O eletrocardiograma na fase crônica da doença de Chagas experimental no cão

O Autor estudou o eletrocardiograma de 6 cães adultos antes e após a inoculação, nestes animais, de uma amostra de Schizotrypanum cruzi obtida de um caso humano de miocardite chagásica com bloqueio aurículo-ventricular total. A fase aguda da moléstia nos cães foi seguida por frequentes exames de sangue a fresco, entre lãmina e lamínula, para a pesquisa do flagelado. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos antes da inoculação e até 320 dias após a mesma. Além das derivações periféricas, em alguns cães, registrou também as derivações precordiais. A interpretação dos eletrocardiogramas seriados foi feita levando-se em conta a variabilidade dos traçados em série observada em cães normais. Em todos os 6 cães estudados houve uma diminuição muito acentuada da voltagem dos complexos ventriculares, denotando lesão miocárdica. A diminuição da voltagem de QRs já se evidencia na fase aguda e de transição da moléstia, tornando-se máxima logo no inicio da fase crônica. Em dois cães, paralelamente com a diminuição da voltagem, houve uma rotação do eixo elétrico para a esquerda. Em um cão foram observadas extrasístoles ventriculares e, em dois, extrasístoles auriculares. Somente em um cão observou alterações significativas da onda P. constituidas por alargamento e entalhe da mesma. O Autor salienta e discute o fato de não ter encontrado alterações na condução (não houve aumento de Pr e somente em um caso houve alargamento significativo de QRS). As pesquizas ainda continuam sendo apenas parciais os resultados apresentados. Agradecemos ao Prof. AMERICANO FREIRE pelas sugestões e ao Sr. KURT BENSEMANN pela constante assistencia técnica.

The provision of quality in a bilateral search market

We accomplish two goals. First, we provide a non-cooperative foundation for the use of the Nash bargaining solution in search markets. This finding should help to close the rift between the search and the matching-and-bargaining literature. Second, we establish that the diversity of quality offered (at an increasing price-quality ratio) in a decentralized market is an equilibrium phenomenon - even in the limit as search frictions disappear.

Hiperglicemia na intoxicação escorpiônica experimental em cão

The production of hyperglycemia during the acute phase of scorpion poisoning produced by T. bahiensis in dogs is confirmed now. The highest degree on average, was reached 10 minutes after the injection of venom. In our hands, the previous bilateral adrenalectomy did not avoid the hyperglycemia. The average of the blood sugar level has been similar to that observed in dogs with adrenal glands, the highest blood sugar level was also registered after 10 minutes. The hyperglycemia obtained in adrenolectomized dogs is, probably, due to the liberation of Sympatin (Nor-adrenalin and adrenalin) as a consequence of the central excitation by the poison on the hepatic nerves and other ganglionar terminations of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Our present researches suggest that the venom has adrenergic action besides the central action.

Estudo do mecanismo da hiperglicemia e da hipertensão arterial, produzidas pelo veneno de escorpião, no cão

In the present paper we studied the mechanism of the hyperglycemia and hypertension evoked by the intravenous injection of scorpion venom (Tityus bahiensis) in the dog. We used 34 dogs, of both sex, weighing between 4.3 to 22 kg. These animals were divided in 3 groups and the following experiments were performed: in the first group (8 dogs) the animals were adrenalectomized after the intravenous injection of chlorpromazine; in the second group (16 dogs) the animals were injected with ganglionic blocking drugs (9.295 Ciba and hexamethonium); in the third group (10 dogs) the naimals were injected with dibenamine, and in 3 of them the adrenal glands were removed. The dogs of each group were injected intravenously with aqueous extract of 2 telsons of scorpion/kg; the average weight of each telson was 6,5 mg. The following results were obtained: 1) The hyperglycemia evoked by scorpion venom, in adrenalectomized dogs, was inhibited by chlorpromazine; 2) Ganglionic blocking drugs (9.295 Ciba and hexamthonium) were inefective as far as the hyperglycemic and pressor effects of venom are concerned; 3) In the animals treated with dibenamine, the venom produced a fall in blood pressure, both in the controle and in the adrenalectomized. The present experiments suggest that the scorpion venom has, besides the central action already described by other investigators, an adrenergic action, very similar to the adrenaline. On basis of our experiments we think that the adrenergic action is responsible, in part, by the productrion of hyperglycemia and hypertension.

The black-white test score gap widens with age?

We re-examine the theoretical concept of a production function for cognitive achievement, and argue that an indirect production function that depends upon the variables that constrain parents' choices is both moretractable from an econometric point of view, and more interesting from an economic point of view than is a direct production function that depends upon a detailed list of direct inputs such as number of books in the household. We estimate flexible econometric models of indirect production functions for two achievement measures from the Woodcock-Johnson Revised battery, using data from two waves of the Child Development Supplement to the PSID. Elasticities of achievement measures with respect to family income and parents' educational levels are positive and significant. Gaps between scores of black and white children narrow or remain constant as children grow older, a result that differs from previous findings in the literature. The elasticities of achievement scores with respect to family income are substantially higher for children of black families, and there are some notable difference in elasticities with respect to parents' educational levels across blacks and whites.

A patologia da doença de Chagas experimental no cão

Cães jovens infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi desenvolveram a fase aguda da infecção e foram estudados durante o 7º até o 50º dia por métodos morfológicos, parasitológicos, imunológicos e eletrocardiográficos. ocorreu intensa miocardite que se iniciava nos átrios e se propagava aos ventrículos e, quando plenamente desenvolvida, predominava no átrio direito, na metade direita do septo interventricular e na parede livre do ventrículodireito. As alterações eletrocardiográficas foram progressivas e revelavam o progressivo e predominante comprometimento atrial, mas a interferência com a propagação do estímulo (bloqueio) só apareceu nas fases terminais, coincidente com a presença de inflamação e necrose ao longo do tecido de condução. Quinze cães foram submetidos a tratamento específico e em alguns destes as modificações anátomo-patológicas e eletrocardiográficas representaram uma reversão progressiva das lesões observadas antes. Dez animais evoluíram para a fase crônica indeterminada da infecção, três deles após tratamento, e foram acompanhados por períodos de oito meses a três anos, sem que nenhum desenvolvesse sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. As alterações eletrocardiográficas observadas nestes casos foram inespecíficas e algumas arritmias apareceram transitoriamente. No sistema excito-condutor foram encontradas lesões focais de fibrose, esclero-atrofia e infiltração adiposa, as quais foram interpretadas como seqüelas deixadas pela fase aguda. A miocardite encontrada foi focal e discreta. Foi examinado para complementação o material de um caso de forma crônica cardíaca no cão, o qual exibiu miocardite difusa com fibrose focal e intersticial e sinais de atividade do processo inflamatório, além de bloqueio de ramo direito e hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo. Assim, o modelo canino da doença de Chagas reproduz todas as fases da cardiopatia, tal como aparece no homem, sendo que as formas crõnicas sintomáticas são de reprodução experimental imprevisível. O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar os aspectos da patologia da doença de Chagas no cão, tentar as suas correlações eletrocardiográficas, os seus aspectos evolutivos, com a finalidade de fornecer elementos para estudos futuros com o referido modelo experimental.

Creating the Gorizia-Goriska euroregion: an European cross-border administrative model for integrated socio-economic development in the upper adriatic. Crossborder co-operation as a tool for trans-national integration and conflict resolution

Contribució al Seminari: "Les Euroregions: Experiències i aprenatges per a l’Euroregió Pirineus-Mediterrània", 15-16 de desembre de 2005

Cross-border co-operation in Europe

Contribució al Seminari: "Les Euroregions: Experiències i aprenatges per a l’Euroregió Pirineus-Mediterrània", 15-16 de desembre de 2005

Contaminació atmosfèrica pels municipis de Granollers i Santa Coloma de Gramanet pels anys 2005-2006 dels contaminants SO2, NO2, NO, CO i O3

El Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya va aprovar, el 23 de maig de 2006, el Decret 226/2006, que declara diferents municipis zones de protecció especial i estableix que s’ha d’elaborar el pla d’actuació per millorar la qualitat de l’aire. El departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge ha elaborat una memòria en relació al projecte de Decret per a la declaració de les zones de protecció especial pels contaminants diòxid de nitrogen i partícules en suspensió inferior a 10 micres. Aquest projecte però s’ha enfocat a avaluar l’impacte de contaminants que no estan esmentats en la memòria elaborada pel Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge de la Generalitat en relació al projecte del Decret 226/2006 i s’han considerat igual d’importants els precursors de la pluja àcida, de l’efecte hivernacle i de l’smog fotoquímic (CO2, NO, NO2, SO2, O3). Per tant el treball pretén la comparativa d’aquests contaminants que no entren dins aquest decret per a dues zones en dos anys consecutius 2005 i 2006. La zona 1 (Barcelona), que és la més problemàtica, i la zona 2, que és la que pertoca a l’Ajuntament de Granollers. Es van agafar el municipi de Granollers ja que es un projecte vinculat a l’Ajuntament d’aquest municipi i un municipi amb característiques semblants a Granollers però situat en la zona 1, Zona de Barcelona, per fer la comparativa.

Participação do cão no ciclo de transmissão da Leishmaniose tegumentar no município de Viana, Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Em área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar no município de Viana, Estado do Espírito Santo, investigou-se a ocorrência de infecção natural por Leishmania em animais domésticos, procurando-se relacionar a presença dos animais infectados com a ocorrência da doença humana. No período de três semanas foram examinados 186 cães, dos quais 32 (17,2%) estavam parasitados. Durante um ano surgiram, entre os moradores da área, 11 casos novos de leishmaniose tegumentar. Três amostras humanas de Leishmania e 27 amostras isoladas de cães foram identificadas como L. braziliensis braziliensis. Observou-se nítida relação entre a presença de cães infectados e a ocorrência de novos casos humanos da doença. Supõe-se que a moléstia esteja se comportando na área como uma zoonose mantida pelos cães domésticos.

Effect on renal function of tenofovir co-administered with either efavirenz or boosted lopinavir or boosted atazanavir: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Reduced re'nal function has been reported with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). It is not clear whether TDF co-administered with a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) leads to a greater decline in renal function than TDF co-administered with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).Methods: We selected ail antiretroviral therapy-naive patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with calibrated or corrected serum creatinine measurements starting antiretroviral therapy with TDF and either efavirenz (EFV) or the ritonavir-boosted PIs, lopinavir (LPV/r) or atazanavir (ATV/r). As a measure of renal function, we used the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We calculated the difference in eGFR over time between two therapies using a marginal model for repeated measures. In weighted analyses, observations were weighted by the product of their point of treatment and censoring weights to adjust for differences both in the sort of patients starting each therapy and in the sort of patients remaining on each therapy over time.Results: By March 2011, 940 patients with at least one creatinine measurement on a first therapy with either TDF and EFV (n=484), TDF and LPVlr (n=269) or TDF and ATV/r (n=187) had been followed for a median of 1. 7, 1.2 and 1.3 years, respectively. Table 1 shows the difference in average estimated GFR (eGFR) over time since starting cART for two marginal models. The first model was not adjusted for potential confounders; the second mode! used weights to adjust for confounders. The results suggest a greater decline in renal function during the first 6 months if TDF is used with a PI rather than with an NNRTI, but no further difference between these therapies after the first 6 months. TDF and ATV/r may lead to a greater decline in the first 6 months than TDF and LPVlr.Conclusions: TDF co-administered with a boosted PI leads to a greater de cline in renal function over the first 6 months of therapy than TDF co-administered with an NNRTI; this decline may be worse with ATV/r than with LPV/r.

Mediterranean populations of the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens group): an unexpected puzzle of Pleistocene survivors and prehistoric introductions.

An earlier study revealed the strong phylogeographical structure of the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens group) within the northern Palaearctic. Here, we aim to reconstruct the colonization history of Mediterranean islands and to clarify the biogeography and phylogeographical relationships of the poorly documented Middle East region with the northern Palaearctic. We performed analyses on 998-bp-long haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 143 samples collected around the Mediterranean basin, including islands and the Middle East. The analyses suggest that the Cypriot shrew belongs to the rare group of relict insular Pleistocene mammal taxa that have survived to the present day. In contrast, the Cretan, Corsican and Menorcan populations were independently introduced from the Middle East during the Holocene. The phylogeographical structure of this temperate Palaearctic species within the Middle East appears to be complex and rich in diversity, probably reflecting fragmentation of the area by numerous mountain chains. Four deeply divergent clades of the C. suaveolens group occur in the area, meaning that a hypothetical contact zone remains to be located in central western Iran.

Co-movements between US and UK stock prices: the roles of macroeconomic information and time-series varying conditional correlations

This paper provides evidence on the sources of co-movement in monthly US and UK stock price movements by investigating the role of macroeconomic and financial variables in a bivariate system with time-varying conditional correlations. Crosscountry communality in response is uncovered, with changes in the US Federal Funds rate, UK bond yields and oil prices having similar negative effects in both markets. Other variables also play a role, especially for the UK market. These effects do not, however, explain the marked increase in cross-market correlations observed from around 2000, which we attribute to time variation in the correlations of shocks to these markets. A regime-switching smooth transition model captures this time variation well and shows the correlations increase dramatically around 1999-2000. JEL classifications: C32, C51, G15 Keywords: international stock returns, DCC-GARCH model, smooth transition conditional correlation GARCH model, model evaluation.

Inhibition of growth of Leishmania mexicana mexicana by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis during "in vitro" co-cultivation

Inhibition of one Leishmania subspecies by exometabolites of another subspecies, a phenomenon not previously reported, is suggested by our recent observations in cell cloning experiments with Leishmania mexicana mexicana and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. Clones were identified using the technique of schizodeme analysis. The phenomenon observed is clearly relevant to studies of parasite isolation, leishmanial metabolism, cross-immunity and chemotherapy.