Extent and mechanism of phase separation during the extrusion of calcium phosphate pastes

The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the mechanism and dominant drivers influencing phase separation during ram extrusion of calcium phosphate (CaP) paste for orthopaedic applications. The liquid content of extrudate was determined, and the flow of liquid and powder phases within the syringe barrel during extrusion were observed, subject to various extrusion parameters. Increasing the initial liquid-to-powder mass ratio, LPR, (0.4-0.45), plunger rate (5-20 mm/min), and tapering the barrel exit (45°-90°) significantly reduced the extent of phase separation. Phase separation values ranged from (6.22 ± 0.69 to 18.94 ± 0.69 %). However altering needle geometry had no significant effect on phase separation. From powder tracing and liquid content determination, static zones of powder and a non-uniform liquid distribution was observed within the barrel. Measurements of extrudate and paste LPR within the barrel indicated that extrudate LPR remained constant during extrusion, while LPR of paste within the barrel decreased steadily. These observations indicate the mechanism of phase separation was located within the syringe barrel. Therefore phase separation can be attributed to either; (1) the liquid being forced downstream by an increase in pore pressure as a result of powder consolidation due to the pressure exerted by the plunger or (2) the liquid being drawn from paste within the barrel, due to suction, driven by dilation of the solids matrix at the barrel exit. Differentiating between these two mechanisms is difficult; however results obtained suggest that suction is the dominant phase separation mechanism occurring during extrusion of CaP paste.

Novel DGT method with tri-metal oxide adsorbent for in situ spatiotemporal flux measurement of fluoride in waters and sediments

Natural mineral-water interface reactions drive ecosystem/global fluoride (F−) cycling. These small-scale processes prove challenging to monitoring due to mobilization being highly localized and variable; influenced by changing climate, hydrology, dissolution chemistries and pedogenosis. These release events could be captured in situ by the passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT), providing a cost-effective and time-integrated measurement of F− mobilization. However, attempts to develop the method for F− have been unsuccessful due to the very restrictive operational ranges that most F−-absorbents function within. A new hybrid-DGT technique for F− quantification containing a three-phase fine particle composite (Fesingle bondAlsingle bondCe, FAC) adsorbent was developed and evaluated. Sampler response was validated in laboratory and field deployments, passing solution chemistry QC within ionic strength and pH ranges of 0–200 mmol L−1 and 4.3–9.1, respectively, and exhibiting high sorption capacities (98 ± 8 μg cm−2). FAC-DGT measurements adequately predicted up to weeklong averaged in situ F− fluvial fluxes in a freshwater river and F− concentrations in a wastewater treatment flume determined by high frequency active sampling. While, millimetre-scale diffusive fluxes across the sediment-water interface were modeled for three contrasting lake bed sediments from a F−-enriched lake using the new FAC-DGT platform.

Corroles : synthesis, functionalization and application as chemosensors

O trabalho de investigação apresentado nesta dissertação foi desenvolvido tendo como objectivo a síntese e funcionalização de meso-triarilcorróis para utilização como quimiossensores. Este trabalho encontra-se apresentado ao longo de cinco capítulos. No primeiro capítulo são apresentadas as características gerais, as metodologias de síntese e de funcionalização de macrociclos de tipo corrólico, e descrevemse algumas aplicações em que têm sido utilizados. São ainda abordadas algumas das propriedades e características dos quimiossensores e os mecanismos de deteção de diversos analítos. No segundo capítulo, após uma pequena introdução às reações de Wittig e de Diels-Alder, escolhidas para a funcionalização do macrociclo corrólico, descreve-se o estudo efectuado para a obtenção do complexo de gálio(III) do 3- vinil-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)corrol e o seu comportamento como dieno, em reações de Diels-Alder na presença dos dienófilos 1,4-benzoquinona e 1,4- naftoquinona. Desses estudos resultaram dois aductos cuja habilidade sensorial, bem como a dos seus precursores, foi estudada, em solução, na presença de aniões esféricos (F-, Br-, Cl-), lineares (CN-) e volumosos (CH3COO-, H2PO4 -). Dos macrociclos estudados verificou-se que o corrol base-livre 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)corrol apresenta uma elevada sensibilidade para o anião fluoreto (F-), e que a coordenação do núcleo corrólico com gálio(III) diminui a afinidade para este anião. Em geral, todos os compostos mostraram afinidade para o anião cianeto (CN-) mesmo quando em suportes poliméricos. O gel de poliacrilamida revelou-se muito promissor na determinação de CN- em amostras de água. No terceiro capítulo é avaliada a reatividade do complexo de gálio(III) do 3- vinil-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)corrol ainda como dieno mas agora na presença de um dienófilo linear, o acetilenodicarboxilato de dimetilo. Desse estudo resultaram dois novos derivados corrólicos. A habilidade sensorial dos mesmos perante os aniões fluoreto, cianeto, acetato, e fosfato foi avaliada por espectroscopia de absorção e emissão tendo um dos aductos mostrado ser colorimétrico para o anião cianeto. No quarto capítulo descreve-se a síntese e caracterização de dois conjugados do tipo corrol-cumarina, resultantes de reações de Hetero-Diels-Alder entre o 3-vinil-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)corrolatogálio(III)(piridina) e orto-quinonasmetídeos gerados in situ a partir de reacções de Knoevenagel entre cumarinas e paraformaldeído. Realizaram-se estudos de afinidade sensorial para aniões e catiões com estes macrociclos, bem como com conjugados porfirinacumarina análogos. A inserção de uma unidade cumarina conferiu uma excepcional solubilidade tendo os novos derivados apresentado solubilidade em etanol. No quinto e último capítulo desta dissertação é avaliada a capacidade sensorial do 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)corrol e da sua espécie monoaniónica, para os catiões metálicos Na+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Ga3+, Fe3+ em tolueno e acetonitrilo. Os macrociclos corrólicos mostraram ser selectivos e colorimétricos para o catião Hg2+. Neste trabalho descreve-se ainda a síntese do derivado -iminocorrol, que após funcionalização com o 3-isocianatopropiltrimetoxisilano originou um derivado do tipo alcoxisilano, que foi, posteriormente, ancorado a nanopartículas comerciais de sílica. As novas nanopartículas ancoradas com o alcoxisilano corrol foram estudadas na presença de Cu2+, Hg2+ e Ag+. Na presença do catião Ag+ assistiu-se a uma mudança de cor, de verde para amarelo.

Lanthanide oxide and phosphate nanoparticles for thermometry and bimodal imaging

Nesta tese relatam-se estudos de fotoluminescência de nanopartículas de óxidos e fosfatos dopados com iões trivalentes de lantanídeos, respectivamente, nanobastonetes de (Gd,Eu)2O3 e (Gd,Yb,Er)2O3 e nanocristais de (Gd,Yb,Tb)PO4, demonstrando-se também aplicações destes materiais em revestimentos inteligentes, sensores de temperatura e bioimagem. Estuda-se a transferência de energia entre os sítios de Eu3+ C2 e S6 dos nanobastonetes Gd2O3. A contribuição dos mecanismos de transferência de energia entre sítios para o tempo de subida 5D0(C2) é descartada a favor da relaxação directa 5D1(C2) 5D0(C2) (i.e., transferência de energia entre níveis). O maior tempo de decaimento do nível 5D0(C2) nos nanobastonetes, relativamente ao valor medido para o mesmo material na forma de microcristais, é atribuído, quer à existência de espaços livres entre nanobastonetes próximos (factor de enchimento ou fracção volúmica), quer à variação do índice de refracção efectivo do meio em torno dos iões Eu3+. A dispersão de nanobastonetes de (Gd,Eu)2O3 em três resinas epoxi comerciais através da cura por UV permite obter nanocompósitos epoxi- (Gd,Eu)2O3. Relatam-se estudos cinéticos e das propriedades térmicas e de fotoluminescência destes nanocompósitos. Estes, preservam as típicas propriedades de emissão do Eu3+, mostrando o potencial do método de cura por UV para obter revistimentos inteligentes e fotoactivos. Considera-se um avanço significativo a realização de uma nanoplataforma óptica, incorporando aquecedor e termómetro e capaz de medir uma ampla gama de temperaturas (300-2000 K) à escala nano, baseada em nanobastonetes de (Gd,Yb,Er)2O3 (termómetros) cuja superfície se encontra revestida com nanopartículas de ouro. A temperature local é calculada usando, quer a distribuição de Boltzmann (300-1050 K) do rácio de intensidades da conversão ascendente 2H11=2!4I15=2/4S3=2!4I15=2, quer a lei de Planck (1200-2000 K) para uma emissão de luz branca atribuída à radiação do corpo negro. Finalmente, estudam-se as propriedades de fotoluminescência correspondentes às conversões ascendente e descendente de energia em nanocristais de (Gd,Yb,Tb)PO4 sintetizados por via hidrotérmica. A relaxividade (ressonância magnética) do 1H destes materiais são investigadas, tendo em vista possíveis aplicações em imagem bimodal (luminescência e ressonância magnética nuclear).

Sulphonamide-imprinted sol–gel materials as ionophores in potentiometric transduction

This work proposes different kind of solid-contact graphite-based electrodes for the selective determination of sulphonamides (SPHs) in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids and aquaculture waters. Sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were selected for this purpose for being the most representative compounds of this group. The template molecules were imprinted in sol–gel (ISG) and the resulting material was used as detecting element. This was made by employing it as either a sensing layer or an ionophore of PVC-based membranes and subsequent potentiometric transduction, a strategy never reported before. The corresponding non-imprinted sol–gel (NISG) membranes were used as blank. The effect of plasticizer and kind/charge of ionic lipophilic additive was also studied. The best performance in terms of slope, linearity ranges and signal reproducibility and repeatability was achieved by PVC membranes including a high dielectric constant plasticizer and 15 mg of ISG particles. The corresponding average slope was −51.4 and −52.4 mV/decade, linear responses were 9.0 × 10−6 and 1.7 × 10−5 M, and limits of detection were 0.74 and 1.3 μg/mL for SDZ and for SMX, respectively. Good selectivity with log Kpot < −0.3 was observed for carbonate, chloride, fluoride, hydrogenocarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, cyanide, sulfate, borate, persulphate, citrate, tartrate, salicylate, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulphamerazine, sulphatiazole, dopamine, glucose, galactose, cysteine and creatinine. The best sensors were successfully applied to the analysis of real samples with relative errors ranging from −6.8 to + 3.7%.

Uncoupling phosphate deficiency from its major effects on growth and transcriptome via PHO1 expression in Arabidopsis.

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the most limiting nutrients for plant growth in both natural and agricultural contexts. Pi-deficiency leads to a strong decrease in shoot growth, and triggers extensive changes at the developmental, biochemical and gene expression levels that are presumably aimed at improving the acquisition of this nutrient and sustaining growth. The Arabidopsis thaliana PHO1 gene has previously been shown to participate in the transport of Pi from roots to shoots, and the null pho1 mutant has all the hallmarks associated with shoot Pi deficiency. We show here that A. thaliana plants with a reduced expression of PHO1 in roots have shoot growth similar to Pi-sufficient plants, despite leaves being strongly Pi deficient. Furthermore, the gene expression profile normally triggered by Pi deficiency is suppressed in plants with low PHO1 expression. At comparable levels of shoot Pi supply, the wild type reduces shoot growth but maintains adequate shoot vacuolar Pi content, whereas the PHO1 underexpressor maintains maximal growth with strongly depleted Pi reserves. Expression of the Oryza sativa (rice) PHO1 ortholog in the pho1 null mutant also leads to plants that maintain normal growth and suppression of the Pi-deficiency response, despite the low shoot Pi. These data show that it is possible to unlink low shoot Pi content with the responses normally associated with Pi deficiency through the modulation of PHO1 expression or activity. These data also show that reduced shoot growth is not a direct consequence of Pi deficiency, but is more likely to be a result of extensive gene expression reprogramming triggered by Pi deficiency.

Timing of di-ammonium phosphate addition to fermenting chardonnay must : effect on nitrogen utilization, ethyl-carbamate formation, and CAR1 expression by yeast /

The maximum amount of ethyl carbamate (EC), a known animal carcinogen produced by the reaction of urea and ethanol, allowed in alcoholic beverages is regulated by legislation in many countries. Wine yeast produce urea by the metabolism of arginine, the predominant assimilable amino acid in must. This action is due to arginase (encoded by CARl). Regulation of CARl, and other genes in this pathway, is often attributed to a well-documented phenomenon known as nitrogen catabolite repression. The effect of the timing of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) additions on the nitrogen utilization, regulation of CARl, and EC production was investigated. A correlation was found between the timing of DAP addition and the utilization of nitrogen. When DAP was added earlier in the fermentations, less amino nitrogen and more ammonia nitrogen was sequestered from the media by the cells. It was also seen that early DAP addition led to more total nitrogen being used, with a maximal difference of ~25% between fermentations where no DAP was added versus addition at the start of the fermentation. The effect of the timing ofDAP addition on the expression of CARJ during fermentation was analyzed via northern transfer and the relative levels of CARl expression were determined. The trends in expression can be correlated to the nitrogen data and be used to partially explain differences in EC formation between the treatments. EC was quantified at the end of fermentation by GC/MS. In Montrachet yeast, a significant positive correlation was found between the timing of DAP addition, from early to late, and the final EC concentration m the wine (r = 0.9226). In one of the fermentations, EC levels of 30.5 ppb was foimd when DAP was added at the onset of fermentation. A twofold increase (69.5 ppb) was observed when DAP was added after 75% of the sugars were metabolized. When no DAP was added, the ethyl carbamate levels are comparable at a value of 38 ppb. In contrast, the timing of DAP additions do not affect the level EC produced by the yeast ECU 18 in this manner. The study of additional yeast strains shows that the effect of DAP addition to fermentations is strain dependent. Our results reveal the potential importance of the timing of DAP addition to grape must with respect to EC production, and the regulatory effect of DAP additions on the expression of genes in the pathway for arginine metabolism in certain wine yeast strains.

NMR studies of strong hydrogen bond to fluoride ion

Systems such as MF/diol (M = alkali metal) and }1F/carboxylic acid were subjected to IH, I9F and 13C nmr study to investigate the nature of the very strong H-bonding of fluoride ions with these systems. Evidence indicates a strong H-bond in diol-fluoride systems (~H ~ -(56) kJ mol-I) which is stronger than most 'typical' H-bonds (~H = -(12-40) kJ mol-I), but weaker than that reported for carboxylic acid-fluoride systems (~H ~ -(120) kJ mol-I). Approximate fluoride H-bonded shifts (o(OH)OHF) were evaluated for MF/diol systems from IH chemical shift measurements. No direct correlation was observed between I9F chemical shift and H-bond strength. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from temperature dependent IH and 19F shifts. Preliminary studies of BUn 4NF-acetylacetone by I9F nmr were conducted at low temperatures and a possible Jmax (ca. 400 Hz) is reported for the fluoride ion H-bonded to acetylacetone. Highfield shift for non-protonated carbons and downfield shift for protonated carbons were observed in carboxylic acid/KF systems. Significant decreas$in I3C TI due to strong H-bonding to fluoride ions were also detected in both diol and carboxylic acid systems. Anomalous results were obtained, such as increasing NOE with increasing temperature in neat 1,2-ethanediol (values above the theoretical maximum of 1.988) and in 1,2-ethanediol/KF. The large 13C NOE's for carboxy carbons in neat carboxylic acids which are. further enhanced by the addition of KF are also unusual.

Impacts de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la biodiversité microbienne de sols agricoles

La fertilisation phosphatée est très répandue dans les pratiques agricoles Nord-Américaines. Bien que généralement très efficace pour augmenter la production végétale, son utilisation peut engendrer certaines contaminations environnementales. Afin de diminuer ce problème, plusieurs pratiques de gestion sont envisagées. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve l’intéressante possibilité de manipuler la flore microbienne car cette dernière est reconnue pour son implication dans bons nombres de processus fondamentaux liés à la fertilité du sol. Cette étude a démontré que lors d’essais en champs, la forme de fertilisant ajouté au sol ainsi que la dose de phosphore (P) appliquée avaient un impact sur la distribution des microorganismes dans les différentes parcelles. Une première expérience menée sur une culture de luzerne en prairie semi-aride a montré que les échantillons provenant de parcelles ayant reçu différentes doses de P présentaient des différences significatives dans leurs communautés bactériennes et fongiques. La communauté de CMA est restée similaire entre les différents traitements. Une deuxième expérience fut menée pendant trois saisons consécutives afin de déterminer l’effet de différentes formes de fertilisation organiques et minérale ajustées selon une dose unique de P sur les populations bactériennes et fongiques d’une culture intensive de maïs en rotation avec du soja. Les résultats des analyses ont montrés que les populations varient selon le type de fertilisation reçu et que les changements sont indépendants du type de végétaux cultivé. Par contre, les populations microbiennes subissent une variation plus marquée au cours de la saison de culture. La technique de DGGE a permis d’observer les changements frappant la diversité microbienne du sol mais n’a permis d’identifier qu’une faible proportion des organismes en cause. Parallèlement à cette deuxième étude, une seconde expérience au même site fut menée sur la communauté de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) puisqu’il s’agit d’organismes vivant en symbiose mutualiste avec la majorité des plantes et favorisant la nutrition de même que l’augmentation de la résistance aux stress de l’hôte. Ceci permit d’identifier et de comparer les différents CMA présents dans des échantillons de sol et de racines de maïs et soja. Contrairement aux bactéries et aux champignons en général, les CMA présentaient une diversité très stable lors des différents traitements. Par contre, au cours des trois années expérimentales, il a été noté que certains ribotypes étaient significativement plus liés au sol ou aux racines. Finalement, l’ensemble de l’étude a démontré que la fertilisation phosphatée affecte la structure des communautés microbiennes du sol dans les systèmes évalués. Cependant, lors de chaque expérience, la date d’échantillonnage jouait également un rôle prépondérant sur la distribution des organismes. Plusieurs paramètres du sol furent aussi mesurés et ils présentaient aussi une variation au cours de la saison. L’ensemble des interactions possibles entre ces différents paramètres qui, dans certains cas, variaient selon le traitement appliqué, aurait alors probablement plus d’impact sur la biodiversité microbienne que la seule fertilisation.

Étude du rôle spécifique du système à deux composantes PhoBR et du système Pst (phosphate specific transport) dans la virulence d’une souche pathogène aviaire de Escherichia coli (APEC)

Les souches d’Escherichia coli pathogènes aviaires (APEC) sont responsables d’infections respiratoires et de septicémies chez la volaille. Le régulon Pho est contrôlé conjointement par le système à deux composantes PhoBR et par le système de transport spécifique du phosphate (Pst). Afin de déterminer l’implication de PhoBR et du système Pst dans la pathogenèse de la souche APEC O78 χ7122, différentes souche mutantes phoBR et pst ont été testées pour divers traits de virulence in vivo et in vitro. Les mutations menant à l’activation constitutive du régulon Pho rendaient les souches plus sensibles au peroxyde d’hydrogène et au sérum de lapin comparativement à la souche sauvage. De plus, l’expression des fimbriae de type 1 était affectée chez ces souches. L’ensemble des mutants Pho-constitutifs étaient aussi significativement moins virulents que la souche sauvage dans un modèle de coinfection de poulet, incluant les souches avec un système Pst fonctionnel. De plus, l’inactivation du régulateur PhoB chez un mutant Pst restaure la virulence. Par ailleurs, l’inactivation de PhoB n’affecte pas la virulence de la souche χ7122 dans notre modèle. De manière intéressante, le degré d’atténuation des souches mutantes corrèle directement avec le niveau d’activation du régulon Pho. Globalement, les résultats indiquent que l’activation du régulon Pho plutôt que le transport du phosphate via le système Pst joue un rôle majeur dans l’atténuation des APEC.

A detailed study of the lithiation of iron phosphate as well as the development of a novel synthesis of lithium iron silicate as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Dans cette thèse nous démontrons le travail fait sur deux matériaux de cathodes pour les piles lithium-ion. Dans la première partie, nous avons préparé du phosphate de fer lithié (LiFePO4) par deux méthodes de lithiation présentées dans la littérature qui utilisent du phosphate de fer (FePO4) amorphe comme précurseur. Pour les deux méthodes, le produit obtenu à chaque étape de la synthèse a été analysé par la spectroscopie Mössbauer ainsi que par diffraction des rayons X (DRX) pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme de la réaction. Les résultats de ces analyses ont été publiés dans Journal of Power Sources. Le deuxième matériau de cathode qui a été étudié est le silicate de fer lithié (Li2FeSiO4). Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse a été développée pour obtenir le silicate de fer lithié en utilisant des produits chimiques peu couteux ainsi que de l’équipement de laboratoire de base. Le matériau a été obtenu par une synthèse à l’état solide. Les performances électrochimiques ont été obtenues après une étape de broyage et un dépôt d’une couche de carbone. Un essai a été fait pour synthétiser une version substituée du silicate de fer lithié dans le but d’augmenter les performances électrochimiques de ce matériau.

Étude transcriptionnelle d'une souche pathogène aviaire de Escherichia coli (APEC) et son mutant Pst (phosphate specific transport)

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal