762 resultados para aba autism


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类胡萝卜素在生物体内具有重要的生理功能,其中虾青素是一类高附加值值的类胡萝卜素。本文通过比较基因组学和实验手段,探索了类胡萝卜素相关基因的转录调控,为类胡萝卜素的代谢工程奠定的了基础。 1、对已测序的18种蓝藻的类胡萝卜素合成基因进行了比较基因组学研究,发现除了Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421的类胡萝卜素合成途径是细菌型外,其余的蓝藻类胡萝卜合成途径均属于植物型。序列比对发现蓝藻中参与合成途径上游的酶基因在进化中保守性较高。研究还发现,一些类胡萝卜素合成酶在结构和功能上存在趋同或趋异进化,揭示它们进化上的多样性。 2、 通过比较基因组学分析,发现在集胞藻Synechocystis sp.PCC6803等几种蓝藻中,没有典型的番茄红素环化酶基因的同源基因,而存在着与绿硫细菌中的γ-carotene环化酶基因相似的基因,例如集胞藻中的sll0147和sll0659。但是研究结果显示sll0147和sll0659的突变对番茄红素环化过程影响不明显,提示在这些蓝藻中可能有其他基因参与环化过程,而sll0659基因可能参与了细胞的分裂过程。 3、 从经济绿藻雨生红球藻中克隆了参与类胡萝卜素合成途径的八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(psy)和八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(pds)的cDNA和基因组序列。通过基因组步移的方法克隆了这两个基因的5’侧翼序列,以本实验室建立的lacZ为报告基因的瞬间表达体系研究了这两个基因上游区域的启动子活性。 4、 通过ABA、 N饥饿和高光诱导雨生红球藻积累虾青素,利用半定量RT-PCR方法分析了在相同环境因子诱导下雨生红球藻中类胡萝卜素合成基因的表达调控模式,结果显示在虾青素积累过程中,除了番茄红素环化酶基因变化不明显,其他一些基因均存在明显的转录上调。 本研究首次利用比较基因组学的方法分析了类胡萝卜素基因的进化,发现大部分蓝藻的类胡萝卜合成途径属于植物型,一些类胡萝卜合成酶存在结构和功能的多样性。同时分离了雨生红球藻中类胡萝卜素相关基因八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(psy)和八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(pds)的5’上游侧翼序列,验证了它们的启动子功能,研究了雨生红球藻虾青素合成酶基因在相同环境因子诱导下的表达调控模式。本文将基础研究与实验验证相结合,为下一步研究类胡萝卜素合成的代谢工程提供了线索。

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In the world-wide zoogeographic division, there has been no consentaneous understanding about the delimitation between palaearctic and oriental realms in western China. In this study, we will discuss the division based on amphibian distribution in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet according to species coefficient similarity between each zoogeographic province. The results show that the northern border lies from Qinling Mountains-Feng Xian (Shaanxi)-Debu (Gansu)-Aba (Sichuan)-Batang-Bomi (Tibet), to Linzhi districts, and the southern border is from Taibai-Feng Xian in Shaanxi-Wen Xian (Gansu)-Songpan-Kangding-Daocheng (Sichuan), to Zhongdian-Gongshan in Yunnan, and westward to Motuo and Bomi district in Tibet. (c) 2008 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

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Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych: Zakład Pedagogiki Specjalnej

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Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Psychologii

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What brain mechanisms underlie autism and how do they give rise to autistic behavioral symptoms? This article describes a neural model, called the iSTART model, which proposes how cognitive, emotional, timing, and motor processes may interact together to create and perpetuate autistic symptoms. These model processes were originally developed to explain data concerning how the brain controls normal behaviors. The iSTART model shows how autistic behavioral symptoms may arise from prescribed breakdowns in these brain processes.

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Practice Links is a free e-publication for practitioners working in Irish social services, voluntary and nongovernmental sectors. Practice Links was created to enable practitioners to keep up-to-date with new publications, electronic resources and conference opportunities. issue 47 includes research into the follow-up treatment of women in the aftermath of miscarriage and effects upon employment outcomes for those suffering Autism Spectrum Disorders.

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Sprouty proteins are key regulators of cell growth and branching morphogenesis during development. Human SPRY3 which maps to the pseudoautosomal region 2, undergoes random X-inactivation in females and preferential Y-inactivation in males, behaving as though genetically X-linked. Spry3 is widely expressed in neuronal tissues, being found at high levels in the cerebellum and particularly in the Purkinje cells which, notably, are deficient in the autistic brain. Spry3 is also highly expressed in other ganglia in adults including retinal ganglion cells, dorsal root ganglion and superior cervical ganglion. SPRY3 enhancer can drive SPRY3 expression in the lung airway, which is consistent with a role in branching morphogenesis and the function of the original Drosophila Spry gene, which is critical for lung morphogenesis, providing a possible explanation for an observed anatomic abnormality in the autistic lung airway. In the human and mouse, the SPRY3 core promoter contains an AG-rich repeat and we found evidence of coexpression, promoter binding and regulation of SPRY3 expression by transcription factors EGR1, ZNF263 and PAX6. Spry3 over-expression in mouse superior cervical ganglion cells inhibits axon branching and Spry3 knockdown in those cells increases axon branching, consistent with known functions of other Sprouty proteins. Novel SPRY3 upstream transcripts that I characterised originate from three start sites in the X-linked F8A3 – TMLHE gene region, which is recently implicated in autism causation. Arising from these findings, I propose that the lung airway abnormality and low levels of blood carnitine found in autism suggest that deregulation of SPRY3 may underpin a subset of autism cases.

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The amygdala is a limbic structure that is involved in many of our emotions and processing of these emotions such as fear, anger and pleasure. Conditions such as anxiety, autism, and also epilepsy, have been linked to abnormal functioning of the amygdala, owing to improper neurodevelopment or damage. This thesis investigated the cellular and molecular changes in the amygdala in models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and maternal immune activation (MIA). The kainic acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was used to induce Ammon’s-horn sclerosis (AHS) and to investigate behavioural and cytoarchitectural changes that occur in the amygdala related to Neuropeptide Y1 receptor expression. Results showed that KA-injected animals showed increased anxiety-like behaviours and displayed histopathological hallmarks of AHS including CA1 ablation, granule cell dispersion, volume reduction and astrogliosis. Amygdalar volume and neuronal loss was observed in the ipsilateral nuclei which was accompanied by astrogliosis. In addition, a decrease in Y1 receptor expressing cells in the ipsilateral CA1 and CA3 sectors of the hippocampus, ipsi- and contralateral granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus and ipsilateral central nucleus of the amygdala was found, consistent with a reduction in Y1 receptor protein levels. The results suggest that plastic changes in hippocampal and/or amygdalar Y1 receptor expression may negatively impact anxiety levels. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and tight regulation and appropriate control of GABA is vital for neurochemical homeostasis. GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) is abundantly expressed by neurones and astrocytes and plays a key role in GABA reuptake and regulation. Imbalance in GABA homeostasis has been implicated in epilepsy with GAT-1 being an attractive pharmacological target. Electron microscopy was used to examine the distribution, expression and morphology of GAT-1 expressing structures in the amygdala of the TLE model. Results suggest that GAT-1 was preferentially expressed on putative axon terminals over astrocytic processes in this TLE model. Myelin integrity was examined and results suggested that in the TLE model myelinated fibres were damaged in comparison to controls. Synaptic morphology was studied and results suggested that asymmetric (excitatory) synapses occurred more frequently than symmetric (inhibitory) synapses in the TLE model in comparison to controls. This study illustrated that the amygdala undergoes ultrastructural alterations in this TLE model. Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and also epilepsy. MIA was induced at a critical window of amygdalar development at E12 using bacterial mimetic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results showed that MIA activates cytokine, toll-like receptor and chemokine expression in the fetal brain that is prolonged in the postnatal amygdala. Inflammation elicited by MIA may prime the fetal brain for alterations seen in the glial environment and this in turn have deleterious effects on neuronal populations as seen in the amygdala at P14. These findings may suggest that MIA induced during amygdalar development may predispose offspring to amygdalar related disorders such as heightened anxiety, fear impairment and also neurodevelopmental disorders.

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The purpose of this study is to illustrate the development of piano variations as a genre during the Romantic era. In order to facilitate this examination of piano variations techniques, a brief look at the types of variation procedures used by composers of previous eras will assist in understanding developments that later occurred in the Romantic period. Throughout the Baroque era, composers preferred the fured-bass, fixed-melody, and harmonic forms of variation. The crowning achievement of Baroque keyboard music, Bach's Goldberg Variations (1725), contains examples of the "constantharmonic" method in its collection of 30 variations, each of which maintains both the bass and harmonic structure of the themes. While most composers of the classical period favored the "melodic-outline" form of variation, Haydn developed hybrid variation procedure that exhibits recurrence of material rather than repetition, alternating variation (ABABA), rondo variation (ABACA), and ternary variation (ABA). Haydn, Mozart and early Beethoven variations also exhibit simpler textures than do their Baroque predecessors. The nineteenth century produced numerous compositions that display variation techniques, some based on such older, classical models as melodic-outline variation and hybrid variation, others in the style of the character variation or fiee variation. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Beethoven and Schubert used such classical variation techmques as melodic-outline variations and hybrid variations. Beethoven's late sonatas displayed such new means of expression as variation, fugue, and dramatic recitatives. The third movement of the Sonata in E major, Op. 109 (1820) has a theme and six variations of the melodic-outline type. Johannes Brahms was particularly fond of composing variations for piano. Among the best known examples of formal-outline variations are those found in the Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Handel, Op. 24 (1861). Character variations, in which styles are characterized by the retention and variability of particular elements, also flourished during the Romantic period. Cesar Franck's Variations Symphoniques (1885) are, perhaps, among the most important examples of free variations. This composition is a one-movement work consisting of three sections, Introduction, Variations, and Finale (all movements played "attaca"). This work combines two independent classical formal structures, the concerto and the variation.

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© 2015 Young, Smith, Coutlee and Huettel.Individuals with autistic spectrum disorders exhibit distinct personality traits linked to attentional, social, and affective functions, and those traits are expressed with varying levels of severity in the neurotypical and subclinical population. Variation in autistic traits has been linked to reduced functional and structural connectivity (i.e., underconnectivity, or reduced synchrony) with neural networks modulated by attentional, social, and affective functions. Yet, it remains unclear whether reduced synchrony between these neural networks contributes to autistic traits. To investigate this issue, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to record brain activation while neurotypical participants who varied in their subclinical scores on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) viewed alternating blocks of social and nonsocial stimuli (i.e., images of faces and of landscape scenes). We used independent component analysis (ICA) combined with a spatiotemporal regression to quantify synchrony between neural networks. Our results indicated that decreased synchrony between the executive control network (ECN) and a face-scene network (FSN) predicted higher scores on the AQ. This relationship was not explained by individual differences in head motion, preferences for faces, or personality variables related to social cognition. Our findings build on clinical reports by demonstrating that reduced synchrony between distinct neural networks contributes to a range of subclinical autistic traits.

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During the 19th century, Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849), Franz Liszt (1811- 1886), and Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) were among the most recognized composers of character pieces. Their compositions have been considered a significant milestone in piano literature. Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) did not give descriptive titles to his character pieces. He grouped them into several genres such as Mazurkas, Polonaises. His Mazurkas and Polonaises are influenced by Polish dance music and inspired by the polish national idiom. Franz Liszt (1811-1886) was influenced in many ways by Chopin, and adopted Chopin’s lyricism, melodic style, and tempo rubato. However, Liszt frequently drew on non-musical subjects (e.g., art, literature) for inspiration. “Harmonies poétiques et religieuses” and “Années de pèlerinage” are especially representative of character pieces in which poetic and pictorial imagination are reflected. Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) was a conservative traditionalist, synthesizing Romantic expression and Classical tradition remarkably well. Like Chopin, Brahms avoided using programmatic titles for his works. The titles of Brahms’ short character pieces are often taken from traditional lyrical or dramatic genres such as ballade, rhapsody and scherzo. Because of his conservatism, Brahms was considered the main rival of Liszt in the Romantic Period. Brahms character pieces in his third period (e.g., Scherzo Op.4, Ballades of Op.10, and Rhapsodies of Op.79) are concise and focused. The form of Brahms’ character pieces is mostly simple ternary (ABA), and his style is introspective and lyrical. Through this recording project, I was able to get a better understanding of the styles of Chopin, Brahms and Liszt through their character pieces. This recording dissertation consists of two CDs recorded in the Dekelboum Concert Hall at the University of Maryland, College Park. These recordings are documented on compact disc recordings that are housed within the University of Maryland Library System.

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El brotado pre-cosecha es uno de los problemas que limitan la expansión del cultivo de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) hacia regiones húmedas. Esta tesis evalúa el comportamiento germinativo de dos accesiones con dormición, 2-Want y Chadmo, en la región de la Pampa Húmeda Argentina, combinando ambientes de cultivo (fechas de siembra), almacenamiento e incubación. El objetivo principal fue determinar el efecto de factores ambientales, hormonales y estructurales sobre los patrones de cambio en el nivel de dormición de semillas de quínoa durante su desarrollo, maduración y almacenamiento post cosecha. Ambas accesiones presentaron dormición durante el período de desarrollo-maduración de las semillas, aunque la temperatura de incubación condicionó su expresión (mayor a menor temperatura) en 2-Want. Condiciones de mayor fotoperíodo y temperatura durante esta etapa determinaron mayores niveles de dormición. Se confirmó el papel de las cubiertas seminales en su imposición, y se informa por primera vez la presencia de dormición embrionaria en quínoa. Se propone como hipótesis que una variación en el espesor de las cubiertas en respuesta al ambiente materno regula la difusión de ABA fuera de la semilla durante la incubación, y este mecanismo participa en la modulación del nivel de dormición. La salida de dormición posterior en almacenamientos con baja humedad resultó más rápida a temperaturas altas, asociado con la pérdida de sensibilidad al ABA, que condiciona también el requerimiento de giberelinas para germinar. Un mecanismo particular retrasó la salida de dormición ante temperaturas bajas de almacenamiento más incubación; una exposición a temperaturas elevadas sería necesaria para superar ese bloqueo. Chadmo mostró un nivel de dormición superior en todas las situaciones evaluadas, esto permite inferir un alto grado de tolerancia al brotado ante diversas circunstancias en la zona pampeana, por ello se la sugiere como mejor candidata para su inclusión en programas de mejoramiento adaptativo en quínoa.

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A pesar de que la frecuente presencia de dormición en frutos de girasol (Helianthus annuus) suele dificultar las tareas de procesamiento y utilización de los mismos como semilla, existe escasa información en relación a la regulación ambiental de la dormición en frutos de esta especie. Entre los factores ambientales que actúan como reguladores de la dormición, la temperatura ha sido identificada como uno de los principales. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetico principal estudiar el efecto del ambiente térmico durante las etapas de llenado y almacenaje post cosecha sobre el nivel de dormición en frutos de girasol. Como objetivos secundarios, se evaluó el efecto de 1) las estructuras del fruto (embrión y cubiertas), 2) la sensibilidad de los frutos al ácido abscísico (ABA), giberelinas (GAs) y etilieno y 3) los cambios en el contenido endógeno de ABA sobre la determinación del nivel de dormición y su relación con el ambiente térmico explorado por los frutos en ambas etapas. Mayores temperaturas durante el llenado determinaron mayores niveles de dormición a cosecha, que se asociaron a una mayor dormición impuesta por cubiertas y una mayor sensibilidad al ABA de los frutos. Mayores temperaturas durante el almacenaje post cosecha (25 grados C) determinaron mayores tasas de salida de la dormición, que se asociaron a una menor dormición embrionaria, una menor sensibilidad al ABA, un menor contenido de endógeno ABA antes y durante la incubación y una mayor sensibilidad a GAs de los frutos, sin diferencias en la sensibilidad a etileno. Los resultados obtenidos representan un aporte significativo para el diseño de estrategias de manejo, como fechas de siembra y condiciones de almacenaje que permitan disminuir los niveles de dormición en frutos de girasol. A su vez, la exploración de las bases fisiológicas de las respuestas observadas resulta relevante para la comprensión de los mecanismos que regulan la dormición de esta especie.

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Esta tesis determina los mecanismos fisiológicos intervinientes en la terminación de la dormición en semillas de Cynara cardunculus y otras especies no domesticadas a las temperaturas alternadas. La comprensión de los mecanismos fisiológicos, se inicio a partir de la comparación de los parámetros resultantes de la aplicación del modelo de hidrotiempo. Se observó que las temperaturas alternadas redujeron el potencial agua base para la germinación (ƒÕ(b) 50). Este hecho denota que las temperaturas alternadas incrementan la capacidad del embrión para superar aquellas restricciones de origen físico y/o endógeno que impiden su crecimiento. El incremento del potencial de crecimiento del embrión esta regulado hormonalmente donde las fitohormonas ácido abscisico (ABA) y giberelinas (GAs) ejercen respectivamente, roles antagonicos en el mantenimiento de la dormición y en la promoción de la germinación. En las semillas expuestas a las temperaturas alternadas, se observó un menor contenido y una pérdida de la sensibilidad al ABA. Por el contrario, no se observaron cambios en el contenido y/o en la sensibilidad a las GAs de las semillas entre ambos regímenes térmicos de incubación. Además, se observó que el mantenimiento de la dormición en las semillas expuestas a temperaturas de incubación constantes fue producto del incremento en la biosintesis de novo del ABA. Los mecanismos hormonales por los cuales las temperaturas alternadas terminan con la dormición, se encontrarían regulados a nivel de la expresión de genes, siendo posible destacar la correspondencia observada entre la reducción en el contenido y en la sensibilidad al ABA bajo temperaturas alternadas y la menor abundancia de los transcriptos de NCED y de ABI5 involucrados en la sintesis y en la senalizacion del ABA.

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A pesar de que la frecuente presencia de dormición en frutos de girasol (Helianthus annuus)suele dificultar las tareas de procesamiento y utilización de los mismos como semilla, existe escasa información en relación a la regulación ambiental de la dormición en frutos de esta especie. Entre los factores ambientales que actúan como reguladores de la dormición, la temperatura ha sido identificada como uno de los principales. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetico principal estudiar el efecto del ambiente térmico durante las etapas de llenado y almacenaje post cosecha sobre el nivel de dormición en frutos de girasol. Como objetivos secundarios, se evaluó el efecto de 1)las estructuras del fruto (embrión y cubiertas), 2)la sensibilidad de los frutos al ácido abscísico (ABA), giberelinas (GAs)y etilieno y 3)los cambios en el contenido endógeno de ABA sobre la determinación del nivel de dormición y su relación con el ambiente térmico explorado por los frutos en ambas etapas. Mayores temperaturas durante el llenado determinaron mayores niveles de dormición a cosecha, que se asociaron a una mayor dormición impuesta por cubiertas y una mayor sensibilidad al ABA de los frutos. Mayores temperaturas durante el almacenaje post cosecha (25 grados C)determinaron mayores tasas de salida de la dormición, que se asociaron a una menor dormición embrionaria, una menor sensibilidad al ABA, un menor contenido de endógeno ABA antes y durante la incubación y una mayor sensibilidad a GAs de los frutos, sin diferencias en la sensibilidad a etileno. Los resultados obtenidos representan un aporte significativo para el diseño de estrategias de manejo, como fechas de siembra y condiciones de almacenaje que permitan disminuir los niveles de dormición en frutos de girasol. A su vez, la exploración de las bases fisiológicas de las respuestas observadas resulta relevante para la comprensión de los mecanismos que regulan la dormición de esta especie.