Uma perspectiva axiológica do fundamento da normatividade

Visa-se, neste ensaio, encontrar um fundamento filosoficamente adequado para a normatividade. Mais especificamente, defende-se que o fundamento de qualquer norma possui carácter axiológico: a normatividade só se torna inteligível do ponto de vista filosófico por referência a valores. Os valores surgem, então, como condição necessária da normatividade. E, embora não constituam uma sua condição suficiente, constituem a condição decisiva no que toca a distinguir uma norma de outras relações do mesmo tipo. Não obstante seguir-se a linha orientadora iniciada por axiólogos como Max Scheler e Nicolai Hartmann, serão criticadas as respectivas posições por não explicarem convenientemente a relação entre norma (dever-ser) e valor.

As investigações filosóficas enquanto “álbum” cultural

As it is well known, the Philosophical Investigations are formally structured as a set of paragraphs numerically sequenced (Part I), and a more arbitrary group of thematic remarks (Part II). In the Prologue and in a justifying way of putting it, Wittgenstein states that: «Thus this book is really only an Album». Taking it as an exhibition of a series of sketches, we can read (or see) the book as a collection of «pictures of thought». However, as I will argue, in a wider understanding of the Philosophical Investigations, the idea of an album has deeper implications than the methodological ones. With a somewhat spenglerian inspiration, the book follows a sort of cultural-transcendental perspective in accordance to the organic model of a philosophical approach to forms of life which have a primary linguistic configuration.

Estética natural e ética ambiental, que relação?

This paper defends that environmental aesthetics provides a consistent basis for environmental philosophy, whereas aesthetic value plays an important role in the defense and preservation of natural areas. For several environmental philosophers the natural beauty is an inherent part of the ethical concern. Leopold states that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, the balance and the beauty of the biotic community”. Notwithstanding, aesthetic value is still not a central issue in the environmental debate. On the other hand, the “positive aesthetics” (Allen Carlson), which is a recent approach that reevaluates “positively” natural beauty in the ethical context, obtains a core of objections. This paper sketches a few arguments defending the contiguity between environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics: (i) the emotional perception of inclusiveness and engagement on the aesthetics appreciation of nature; (ii) the feelings of grace and love toward nature inherent to the nature’s aesthetic appreciation which according Kant announces the moral feeling; (iii) the ecological knowledge of natural beauty in order to understand the full meaning of it, and that includes some natural entities seen as not beautiful.

A voz do Deus em democracia

In democracy, the people take the place of a single and universal God. Since the first democracy’s modern theorizations there is a tendency to give the people the (not) attributes of a single god. This abstraction of features allows the people to include all the differences and particularities and then universalizes itself as the source and foundation of all power. The people in democracy are not only innate, uncaused, immortal, incorporeal, unextended, are omnipresent, omniscient (or infallible) and omnipotent – negative attributes as well. The people have also virtues that have been established as human, which, because sacralized, sublimated, are negative attributes as well. The only positive feature of the people, to be full age, reveals its functional nature. The voice of the people is the voice of a God. Therefore the single God creates over his voice, the people creates in an election result. In democracy, this voice creates in an infallible way.

Artrites microcristalinas : experiência da consulta de osteoartrose e artrites microcristalinas do Serviço de Reumatologia do Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, E.P.E.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Quem é o meu próximo? Senciência, empatia e ilimitação

This paper aims to rethink the traditional understanding of the two commandments formulated by Christ – to love God and our neighbour as ourselves –, by rethinking the category of neighbour, not just as those who belongs to the human species, but as all those to whom we can feel close, depending on the degree of empathy concerning not just sentient beings, but even all forms of life and existence. Rethinking also God not as the supreme being, but (according to the etymology) as the light of the full awareness of life itself, we propose that to live wholeheartedly the two commandments implies to die and resurrect as being everything in all and all things.

“Walden”: The «Art of Living»

Henry David Thoreau and his masterpiece, Walden, are both deeply embedded in our lives. It’s almost impossible today to perform a candid walk through the pages of the book that brings in its title the name of the beautiful lake, near Concord, without carrying to our contemporary reading the constellation of fears that haunt us. We are the fragile inhabitants of the grim and probably desperate, “Anthropocene era”2. How can we follow the thoughts and steps from the solitary friend and disciple of Emerson, without seeing him as a forefather of our anguish before the future, seemingly captured by the shadows of economic doom and environmental collapse?

Perspetivas antropocêntricas e ecocêntricas da estética ambiental: contributos para a sustentabilidade

Estabelecem-se, aqui, possíveis relações entre os conceitos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Ética Ambiental e Estética Ambiental. Assim, começa-se por analisar o conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, na forma inicialmente proposta nos anos 80 do século passado, e nas formas que resultaram da sua evolução. Depois, enquadra-se a ética de suporte ao Desenvolvimento Sustentável no quadro das teorias de Ética Ambiental. Finalmente, abordam-se sumariamente algumas perspetivas de Estética Ambiental, com o objetivo principal de testar a capacidade da estética da natureza para suportar, primeiro uma ética, e finalmente uma política ambiental.

Ser humano desalojado: para uma compreensão da crise “ecológica”

De acordo com as Nações Unidas, a intervenção humana na natureza pôs em marcha uma série de transformações nos ecossistemas da Terra, resultando numa séria perturbação dos seus equilíbrios naturais. Algumas destas mudanças são irreversíveis e ameaçam toda a vida na Terra, inclusivamente vida humana. Por outro lado, a situação sociopolítica do mundo também parece ter atingido um beco sem saída, com milhões de pessoas a viver na pobreza, desempregadas, subnutridas e em fuga de conflitos. O propósito deste artigo é mostrar como o pensamento de Hannah Arendt acerca do começo, da crise, da compreensão, do sentido e da existência humana pode iluminar e inspirar uma tentativa de reconstituir os caminhos para as origens desta crise “ecológica”, compreendida como a incapacidade do ser humano de estar em casa no mundo.