Wind climate trends in the Pacific Northwest and the implications to renewable energy supply

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): This paper examines the influence of wind climate variations on new Pacific Northwest renewable energy sources. Wind represents a potentially valuable supplemental source of energy in the region. ... The recent period of weaker winds may be associated with a stronger North Pacific Low in the last decade. This would result in winter storms more often being deflected farther north, to Canada. Also, in the last dozen years, lower SOI values were common. Other investigators have found low SOI to be associated with drier conditions in the Pacific Northwest.

Interdecadal variability in the spatial structure of wind and SST in the California Current system

The physical environment of eastern boundary current systems is rarely uniform in time. ENSO and other perturbations produce profound anomalies in the atmosphere and ocean on interannual to decadal and century time scales. ... The objective of this paper is to describe the temporal variability in the spatial texture of the California Current system, a major eastern boundary current system off the west coast of North America, to provide a base from which to evaluate the effect of climate change - in the recent past, at present, and for the future.

克隆整合对植物竞争力和群落结构的影响

某些克隆植物通过克隆整合能够很好的适应逆境或快速扩张。基于克隆整合，研究克隆植物的抗逆性、入侵性及其对群落结构的影响在很多方面值得深入。本文主要应用实验生态学的方法，分别在野外或温室以沙鞭、空心莲子草和羊柴为主要研究对象，研究克隆整合对处于逆境生长条件下克隆植物生长的影响;克隆整合对入侵植物竞争力和被入侵植物群落组成的影响;克隆整合对沙地群落结构和初级生产力的影响，探讨克隆植物对风蚀和水淹的适应机制、入侵克隆植物的入侵机制以及对群落组成和结构的影响机制。主要结论如下： 1. 沙鞭分株的叶片数目和生物量跟沙鞭根状茎的埋藏深度高度正相关，当根状茎被暴露在空气中时，上面所依附的分株要么死亡，要么长势很弱。每样方内沙鞭的分株数目、叶片数目和总生物量随风蚀强度的增加而降低。在对照和短期风蚀中，根状茎连接并不影响上述指标，但是在长期风蚀下，根状茎连接的作用会增强。根状茎连接能够减轻风蚀对沙鞭的负面影响，这很有可能是因为遭受风蚀胁迫的分株从那些没有遭受风蚀侵害的分株那里获得了水分和光合产物的资助。本研究首次证实了保持根状茎连接有助于提高干旱区植物抵御风蚀的能力。 2. 水淹会降低空心莲子草先端分株的生长;克隆整合显著增强了空心莲子草先端分株的生长和繁殖，但降低了基端分株的生长和繁殖。最终，克隆整合并不影响整体空心莲子草克隆片段的生长表现，这预示当空心莲子草从陆地生境向水生生境扩散时，克隆整合对其总体没有净收益。我们认为空心莲子草在由陆地扩张到水域时，可能拥有一种“双刃剑”机制：当处于水生生境中的先端分株得到处于陆生生境中的基端分株的资源支持时，先端分株能够增强自身生长;当因外界扰动导致二者间相连匍匐茎断裂后，陆生生境中的基端分株能够快速增强自身的匍匐茎和分株生长。这种机制可能使得空心莲子草很好的适应高度干扰或高度异质生境，从而增强了其入侵性。 3. 竞争显著降低了空心莲子草先端分株的光系统II中的最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)和生长（生物量、分株数目、叶片数目、总匍匐茎长度和总叶面积），但并不影响高羊茅的生物量。匍匐茎连接显著增强了空心莲子草先端分株的最大量子产额和生长。然而，这种连接效应在竞争时的作用要比非竞争时的作用小的多，而且匍匐茎连接并没有改变空心莲子草的相对邻体效应。与非竞争环境相反，在竞争条件下匍匐茎连接会降低空心莲子草对根系的生物量投资。克隆整合可能对提高空心莲子草的竞争力帮助不大，但是对其开拓空旷领地却非常重要。这些结果预示空心莲子草的入侵性可能和其克隆整合作用有密切关系。 4. 克隆整合显著增强了空心莲子草在群落中的扩张能力，但并没有提高其抑制整体群落物种的能力。相比低密度播种群落，生长在高密度播种群落中的空心莲子草长势明显要弱，高密度播种群落具有更强的抵御入侵的能力。在低密度播种群落中，相比切断群落内外空心莲子草相连匍匐茎，如果保持其连接，优势物种的地上生物量会降低而次优势物种的地上生物量会增加，进而群落的丰富度会得到提高。实验结果预示克隆整合能够增强入侵物种在建植群落中的扩张速度，并能够修饰其在群落结构上的影响，改变群落中单个物种的生长表现。 5. 克隆整合显著增强了羊柴在沙地植物群落中的分株数目，但并没有提高其地上生物量。羊柴分株数目的变化受不同处理因素的影响，在加氮的处理中分株数目为最大，切断处理中为最小。在群落主要组成物种中，克隆整合显著影响了烛台虫实的地上生物量，而其它主要物种的地上生物量则不受处理因素影响。克隆整合并没有影响沙地群落的物种多样性，但会显著影响沙地群落的初级生产力，尤其是添加氮肥以后。

Application of a wind-driven barotropic model to simulate the seasonal circulation of the northern Arabian Sea

A two dimensional numerical barotropic model based on the depth-integrated equations is presented here. Sensitivity of the model is analyzed by using wind stresses of different months. Real wind data and actual bathymetry are used as an input to obtain the circulation patterns of the northern Arabian Sea during specific seasons. However, the model is also tested with constant depth for comparison. A number of numerical simulations are performed to study the combined effects of wind stress, bathymetry and basin geometry. Since the goal of this study is to simulate the circulation of the northern Arabian sea in accordance with the observed wind stress, therefore, wind stresses of different months like July (the peak os SW monsoon), October (the transition period from SW to NE monsoon), January (the peack of NE monsoon) and April (the transition period from NE to SW monsoon) are used to examine the circulation patterns. The results obtained are satisfactory in that they resemble known patterns.

The four seam trawl nets operated off Cochin: an analysis of the design aspects: the integration of the various parts of trawl

A study has been made of 22 different designs of four seam trawls operated at Cochin for shrimp trawling. Formulae for the relations between the different parts of the nets have been derived.

Prospects of integration of aquaculture with animal husbandry and land crop culture in Tripura State

Tripura is a densely populated small state with meagre water resources. 47.51% of the population is constituted by socio-economically backward, illiterate, orthodox, tribal and scheduled castes. Some of them are nomad and a majority of the rest of the population is refugees from Bangladesh, but almost 100% is fish eater. Settlement of tribes in villages, provision of nutritious food and employment therefore calls for proper utilization of every resource they have. The State is poor in water resources but recently has created 21,636.23 ha of new water area. Tripura is rich in pig population, besides poultry birds. Paddy is the main crop cultivated in arable lands. An integration of livestock raising and land based agriculture with pisciculture practices around mini barrages will help in solving the problems to a great extent. The paper is an attempt to outline the prospects of integration of aquaculture with animal husbandry and land based crop culture in Tripura State.