Synthesis and characterization of two novel [Ru(bpy)(2)(phen)](2+)-based electrochemiluminescent labels

Two novel electrochemiluminescent labels, bis(2,2'-bipyridine)[5-(3-carboxylic acid-propionamido)1,10-phenanthroline]ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate dihydrate and bis(2,2'-bipyridine)[5-(4-carboxylic acid-butanamido)-1,10-phenanthroline]ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate dihydrate, were synthesized and confirmed by IRelemental analysis, and H-1-NMR spectra were completely assigned using the (HH)-H-1-H-1 COSY technique. Cyclic voltammograms with different scan rates showed quasireversible electrochemical behaviour of the two Ru (II) complex labels in MeCN solution. Electronic absorption, photoluminescence and electrochemiluminescence of Ru(II) complexes were also characterized. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of ruthenium-(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(2) (2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) (PF6)(2)

The (1) H and C-13 NMR spectra are reported for Ru(4, 4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridene)(2) (2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) (PF6)(2) that can be used as a new electrochemiluminescent probe in immunoasssay and nucleic acid hybridization assay. Because of the effect ol:Ru atom ligands and complex steric configuration, it is difficult to attribute spectra of the title molecular, By using 2D (1) H-(1) H COSY and (1) H-C-13 HETCOR method, the proton and C-13 NMR spectra are assigned completely, which provides a satisfactory method to quantitative and qualitative, analysis of the title moleculer in the further study.

Synthesis, electrochemistry, and fluorescence of two Ru(phen)(3)(2+)-based surfactants

Two new Ru(phen)(3)(2+)-based surfactants, Ru(phen)(2)(phenNHCO-C-11)(PF6)(2) and Ru(phen)(2)(phenNHCO-C-17)(PF6)(2), have been designed and synthesized, whose chemical structures were characterized by means of IR, H-1 NMR and MS. Also, electrochemistry and fluorescence of them are reported.

Synthesis, electrochemistry, fluorescence and ECL of Ru (phen)(2) (dcbpy) (PF6)(2)

A new ECL-active species, Ru (phen)(2) (dcbpy) (PF6)(2), has been designed and synthesized. Its structure was confirmed by means of IR, ESI-MS and 2D NMR. Also, its properties of electrochemistry, fluorescence and ECL are reported, which have suggested a good hope of being used in electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and nucleic acid hybridization.

Atomic layer deposition of copper for CMOS interconnects

This work concerns the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper. ALD is a technique that allows conformal coating of difficult topographies such as narrow trenches and holes or even shadowed regions. However, the deposition of pure metals has so far been less successful than the deposition of oxides except for a few exceptions. Challenges include difficulties associated with the reduction of the metal centre of the precursor at reasonable temperatures and the tendency of metals to agglomerate during the growth process. Cu is a metal of special technical interest as it is widely used for interconnects on CMOS devices. These interconnects are usually fabricated by electroplating, which requires the deposition of thin Cu seed layers onto the trenches and vias. Here, ALD is regarded as potential candidate for replacing the current PVD technique, which is expected to reach its limitations as the critical dimensions continue to shrink. This work is separated into two parts. In the first part, a laboratory-scale ALD reactor was constructed and used for the thermal ALD of Cu. In the second part, the potentials of the application of Cu ALD on industry scale fabrication were examined in a joint project with Applied Materials and Intel. Within this project precursors developed by industrial partners were evaluated on a 300 mm Applied Materials metal-ALD chamber modified with a direct RF-plasma source. A feature that makes ALD a popular technique among researchers is the possibility to produce high- level thin film coatings for micro-electronics and nano-technology with relatively simple laboratory- scale reactors. The advanced materials and surfaces group (AMSG) at Tyndall National Institute operates a range of home-built ALD reactors. In order to carry out Cu ALD experiments, modifications to the normal reactor design had to be made. For example a carrier gas mechanism was necessary to facilitate the transport of the low-volatile Cu precursors. Precursors evaluated included the readily available Cu(II)-diketonates Cu-bis(acetylacetonate), Cu-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-hepta-3,5-dionate) and Cu-bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoacetylacetonate) as well as the Cu-ketoiminate Cu-bis(4N-ethylamino- pent-3-en-2-onate), which is also known under the trade name AbaCus (Air Liquide), and the Cu(I)- silylamide 1,3-diisopropyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene Cu(I) hexamethyldisilazide ([NHC]Cu(hmds)), which was developed at Carleton University Ottawa. Forming gas (10 % H2 in Ar) was used as reducing agent except in early experiments where formalin was used. With all precursors an extreme surface selectivity of the deposition process was observed and significant growth was only achieved on platinum-group metals. Improvements in the Cu deposition process were obtained with [NHC]Cu(hmds) compared with the Cu(II) complexes. A possible reason is the reduced oxidation state of the metal centre. Continuous Cu films were obtained on Pd and indications for saturated growth with a rate of about 0.4 Å/cycle were found for deposition at 220 °C. Deposits obtained on Ru consisted of separated islands. Although no continuous films could be obtained in this work the relatively high density of Cu islands obtained was a clear improvement as compared to the deposits grown with Cu(II) complexes. When ultra-thin Pd films were used as substrates, island growth was also observed. A likely reason for this extreme difference to the Cu films obtained on thicker Pd films is the lack of stress compensation within the thin films. The most likely source of stress compensation in the thicker Pd films is the formation of a graded interlayer between Pd and Cu by inter-diffusion. To obtain continuous Cu films on more materials, reduction of the growth temperature was required. This was achieved in the plasma assisted ALD experiments discussed in the second part of this work. The precursors evaluated included the AbaCus compound and CTA-1, an aliphatic Cu-bis(aminoalkoxide), which was supplied by Adeka Corp.. Depositions could be carried out at very low temperatures (60 °C Abacus, 30 °C CTA-1). Metallic Cu could be obtained on all substrate materials investigated, but the shape of the deposits varied significantly between the substrate materials. On most materials (Si, TaN, Al2O3, CDO) Cu grew in isolated nearly spherical islands even at temperatures as low as 30 °C. It was observed that the reason for the island formation is the coalescence of the initial islands to larger, spherical islands instead of forming a continuous film. On the other hand, the formation of nearly two-dimensional islands was observed on Ru. These islands grew together forming a conductive film after a reasonably small number of cycles. The resulting Cu films were of excellent crystal quality and had good electrical properties; e.g. a resistivity of 2.39 µΩ cm was measured for a 47 nm thick film. Moreover, conformal coating of narrow trenches (1 µm deep 100/1 aspect ratio) was demonstrated showing the feasibility of the ALD process.

Predicting the frequency dispersion of electronic hyperpolarizabilities on the basis of absorption data and thomas-kuhn sum rules

Successfully predicting the frequency dispersion of electronic hyperpolarizabilities is an unresolved challenge in materials science and electronic structure theory. We show that the generalized Thomas-Kuhn sum rules, combined with linear absorption data and measured hyperpolarizability at one or two frequencies, may be used to predict the entire frequency-dependent electronic hyperpolarizability spectrum. This treatment includes two- and three-level contributions that arise from the lowest two or three excited electronic state manifolds, enabling us to describe the unusual observed frequency dispersion of the dynamic hyperpolarizability in high oscillator strength M-PZn chromophores, where (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn) and metal(II)polypyridyl (M) units are connected via an ethyne unit that aligns the high oscillator strength transition dipoles of these components in a head-to-tail arrangement. We show that some of these structures can possess very similar linear absorption spectra yet manifest dramatically different frequency dependent hyperpolarizabilities, because of three-level contributions that result from excited state-to excited state transition dipoles among charge polarized states. Importantly, this approach provides a quantitative scheme to use linear optical absorption spectra and very limited individual hyperpolarizability measurements to predict the entire frequency-dependent nonlinear optical response. Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society.

Mechanism of Shear Thickening in Reversibly Cross-linked Supramolecular Polymer Networks.

We report here the nonlinear rheological properties of metallo-supramolecular networks formed by the reversible cross-linking of semi-dilute unentangled solutions of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The reversible cross-linkers are bis-Pd(II) or bis-Pt(II) complexes that coordinate to the pyridine functional groups on the PVP. Under steady shear, shear thickening is observed above a critical shear rate, and that critical shear rate is experimentally correlated with the lifetime of the metal-ligand bond. The onset and magnitude of the shear thickening depend on the amount of cross-linkers added. In contrast to the behavior observed in most transient networks, the time scale of network relaxation is found to increase during shear thickening. The primary mechanism of shear thickening is ascribed to the shear-induced transformation of intrachain cross-linking to interchain cross-linking, rather than nonlinear high tension along polymer chains that are stretched beyond the Gaussian range.

Self-assembled triple helicates with preferential helicity

The enantiomerically pure ligands LRR and LSS (N,N'-bis(-2,2'-bipyridyl-5-yl)carbonyl-(1S/R,2S/R)-(+/-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) have been synthesised by linking two 2,2'-bipyridine units by (R,R)- and (S,S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane respectively. The crystal structure confirmed that the ligand had a twisted orientation between the two chelating units. The reaction of LRR and LSS with Fe(II), Co(III), Cd(II) and Zn(II) afforded dinuclear complexes confirmed by ES mass spectroscopy. CD spectroscopy indicated that the chiral diaminocyclohexane conferred helicity to the metal centre giving a dominant triple helicate diastereoisomer, with the LRR ligand giving a delta-configuration of each metal centre (P helicate) and the LSS ligand a lambda configuration (M helicate). 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed a dominant major diastereoisomer with cadmium. The Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes however were observed to undergo rapid ligand dissociation in solution.

Task-specific ionic liquid for solubilizing metal oxides

Protonated betaine bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide is an ionic liquid with the ability to dissolve large quantities of metal oxides. This metal-solubilizing power is selective. Soluble are oxides of the trivalent rare earths, uranium(VI) oxide, zinc(II) oxide, cadmium( II) oxide, mercury( II) oxide, nickel( II) oxide, copper(II) oxide, palladium(II) oxide, lead(II) oxide, manganese( II) oxide, and silver( I) oxide. Insoluble or very poorly soluble are iron(III), manganese(IV), and cobalt oxides, as well as aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide. The metals can be stripped from the ionic liquid by treatment of the ionic liquid with an acidic aqueous solution. After transfer of the metal ions to the aqueous phase, the ionic liquid can be recycled for reuse. Betainium bis( trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide forms one phase with water at high temperatures, whereas phase separation occurs below 55.5 degrees C ( temperature switch behavior). The mixtures of the ionic liquid with water also show a pH-dependent phase behavior: two phases occur at low pH, whereas one phase is present under neutral or alkaline conditions. The structures, the energetics, and the charge distribution of the betaine cation and the bis( trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion, as well as the cation-anion pairs, were studied by density functional theory calculations.

The Structural and Molecular Biology of Type I Galactosemia: Enzymology of Galactose 1-phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Reduced galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GAIT) activity is associated with the genetic disease type 1 galactosemia. This results in an increase in the cellular concentration of galactose 1-phosphate. The accumulation of this toxic metabolite, combined with aberrant glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis, is likely to be the major factor in molecular pathology. The mechanism of GAIT was established through classical enzymological methods to be a substituted enzyme in which the reaction with UDP-glucose results in the formation of a covalent, UMP-histidine adduct in the active site. The uridylated enzyme can then react with galactose 1-phosphate to form UDP-galactose. The structure of the enzyme from Escherichia coli reveals a homodimer containing one zinc (II) and one iron (11) ion per subunit. This enzymological and structural knowledge provides the basis for understanding the biochemistry of this critical step in the Leloir pathway. However, a high-resolution crystal structure of human GAIT is required to assist greater understanding of the effects of disease-associated mutations. (C) 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(9): 694-700, 2011

Argilas aniónicas multifuncionais

O presente trabalho aborda a imobilização de vários complexos do tipo dioxomolibdénio(VI), dioxotungsténio(VI) e de cobre(II) em suportes do tipo hidróxidos duplos lamelares (LDHs). Numa primeira parte descrevem-se os suportes LDHs e a síntese e caracterização em solução e estado sólido de complexos catecolato cis-MoO2 e cis-WO2. Investigou-se depois a química de intercalação deste tipo de complexos, nomeadamente a influência dos LDHs percursores, temperatura de intercalação, excesso de anião e mudança de metal no complexo intercalado (M=Mo, W). De seguida foi estudada a imobilização de oxocomplexos de molibdénio(VI) num LDH com pilares de bipiridina dicarboxilato e procedeu-se à avaliação da sua aplicabilidade em reacções catalíticas de oxidação de álcoois e olefinas. Com o objectivo de desenvolver as aplicações dos LDHs com pilares foi estudada a imobilização de um complexo de cobre(II) neste material e avaliada a sua aplicação como catalizador na oxidação de substratos orgânicos.

Phthalocyanine-based systems: synthesis, properties and applications

A presente dissertação descreve a síntese e o estudo de propriedades fotofísicas e biológicas de sistemas baseados em ftalocianinas. Os sistemas sintetizados consistem em ftalocianinas contendo unidades de D-galactose, ciclodextrinas, [60]fulereno ou porfirinas. Na primeira parte da dissertação aborda-se a síntese de ftalocianinas substituídas com unidades de D-galactose, com o intuito de serem utilizadas como fotossensibilizadores em terapia fotodinâmica. A eficiência de geração de oxigénio singuleto induzida pelas glicoftalocianinas, bem como a sua actividade fotodinâmica in vitro em células HeLa são avaliadas. Adicionalmente são descritos os estudos de MALDI-MS/MS de dois pares de glicoftalocianinas isoméricas. Numa segunda parte, descrevem-se a síntese e a caracterização de sistemas supramoleculares de ftalocianinas ligadas a ciclodextrinas ou [60]fulereno. Foram desenvolvidas metodologias sintéticas para obter complexos ftalocianínicos de ruténio(II) substituídos axialmente com derivados de ciclodextrinas, e complexos ftalocianínicos de zinco(II) ligados covalentemente a ciclodextrinas. Descreve-se também a síntese de uma díade ftalocianina- [60]fulereno. A estratégia sintética envolve um peculiar primeiro passo, uma reacção de aminação redutiva, no qual se obtém uma ftalocianina funcionalizada com glicina, seguida da habitual reacção de cicloadição 1,3- dipolar. Na terceira parte, abordam-se sistemas dador-aceitador de díades porfirinaftalocianina, como modelos promissores para mimetizar sistemas fotossintéticos naturais. Diferentes tipos de díades porfirina-ftalocianina, ligadas através do grupo fenilo da posição meso ou da posição β-pirrólica da porfirina, são sintetizadas e caracterizadas. As abordagens sintéticas envolvem reacções de aminação catalisadas por paládio e reacções de condensação cruzada de dois ftalonitrilos adequadamente substituídos. Também se descrevem processos de transferência de energia e electrónica fotoinduzidos que se formam a partir das díades porfirina-ftalocianina.

Síntese e potenciais aplicações de novas porfirinas β-funcionalizadas

Neste trabalho é descrita a síntese de novos derivados porfirínicos com potencial aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) e como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento molecular de catiões metálicos. Os novos compostos foram preparados usando como “template” 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina através de diferentes abordagens sintéticas, tais como, reações de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar ou reações do tipo condensação aldólica. Depois de uma breve introdução sobre porfirinas segue-se no capítulo 2 a descrição dos estudos de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack dos complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) de meso-tetra-arilporfirinas realizados usando irradiação de microondas. Utilizando os complexos de Ni(II) e Cu(II) da 5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina foram considerados vários solventes, potências de irradiação e tempos de reação; as melhores condições encontradas foram aplicadas a outras mesotetra- arilporfirinas. Os derivados formilados resultantes da reação de formilação de Vilsmeier-Haack com irradiação de micro-ondas foram isolados em bons rendimentos e com significativa redução no tempo de reação, que passou de horas, em condiçoes clássicas de aquecimento, para minutos sob irradiação de micro-ondas. O “scale-up” da reação, nas condições estabelecidas, mostrou ser eficiente não sendo a reação afetada pelo aumento da quantidade de porfirina. O capítulo 3 descreve a reação de ciclo-adição 1,3-dipolar de meso-tetraarilporfirinas com iminas de nitrilo, geradas in situ por desidrobromação de hidrazono-α-bromoglioxilatos de etilo na presença de base. A reação de iminas de nitrilo com 5,10,15,20-tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirina, na presença de K2CO3 em tolueno a refluxo, permitiu isolar novas pirazoloclorinas em rendimentos moderados. Foram investigadas as propriedades fotofísicas das novas clorinas e os resultados sugerem que duas delas apresentam potencialidades para serem utilizadas em PDT. Este tipo de reações foi estendida ao complexo 2-vinil-5,10,15,20- tetrafenilporfirinatozinco(II); este complexo reagiu com as iminas de nitrilo obtendo-se os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazolina em rendimentos que variaram entre valores de bom e de excelente. A regioquímica dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina formados foi elucidada por RMN e confirmada por difração de raios-X. O tratamento dos derivados porfirina-pirazolina com DDQ proporciona os correspondentes derivados porfirina-pirazol com rendimentos de moderados a excelentes. Quando os derivados porfirina-pirazolina foram submetidos a condições de hidrólise básica, observou-se não só a hidrólise do grupo éster presente no anel pirazolínico mas também a concomitante oxidação desta unidade heterocíclica, isolando-se assim, num único passo reacional, novos derivados de tipo porfirinapirazol com um grupo carboxílico. A descomplexação dos complexos de Zn(II) foi realizada na presença de TFA, tendo-se isolado quantitativamente os respetivos derivados na forma de bases livres.Foram estudadas algumas das propriedades fotofísicas de todos os compostos obtidos, quer na forma de complexos de Zn(II), quer na forma de base livre. Duma forma geral, todos os compostos preparados mostraram ser bons geradores de oxigénio singleto, o que os torna interessantes para possível utilização como fotossensibilizadores em PDT. No capítulo 4 é descrita a reação de 2-formil-5,10,15,20-tetrafenilporfirina com aril-cetonas e acetato de amónio, na presença de La(OTf)3, o que permitiu isolar novas benzoporfirinas e 2-(2,6-diarilpiridina-4-il)porfirinas. Esta metodologia foi utilizada para preparar, pela primeira vez, uma 2-(2,2':6,2''- terpiridin-4-il)porfirina. As estruturas de duas das 2-(2,6-diarilpiridin-4- il)porfirinas foram confirmadas por difração de raios-X de cristal único. A metodologia descrita permite ainda preparar novos derivados de tipo porfirinacalcona, apenas com pequenos ajustes nas condições reacionais através de uma reação do tipo condensação aldólica. Os derivados do tipo porfirinacalcona foram posteriormente usados para preparar derivados do tipo porfirinapirazol 1,3,5-tri-substituídos em bons rendimentos, através de reação de condensação com fenil-hidrazina. Em cada um dos capítulos é descrito os procedimentos experimentais e a caracterização espectroscópica (RMN, UV-vis e massa) dos novos compostos isolados. Em alguns casos foi necessário o recurso a técnicas de RMN bidimensionais como COSY, NOESY, HSQC e HMBC. Os compostos preparados neste trabalho foram ainda objecto de estudos de avaliação das respetivas potencialidades para actuarem como quimiossensores para o reconhecimento de catiões metálicos, nomeadamente, Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Cd(II) e Hg(II). Assim no capítulo 5 é descrita a caracterização fotofísica dos compostos preparados no capítulo 4 e, os estudos destes como potenciais quimiossensores. Os estudos para verificar a potencialidade dos compostos como quimiossensores foram efectuados: i) em solução, através de titulações espectrofotométricas e espectrofluorimétricas, ii) no estado sólido, recorrendo à preparação de filmes de PMMA dopados com os ligandos porfirínicos em estudo e, iii) na fase gasosa, seguindo as titulações dos ligandos com metais por espectrometria de massa (MALDI-TOF-MS). Os compostos estudados mostraram ter capacidade para atuarem como quimiossensores de catiões metálicos capazes de distinguirem entre os iões Zn(II) e Hg(II).

Phthalocyanines : interaction with carbon structures and as PDT agents

This dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of different phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives, as well as some porphyrins (Pors), for supramolecular interaction with different carbon nanostructures, to evaluate their potential application in electronic nanodevices. Likewise, it is also reported the preparation and biological evaluation of interesting phthalocyanine conjugates for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and microorganisms photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The phthalonitrile precursors were prepared from commercial phthalonitriles by nucleophilic substitution of -NO2, -Cl, or -F groups, present in the phthalonitrile core, by thiol or pyridyl units. After the synthesis of these phthalonitriles, the corresponding Pcs were prepared by ciclotetramerization using a metallic salt as template at high temperatures. A second strategy involved the postfunctionalization of hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato zinc(II) through the adequate substituents of mercaptopyridine or cyclodextrin units on the macrocycle periphery. The different compounds were structurally characterized by diverse spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H, 13C and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (attending the elemental composition of each structure); absorption and emission spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. For the specific photophysical studies were also used electrochemical characterization, femtosecond and raman spectroscopy, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. It was highlighted the noncovalent derivatisation of carbon nanostructures, mainly single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and graphene nanosheets with the prepared Pc conjugates to study the photophysical properties of these supramolecular nanoassemblies. Also, from pyridyl-Pors and ruthenium phthalocyanines (RuPcs) were performed Por-RuPcs arrays via coordination chemistry. The results obtained of the novel supramolecular assemblies showed interesting electron donor-acceptor interactions and might be considered attractive candidates for nanotechnological devices. On the other hand, the amphiphilic phthalocyanine-cyclodextrin (Pc-CD) conjugates were tested in biological trials to assess their ability to inhibit UMUC- 3 human bladder cancer cells. The results obtained demonstrated that these photoactive conjugates are highly phototoxic against human bladder cancer cells and could be applied as promising PDT drugs.

Ditopic molecular architectures for the recognition of anionic species

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Chemistry