Mitigating the impact of occupational noise exposure for elderly workers: Setting the functional requirements for an ANC system

Noise affects people in very different aspects and in almost every aspect of our daily life. The most prominent impact of noise exposure is hearing loss. However, it can also impair people at their work settings due to other effects rather than hearing loss. Older works tend to be more susceptible to noise exposure effects at work, firstly because most of them already have some ‘natural’ hearing loss, as a results of the ageing process, and secondly because they also tend to be more susceptible at an psychological level. The current study is an attempt to describe the potential problem and to make a survey to identify the available active noise cancelation systems, as well as to specific the main requirements of this type of systems to be applied in such contexts. Several aspects of characteristics of the ANC systems were identified and are presented in this study. From the obtained results it was possible to have a clearer idea about the potential of this technology, and to confirm that this type of solution can be extremely important as a component of an active ageing program, as the preservation of hearing will also impact on the social life of the exposed workers.

Contribution of the evaluation strategy and the use of hearing protection for the uncertainty associated with occupational exposure to noise

Doctoral Thesis for PhD degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering

Physiological responses of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) fed different levels of vitamin C and submitted to air exposure

The role of vitamin C on physiological responses of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) submitted to air exposure was analyzed. Nine hundred fish (70.15 g) were distributed in fifteen 500 l boxes (60 fish.box-1) and fed five rations (treatments): Control (no vitamin C); T100 (100 mg); T200 (200 mg); T400 (400 mg) and T800 (800 mg of vitamin C kg.ration-1). Each ration was offered to fish of three boxes during 60 days before the stress challenge that consisted of exposing fish to air for two minutes. Samplings were carried out for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the air exposure. Blood was collected for glucose, cortisol, total protein, sodium, chloride, hematocrit, hemoglobin determination, and white and red cell count. Liver was removed for hepatosomatic index (HSI) calculation and glycogen determination. Vitamin C did not affect the levels of cortisol, chloride, total protein, hemoglobin, leukocytes, hepatic glycogen or HSI in air exposed fish. Blood glucose levels elevation observed 60 minutes after the challenge did not depend on the levels of vitamin C, nor did the drop in serum sodium levels verified 60 minutes after stressor. In general, hematocrit did not change by effect of vitamin C but it was lower at 15 and 30 minutes after the challenge. The number of erythrocytes decreased in fish after 5 minute sampling in all treatments, especially at 30 and 60 minutes. The air exposure evoked alterations in stress indicators of matrinxã, and the vitamin C did not alter the responses.

Convergent validation study of the Contemplation Ladder for application via telephone in tobacco users

OBJECTIVE: This work was designed to validate the Portuguese version of the Contemplation Ladder, whose purpose is to assess the motivational phase to quit smoking among tobacco users using a telephone service. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a nationwide drug use information hotline. In order to assess the convergent validation, the correlation between the Contemplation Ladder and the URICA Scale was calculated, which was previously validated. RESULTS: The study included 271 tobacco users. Statistically significant correlations were found between the Contemplation Ladder scores and the scores of the URICA precontemplation (r=-0.16; p<0.01), action (r=0.15; p<0.01) and maintenance (r=0.18; p<0.01) subscales. The correlation between the URICA Scale compound score and the Contemplation Ladder was also significant (r=0.31; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that the Contemplation Ladder can be an efficient substitute for the URICA scale (whose application lasts at least 20 minutes), without submitting the interviewee to a heavy load of questions. The study presented evidences of convergent validity for the Contemplation Ladder when applied via telephone in tobacco users.

A new page on the road book of inorganic mercury in fish body - tissue distribution and elimination following waterborne exposure and post-exposure periods

prova tipográfica / uncorrected proof

Abrindo a Caixa de Pandora: o impacto comunicativo das advertências sanitárias nas embalagens de cigarro portuguesas

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Publicidade e Relações Públicas)

Behavior of cardiac variables in animals exposed to cigarette smoke

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behavior of cardiac variables in animals exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS: Two groups of Wistar rats were studied as follows: control group (C), comprising 28 animals; and smoking group (S), comprising 23 animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days. Left ventricular cardiac function was assessed in vivo with transthoracic echocardiography, and myocardial performance was analyzed in vitro in preparations of isolated left ventricular papillary muscle. The cardiac muscle was assessed in isometric contractions with an extracellular calcium concentration of 2.5 mmol/L. RESULTS: No statistical difference was observed in the values of the body variables of the rats and in the mechanical data obtained from the papillary muscle between the control and smoking groups. The values of left ventricular systolic diameter were significantly greater in the smoking animals than in the control animals (C= 3.39 ± 0.4 mm and S= 3.71 ± 0.51 mm, P=0.02). A significant reduction was observed in systolic shortening fraction (C= 56.7 ± 4.2% and S= 53.5 ± 5.3%, P=0.02) and in ejection fraction (C= 0.92 ± 0.02 and S= 0.89 ± 0.04, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: The rats exposed to cigarette smoke had a reduction in left ventricular systolic function, although their myocardial function was preserved.

Exposición prenatal al alcohol y síndrome de hiperactividad con déficit de la atención: un abordaje conductual, farmacológico y bioquímico. Alcohol prenatal exposure and attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder: behavioral, pharmacological and biochemical approaches.

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (ADHD) es un síndrome conductual de origen orgánico, que se manifiesta principalmente en niños. Está caracterizado por distracción moderada a severa, períodos de atención breve, hiperactividad, inestabilidad emocional e impulsividad. Los tratamientos se basan "paradójicamente" en psicoestimulantes. Las sustancias mas empleadas son metilfenidato y anfetamina. La sintomatología indica un mal funcionamiento en los circuitos dopaminérgicos que sería el resultado de factores genéticos como ambientales, ya que es común encontrar ADHD en niños expuestos prenatalmente al alcohol. Los modelos animales son importantes para estudiar patologías de etiología desconocida, en este sentido, estudios de nuestro laboratorio indican que ratones deficientes en p35 son hiperactivos y responden paradojalmente a psicoestimulantes. Cdk5/p35 participa en el desarrollo neuronal, liberación de vesículas, señales dopaminérgicas, etc. Además resultados preliminares indican que la experiencia prenatal con una dosis etílica moderada durante la gestación tardía, es suficiente para incrementar los patrones de actividad locomotora, semejantes a los descriptos en los modelos animales de ADHD. De acuerdo a estas consideraciones hipotetizamos que la exposición etílica prenatal a dosis moderadas y durante un periodo acotado de la gestación tardía, resulta en un patrón conductual similar al descripto en modelos de ADHD. Asimismo, drogas psicoestimulantes pueden revertir dichos efectos. Por otra parte, proponemos que estas alteraciones son consecuencia de los efectos ocasionados por el insulto etílico sobre el equilibrio en el funcionamiento del sistema de neurotransmisión dopaminérgio mesolímbico/cortical. Teniendo en cuenta que la etiología del ADHD aun no se conoce, el desarrollo de modelos animales, que recapitulen características clínicas de este trastorno, constituye una herramienta muy poderosa para el estudio de los mecanismos celulares y moleculares que subyacen a este síndrome, por lo tanto, en este proyecto nos proponemos obtener evidencias acerca de las alteraciones originadas a partir de efectos deletéreos de la exposición etílica prenatal, que recapitulan el desarrollo de fenotipos conductuales y bioquímicos descriptos en modelos para ADHD. Específicamente nos proponemos determinar, por medio de experimentos conductuales, si la exposición a distintas dosis moderadas de alcohol durante un periodo acotado de la gestación tardía, son suficientes para generar alteraciones conductuales características de ADHD y establecer si metilfenidato y anfetamina, son capaces de revertirlas. Evaluar, mediante métodos bioquímicos, si este modelo involucra cambios en algunos de los componentes claves de la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica, tales como niveles de dopamina y sus metabolitos, niveles de expresión de tirosina-hidroxilasa, de receptores y transportador de dopamina, del complejo cdk5/p35, entre otros. Esperamos recapitular características análogas a las observadas en sujetos diagnosticados con ADHD y que el tratamiento con psicoestimulantes re-establezca los niveles de conducta normales. Mediante ensayos bioquímicos, esperamos encontrar mayores niveles de dopamina en tejido estriatal, acompañados con un aumento en los niveles de sus metabolitos y mediante western blot y ensayos de actividad esperamos encontrar mayor nivel de expresión en D1, menor de DAT y alteraciones en la normal actividad y expresión de cdk5/p35, que podrían explicar los resultados comportamentales esperados. Dada la alta prevalencia de ADHD y que estos jóvenes pacientes son medicados con psicoestimulantes, junto con la poca información sobre las respuestas neuroadaptativas del cerebro inmaduro, es importante investigar los mecanismos que subyacen las alteraciones neurofisiológicas de este trastorno. Estos abordajes experimentales resultan centrales para el desarrollo de terapias mas eficientes para el tratamiento de este síndrome.

Combination Therapy for the Cardiovascular Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure in Young and Adult Rats

Background: Combination therapy can play a significant role in the amelioration of several toxic effects of lead (Pb) and recovery from associated cardiovascular changes. Objective: To investigate the effects of combination therapy on the cardiovascular effects of perinatal lead exposure in young and adult rats Methods: Female Wistar rats received drinking water with or without 500 ppm of Pb during pregnancy and lactation. Twenty-two- and 70-day-old rat offspring who were or were not exposed to Pb in the perinatal period received meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), L-arginine, or enalapril and a combination of these compounds for 30 additional days. Noradrenaline response curves were plotted for intact and denuded aortas from 23-, 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old rats stratified by perinatal Pb exposure (exposed/unexposed) and treatment received (treated/untreated). Results: Systolic blood pressure was evaluated and shown to be higher in the 23-, 52-, 70-, and 100-day age groups with Pb exposure than in the corresponding control age groups: 117.8 ± 3.9*, 135.2 ± 1.3*, 139.6 ± 1.6*, and 131.7 ± 2.8*, respectively and 107.1 ± 1.8, 118.8 ± 2.1, 126.1 ± 1.1, and 120.5 ± 2.2, respectively (p < 0.05). Increased reactivity to noradrenaline was observed in intact, but not denuded, aortas from 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old exposed rats, and the maximum responses (g of tension) in the respective Pb-exposed and control age groups were as follows: 3.43 ± 0.16*, 4.32 ± 0.18*, and 4.21 ± 0.23*, respectively and 2.38 ± 0.33, 3.37 ± 0.13, and 3.22 ± 0.21, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All treatments reversed the changes in vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in rats perinatally exposed to Pb. The combination therapy resulted in an earlier restoration of blood pressure in Pb-exposed rats compared with the monotherapies, except for enalapril therapy in young rats. These findings represent a new approach to the development of therapeutic protocols for the treatment of Pb-induced hypertension.

The Benefits of Prone SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Reducing Both Artifact Defects and Patient Radiation Exposure

AbstractBackground:Prone imaging has been demonstrated to minimize diaphragmatic and breast tissue attenuation.Objectives:To determine the role of prone imaging on the reduction of unnecessary rest perfusion studies and coronary angiographies performed, thus decreasing investigation time and radiation exposure.Methods:We examined 139 patients, 120 with an inferior wall and 19 with an anterior wall perfusion defect that might represented attenuation artifact. Post-stress images were acquired in both the supine and prone position. Coronary angiography was used as the “gold standard” for evaluating coronary artery patency. The study was terminated and rest imaging was obviated in the presence of complete improvement of the defect in the prone position. Quantitative interpretation was performed. Results were compared with clinical data and coronary angiographic findings.Results:Prone acquisition correctly revealed defect improvement in 89 patients (89/120) with inferior wall and 12 patients (12/19) with anterior wall attenuation artifact. Quantitative analysis demonstrated statistically significant difference in the mean summed stress scores (SSS) of supine and mean SSS of prone studies in patients with disappearing inferior wall defect in the prone position and patent right coronary artery (true negative results). The mean difference between SSS in supine and in prone position was higher with disappearing than with remaining defects.Conclusion:Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging with the patient in the prone position overcomes soft tissue attenuation; moreover it provides an inexpensive, accurate approach to limit the number of unnecessary rest perfusion studies and coronary angiographies performed.

Does Ad Hoc Coronary Intervention Reduce Radiation Exposure? – Analysis of 568 Patients

Background:Advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention have been described. However little is known about the radiation exposure of that procedure as compared with the staged intervention.Objective:To compare the radiation dose of the ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention with that of the staged procedureMethods:The dose-area product and total Kerma were measured, and the doses of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were added. In addition, total fluoroscopic time and number of acquisitions were evaluated.Results:A total of 568 consecutive patients were treated with ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 320) or staged percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 248). On admission, the ad hoc group had less hypertension (74.1% vs 81.9%; p = 0.035), dyslipidemia (57.8% vs. 67.7%; p = 0.02) and three-vessel disease (38.8% vs. 50.4%; p = 0.015). The ad hoc group was exposed to significantly lower radiation doses, even after baseline characteristic adjustment between both groups. The ad hoc group was exposed to a total dose-area product of 119.7 ± 70.7 Gycm2, while the staged group, to 139.2 ± 75.3 Gycm2 (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention reduced radiation exposure as compared with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed at two separate times.

Use of tobacco in Mexico and South America / by J. Alden Mason, Formerly Assistant Curator of Mexican and South American Archaeology.

no.16(1924)

Tobacco and its use in Asia / by Berthold Laufer, Curator of Anthropology.

no.18(1924)

Tobacco / by B. Laufer, et al.

Fieldiana, Popular Series, Anthropology, no. 15-19

Use of tobacco among North American Indians / by Ralph Linton, Assistant Curator of North American Ethnology.

no.15(1924)