Phosphate fertilization and phosphorus forms in an Oxisol under no-till

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Crescimento inicial e absorção de nutrientes pelo algodoeiro cultivado sobre a palhada de Brachiaria ruziziensis

As gramíneas forrageiras possuem alta capacidade para produzir palha no sistema de semeadura direta em integração lavoura-pecuária. No entanto, essas plantas podem reduzir o crescimento das culturas, em função de efeitos alelopáticos ou pela competição por nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de resíduos culturais de Brachiaria ruziziensis no crescimento inicial e no acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea do algodoeiro, quando foram deixados sobre o solo ou no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, sendo o algodão cultivado com os tratamentos: raízes e parte aérea da braquiária cultivada previamente e deixadas no vaso; parte aérea da braquiária colocada sobre o solo; raízes da braquiária ficaram no solo, mas a parte aérea foi retirada; uma testemunha (sem braquiária). As raízes de braquiária remanescentes no solo causaram diminuição na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e no crescimento inicial das raízes do algodoeiro. O teor e o acúmulo de N na parte aérea da planta foram menores na presença de raízes de braquiária, porém o teor de P na parte aérea do algodoeiro foi maior, e tanto o teor como o acúmulo de K na parte aérea do algodão foram maiores quando este foi cultivado sobre resíduos da parte aérea da braquiária.

Alterações nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo distroférrico decorrentes da granulometria e doses de calcário em sistemas plantio direto e convencional

Atualmente, percebe-se o interesse na calagem superficial, sem prévia incorporação, para instalação do sistema plantio direto (SPD). Dessa forma, objetivou-se determinar os efeitos de granulometria e doses de calcários no SPD, em fase de implantação, e no sistema de plantio convencional (SPC) sobre o pH, H + Al, Ca2+ e Mg2+. O experimento foi realizado no ano agrícola de 1998/99, na FCA/UNESP-Botucatu (SP), em Latossolo Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas representaram os sistemas de plantio (SPD e SPC); as subparcelas, a granulometria dos calcários [grosso (PRNT = 56 %) e fino (PRNT = 90 %)], e as subsubparcelas, as doses de 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1 (calcário grosso) e 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 t ha-1 (fino). O solo foi amostrado, a 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm de profundidade, 1, 3 e 12 meses após a aplicação dos corretivos. A análise de variância não detectou interação tripla entre os fatores. A aplicação de calcário superficial no SPD, independentemente da granulometria e da dose, alterou positivamente os atributos químicos do solo (0-5 e 5-10 cm), 12 meses após a calagem. O corretivo continuou reagindo, independentemente do sistema de plantio, de forma intensa, mesmo após três meses. A aplicação de doses mais elevadas de calcário, com maior granulometria, sugeriu efeito residual prolongado.

Desenvolvimento de grãos e produção de fitomassa do girassol em função de adubações boratadas

Sunflower crop is a good option to no-tillage system; however, it is sensible to low B availability, what is common in tropical soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the crop development, grain yield and grain size as affected by B fertilizer doses applied in the sowing and by leaf application. The experiment was conducted in controlled conditions, with four Borax doses (0; 1; 2 e 3 kg B ha(-1)) in the sowing interacting with four Boric Acid doses (0; 0,5; 1 e 2 kg B ha(-1)) by leaf application. The plants were managed until grain physiological maturity, when stems, leaves and capitula were sampled, besides the counting and weighing of two grain classes separated by size. The B fertilizer applied in the sowing lines increased total dry matter phytomass and grain yield. However, when interacting with high doses of B by leaf application, these values decreased. Grain size was increased with leaf fertilization, when B was not applied in the soil or with only 1 kg B ha(-1) in the sowing line. on the other hand, when B was applied from 2 to 3 kg ha(-1) in the crop sowing, high doses of leaf fertilizer affected grain filling.

Fontes alternativas e doses de nitrogênio no milho safrinha em sucessão à soja

A produtividade do milho safrinha pode ser aumentada com a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura mesmo quando cultivado em sucessão à soja. No entanto, existem inconsistências dos resultados especialmente quanto às fontes e doses a serem empregadas nessa modalidade de cultivo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de fontes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no milho safrinha, cultivado após soja no sistema plantio direto, conduziu-se o experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em Chapadão do Céu (GO). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro fontes (uréia, sulfato de amônio, uréia extrusada com produtos amiláceos (Amiréia® 180S) e sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação (Entec® 26)) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1). A interação fonte x dose não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. A aplicação de nitrogênio na forma de entec proporcionou maiores teores de nitrogênio na folha do milho safrinha que o sulfato de amônio e a amiréia. A produtividade de grãos do milho safrinha foi maior quando o nitrogênio em cobertura foi fornecido na forma de sulfato de amônio, em comparação com a amiréia. A aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura aumentou os teores de nitrogênio e enxofre na folha, altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de espigas por planta e grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade de grãos do milho safrinha, em sucessão à soja, independentemente da fonte utilizada.

Níveis de adubação para a cultura do milho Safrinha

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect two hybrids of maize, cultivated on "safrinha" conditions, in different rates of 08-28-16 formula. The treatments consisted of two hybrids of maize (DKB747 e CO32) cultivated in no-tillage system (SPD) and five rates of fertilizer 08-28-16 (100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 kg ha(-1)). The randomized block design was used, with subdivided splots and four replications. The maize was sowed on 02/03/2006 using seeder pneumatic of mechanics traction, with four individual lines, spaced of 0.45 m During maize flowering period, morphologic components were evaluated; the harvest occurred on 150 days after the sowing, when the production components were evaluated. The hybrid of maize DKB747 showed greater efficiency, while the hybrid of maize CO32 was more responsive to rates used. NPK rates on 08-28-16 fomula above 300 kg ha(-1) are not necessary to the hybrid CO32 cultivated on "safrinha" conditions, in Botucatu region, state of São Paulo.

Avaliação de espécies forrageiras como plantas de cobertura sobre os componentes de produção do milho cultivado no sistema plantio direto

The Grass, have high relation for C/N and a fascicule root system, is an alternative for use in the system of tillage (SPD) in northeastern Brazil. This work had the objective to assess the effects of three plants and grass cover on the components of production of the corn crop in no-tillage system and accumulation of biomass of their grass. The design was randomized blocks with four replications, with each plot area of 112 m2 (5,6 x 20,0m). The treatments consisted of the corn cultivation, DKB-333-B, about three grass species (Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria humidicola and Tifton in the system of tillage and a witness, without vegetation. The B. decumbens provided higher income to the corn crop, producing 5708 kg ha-1, didn't differ of the witness. The use of grass as cover plants are a viable alternative to the SPD of the corn crop, adding value by producing two crops (corn and grass), and protect the soil against erosion and produce forage for ruminants during the between-season.

Desempenho de cultivares transgênicas de soja em sucessão a culturas de inverno em semeadura direta

The objective of this research was to evaluate crop yield and some characteristics and yield components of transgenic soybean cultivars sown after different winter cover crops in the first year under no tillage system. The experimental design was the completely randomized block with split plots and four replications. The main plots consisted of five winter cover crops, white oat (Avena sativa L.), forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and ground pea (Pisum sativum L.) and an area under fallow (spontaneous vegetation). The subplots consisted of six soybean cultivars (BRS 243 RR, BRS 245 RR, BRS 247 RR, BRS 255 RR, BRS 256 RR and BRS 244 RR). Variance analysis for agronomic characteristics showed that soybean yield components were influenced by the interaction between winter crop and soybean cultivar. Thus, final population, number of nodes and pods per plant, nodes dry matter per plant, number of grains per pod and grain yield were affected significantly. When soybean nodulation was evaluated, the treatment with the area under fallow showed lower values. There was difference among winter crops for BRS 243 RR grain yield, white oat showed the highest values.

Soil water retention and s index after crop rotation and chiseling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dolomite and phosphogypsum surface application effects on annual crops nutrition and yield

Brazil has extensive area with acid soils. Using phosphogypsum and soil acidity tolerant cultivars are alternatives to crop establishment in no-till system without previous limestone incorporation in many agricultural soils of Brazil. However, it remains unknown how phosphogypsum and limestone surface application affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nutrition and yield under a no-till system. A field experiment was conducted in a sandy clay loam, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Haplorthox, previously cultivated under conventional tillage, in Botucatu, Sao, Paulo State, Brazil. Treatments included four dolomitic limestone rates (0, 1100, 2700, and 4300 kg ha(-1)), two phosphogypsum rates (0 and 2100 kg ha(-1)), and two upland rice cultivars (Caiapo and IAC 202). in 2002-2003, and two bean cultivars (Perola and Carioca), in 2003-2004. Both amendments were applied on the surface, without soil incorporation. The content of Ca, Mg, and Mn in flag leaves and rice yield increased with limestone surface application. Liming increased the shoot dry matter of IAC 202 rice. Phosphogypsum increased S contents in leaves of both rice cultivars, and resulted in higher grain yield in the Caiapo rice. Liming increased K contents in leaves of both bean cultivars. In the absence of phosphogypsum, liming increased S contents and grain yield of bean. Content of Mg in leaves was reduced by phosphogypsum in lower limestone rates. In phosphogypsum presence, liming reduced Zn contents in leaves and increased bean shoot dry matter. Phosphogypsum increased Ca and S, and reduced Mg contents in bean leaves. Using soil acidity tolerant cultivars promoted higher crop yields in no-till systems establishment, even when the effective soil amelioration had not yet been achieved.

Least limiting water range in soil under crop rotations and chiseling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Biomass production and accumulation of nutrients in shoots of Giant Guinea sorghum plants

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of row spacing and intercrop on maize grain yield and forage production of palisade grass

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade fisiológica e armazenamento de sementes de milheto em função da época de semeadura

Pearl millet is recommended to produce dry matter for no-tillage system, as forage or for grain yield. The sowing time affects the crop development; thus, it can affect seed quality and initial storage conditions. The present research had as objective to evaluate the effects of sowing time on pearl millet seeds quality during the storage. Pearl millet seeds from twelve monthly sowing times were stored in environmental conditions, with no temperature and relative humidity control, and evaluated by seed moisture content, germination and vigor (first count of the germination test and electrical conductivity) for 0, 27 and 42 months of storage. The completely random design was employed, as a factorial experiment 12 x 3 (sowing time x storage time), with four replications. Means were compared by Tukey test (p <= 0.05). Pearl millet seeds produced in September resulted in the production of seeds with high germination and vigor, evaluated by the electrical conductivity test. The capacity of quality conservation of pearl millet seeds, for different storage times, is related to crop sowing time.

Nutrient recycling and physical indicators of an alley cropping system in a sandy loam soil in the pre-Amazon region of Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)