsável, visando identificar a possibilidade de retroalimentação para novos investimentos. A RioFilme, que é uma empresa pública de investimentos em audiovisual da Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro, realiza investimentos reembolsáveis, nos quais adquire participação nas receitas dos projetos; e não reembolsáveis, em que não há possibilidade restituição financeira para a empresa. Para a operacionalização da pesquisa foi realizada a análise documental de 79 processos administrativos e extraídos dados dos investimentos financeiros realizados RioFilme no setor audiovisual carioca no período de 2009 a 2013. O setor audiovisual brasileiro possui grande intervenção governamental, seja ela de forma direta, como também indireta, através das leis de incentivo à cultura, que utilizam a renúncia fiscal. Este modelo não traz restituição direta para o ente estatal, e consequentemente não possibilita a retroalimentação financeira do Estado para novos investimentos. Desta forma, a análise dos modelos alternativos de financiamento do setor audiovisual, como o mecanismo reembolsável utilizado pela RioFilme é de suma importância para a política cultural audiovisual brasileira, tendo em vista que neste modelo de investimento utilizado pela mesma há possibilidade de restituição financeira direta, possibilitando sua retroalimentação para investimentos em novas obras audiovisuais.