Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of the predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in angiosperms.

Of the approximately 380 families of angiosperms, representatives of only 10 are known to form symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. The morphologically based classification schemes proposed by taxonomists suggest that many of these 10 families of plants are only distantly related, engendering the hypothesis that the capacity to fix nitrogen evolved independently several, if not many, times. This has in turn influenced attitudes toward the likelihood of transferring genes responsible for symbiotic nitrogen fixation to crop species lacking this ability. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene rbcL indicates, however, that representatives of all 10 families with nitrogen-fixing symbioses occur together, with several families lacking this association, in a single clade. This study therefore indicates that only one lineage of closely related taxa achieved the underlying genetic architecture necessary for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.

Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero Megalobrachium Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

O presente trabalho trata do gênero de porcelanídeos Megalolobrachium Stimpson, 1858 e está organizado em três partes: (1) uma revisão taxonômica das espécies atualmente atribuídas a Megalobrachium Stimpson, 1858; (2) uma revisão da diversidade morfológica do gênero em um contexto maior dentro de Porcellanidae; e (3) uma análise cladística a partir de dados morfológicos com o intuito de testar o monofiletismo de Megalobrachium e propor a primeira hipótese filogenética para o gênero. A revisão taxonômica se baseou no estudo de material abundante de diferentes localidades do Pacífico oriental e Atlântico ocidental. Uma nova espécie de Megalobrachium é descrita com base no material das costas pacíficas do Panamá e Colômbia, totalizando 13 espécies em Megalobrachium. Para a análise filogenética, foram obtidos 151 caracteres; o grupo-externo foi composto por quatro espécies de três gêneros: Pachycheles Stimpson, 1858, Pisidia Leach, 1820, e Porcellana Lamarck, 1801. Uma única árvore (314 passos; IC: 64; IR: 80) foi obtida, com dois clados. O primeiro clado inclui espécies com lobos da fronte marcadamente flexionados, flagelo da antena curto, com artículos longos, patas ambulatórias curtas e robustas, abdome subtriangular em machos, pleópodo feminino iv com três segmentos, e urópodos curtos. O segundo clado contém espécies com lobos da fronte não flexionados, flagelo da antena longo, com artículos curtos, patas ambulatórias longas e delgadas, abdome sub-retangular, pleópodo feminino iv com dois segmentos, urópodos longos. O primeiro clado corresponde a Porcellanopsis Rathbun, 1910 (espécie-tipo P. festae (Nobili, 1901)), previamente tratado como sinônimo de Megalobrachium. Contudo, a combinação de diferenças morfológicas entre Megalobrachium e Porcellanopsis justifica a revalidação de Porcellanopsis. Três espécies foram erroneamente registradas no Pacífico oriental (M. mortenseni Haig, 1962, P. rosea (Rathbun, 1900) e P. soriata (Say, 1818)); essas espécies são exclusivamente distribuídas no Atlântico ocidental.

Detecção e caracterização moleculares de Picobirnavirus bovino na região centro-sul do Brasil

Picobirnavirus (PBV) pertencem à família Picobirnaviridae, divididos em duas espécies Human Picobirnavirus e Rabbit Picobirnavirus. São pequenos vírus constituídos de genoma bissegmentado de cadeia dupla de RNA (dsRNA), não envelopados, com capsídeo de simetria icosaédrica, sendo divididos em dois genogrupos, GI e GII. Já foram detectados em fezes humanas e de uma ampla gama de espécies animais, com ou sem sinais diarreicos, sendo considerados agentes emergentes e oportunistas, e seu potencial zoonótico foi sugerido. Entretanto, os estudos epidemiológicos e moleculares de PBV em bovinos são raros na literatura nacional e internacional. Devido à carência de dados a respeito de PBV em bovinos, o presente estudo foi realizado objetivando-se a detecção e caracterização moleculares de cepas de PVB bovinos dos genogrupos GI e GII em amostras fecais de bovinos com ou sem sintomatologia diarreica de diferentes idades e regiões do Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido a partir de 77 animais, obtendo-se 18 (23,3%) amostras positivas para GI, compreendendo animais provenientes dos estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Goiás. Não foram detectadas amostras positivas para GII. A identidade nucleotídica das amostras obtidas apresentou média de 67,4% quando comparadas uma com as outras e de até 83,77% quando comparadas com amostras de PBV de referência. Na reconstrução filogenética, três amostras agruparam-se em clado de PVB humano e somente uma agrupou-se em clado de PVB bovino. Em síntese, os resultados obtidos indicam, de maneira inédita, a circulação de PVB bovino pertencente ao genogrupo GI em diferentes estados brasileiros, com perfis filogenéticos heterogêneos.

Relações filogenéticas das espécies de Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 e Teleocichla Kullander, 1988 (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

São reconhecidos 90 nomes específicos válidos de Crenicichla e oito de Teleocichla. Juntos, os dois gêneros-alvo do presente estudo compreendem quase 1/5 da diversidade total de Cichlinae, subfamília neotropical de Cichlidae. Apesar das espécies de Crenicichla e Teleocichla formarem um clado bem corroborado através de filogenias baseadas tanto em dados morfológicos quanto em dados moleculares, as relações entre as suas espécies foram ainda pouco estudadas. Os dois estudos filogenéticos de Crenicichla conhecidos são parcialmente discordantes entre si e incorporaram apenas uma parcela da diversidade do grupo. Baseados apenas em dados moleculares, não foram acompanhados por um estudo de caracteres morfológicos que indicariam as sinapomorfias ou características diagnósticas para identificação dos grupos monofiléticos delimitados. No presente estudo, os principais objetivos consistem em testar o monofiletismo do grupo formado pelas espécies de Crenicichla e Teleocichla e identificar e definir unidades monofiléticas dentro desse grupo, com base na análise cladística de caracteres morfológicos. Como objetivo secundário, são testadas as recentes hipóteses de relações filogenéticas dessas espécies com as demais espécies de ciclídeos neotropicais. Foram incluídas todas as espécies válidas de Teleocichla e 54 espécies válidas de Crenicichla (60% das espécies válidas), além de uma espécie nova de Teleocichla e cinco prováveis espécies novas de Crenicichla. 20 representantes de diferentes linhagens de Cichlinae foram incluídos, totalizando 88 táxons terminais. As análises cladísticas foram realizadas a partir de uma matriz com 211 caracteres provenientes do estudo comparado de morfologia externa, incluindo padrões de colorido e osteologia. Além da análise com pesagens igualitárias, foram explorados também os resultados das análises com pesagem implícita utilizando diferentes valores da variável k e com pesagem sucessiva. A partir da comparação e discussão dos resultados obtidos a partir das diferentes análises, a topologia obtida através da análise com pesagem implícita utilizando o valor de k=3 foi escolhida para obtenção das inferências filogenéticas. Duas classificações alternativas foram discutidas e, a fim de minimizar mudanças nomenclaturais, aquela baseada no reconhecimento de subgêneros de Crenicichla correspondendo aos grupos monofiléticos encontrados foi preferida em detrimento da proposta baseada no reconhecimento de vários gêneros. Isso porque o posicionamento de Crenicichla macrophthalma (espécie-tipo de Crenicichla) continua sendo considerado instável. O gênero Crenicichla é corroborado como um grande clado formado por todas as espécies de Crenicichla e Teleocichla incluídas e é sustentado por 40 sinapomorfias não-ambíguas. Um complexo cenário foi encontrado quanto às relações entre as espécies de Crenicichla, com várias linhagens dentro desse grande grupo, assim como era previsto de acordo com estudos filogenéticos prévios. As relações entre essas linhagens, por outro lado, são ainda instáveis, podendo variar de acordo com os diferentes tipos de pesagem aplicados e apresentam algumas divergências em relação aos estudos prévios, que também divergem entre si. Teleocichla é um grupo monofilético dentro de Crenicichla e foi considerado como um de seus oito subgêneros. O subgênero Crenicichla é constituído apenas por Crenicichla macrophthalma. Os seis subgêneros restantes (Wallaciia, Batrachops, Hemeraia, Saxatilia, Lugubria e Lacustria) correspondem totalmente ou parcialmente a grupos de espécies de Crenicichla previamente existentes na literatura. Em Lacustria, quatro complexos de espécies foram delimitados: C. missioneira, C. scotti, C. jaguarensis e C. lacustris sensu stricto. Foram listadas as espécies nominais de cada subgênero e uma diagnose para auxiliar a identificação dos mesmos foi elaborada. Uma nova hipótese de relações de Crenicichla em Cichlinae é inferida a partir da análise realizada, na qual Crenicichla é grupo-irmão de um clado formado por Chaetobranchus flavescens e todos os representantes de Cichlasomatini e Geophagini incluídos

Paleoecology, Diagenesis and Biological Affinity of Tetradiids in the Upper Ordovician (Sandbian) Black River Group of the Kingston Area, Ontario, Canada

Tetradiids are a group of colonial, tubular fossils that occur globally in Middle to Upper Ordovician strata. Tetradiids were first described as a type of tabulate coral; however, based on their four-fold symmetry, division, and presence of a central-sparry canal, they were recently reinterpreted as a florideophyte rhodophyte algae, a reinterpretation that is tested in this thesis. This study focused on understanding the affinity and taphonomy of this order of fossil. Research was conducted by stratigraphic and petrographic analyses of the Black River Group in the Kingston, Ontario region. Tetradiid occurrences were divided into fragment or colonial, with three morphologies of tetradiids described (Tetradium, Phytopsis and Paratetradium). Morphology is specific to depositional environment, with compact Tetradium consistently within ooid grainstones and open branching Phytopsis and chained Paratetradium consistently within mudstones. Two types of patch reefs were recognized: a Paratetradium bioherm, and a Paratetradium, Phytopsis, stromatolite bioherm. The presence of bioherms implies that tetradiids were capable of hypercalcifying. Preservation styles of tetradiids were investigated, and were compared to brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks, and ooids. Tetradiids were preferentially preserved as molds and demonstrated complete dissolution of skeletal material. Rare specimens, however, demonstrated preserved horizontal partitions, central plates, and a double wall. Skeletal molds were filled with either calcite spar, mud or encrusted by a cryptomicrobial colony. Both calcitic and aragonitic ooids were discovered. The co-occurrence of aragonitic ooids, aragonitic crytodontids, and the evolution of aragonitic, hypercalcifying tetradiids is interpreted as representing the geochemical favoring of aragonite and HMC in a time of global calcite seas. The geochemical favoring of aragonite is interpreted to be independent to global Mg: Ca ratios, but was the result of increased saturation levels and temperature driven by high atmospheric pCO2. Based on the presence of epitheca, tabulae, septa, and the commonality of growth forms, tetradiids are interpreted as an order of Cnidaria. The evolution of an aragonitic skeleton in tetradiids is interpreted to be the result of de novo acquisition of a skeleton from an unmineralized clade.

Étude du rôle des régions variables 4 et 5 dans les changements de conformation de la gp120 du VIH-1

Le VIH infecte les cellules par fusion de sa membrane avec la membrane de la cellule cible. Cette fusion est effectuée par les glycoprotéines de l'enveloppe (Env) qui sont synthétisées en tant que précurseur, gp160, qui est ensuite clivé en gp120 et gp41. La protéine gp41 est la partie transmembranaire du complexe de l'enveloppe et l’ancre à la particule virale alors que la gp120 assure la liaison au récepteur cellulaire CD4 et corécepteur CCR5 ou CXCR4. Ces interactions successives induisent des changements de conformation d’Env qui alimentent le processus d'entrée du virus conduisant finalement à l'insertion du peptide de fusion de la gp41 dans la membrane de la cellule cible. La sous-unité extérieure gp120 contient cinq régions variables (V1 à V5), dont trois (V1, V2 et V3) étant capables d’empêcher l’adoption spontanée de la conformation liée à CD4. Cependant, le rôle de régions variables V4 et V5 vis-à-vis de ces changements de conformation reste inconnu. Pour étudier leur effet, des mutants de l'isolat primaire de clade B YU2, comprenant une délétion de la V5 ou une mutation au niveau de tous les sites potentiels de N-glycosylation de la V4 (PNGS), ont été générés. L'effet des mutations sur la conformation des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe a été analysé par immunoprécipitation et résonance de plasmon de surface avec des anticorps dont la liaison dépend de la conformation adopté par la gp120. Ni le retrait des PNGS de la V4 ni la délétion de V5 n’a affecté les changements conformationnels d’Env tels que mesurés par ces techniques, ce qui suggère que les régions variables V1, V2 et V3 sont les principaux acteurs dans la prévention de l’adoption de la conformation lié de CD4 d’Env.

ABI1 and PP2CA Phosphatases Are Negative Regulators of Snf1-Related Protein Kinase1 Signaling in Arabidopsis

Plant survival under environmental stress requires the integration of multiple signaling pathways into a coordinated response, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this integration are poorly understood. Stress-derived energy deprivation activates the Snf1-related protein kinases1 (SnRK1s), triggering a vast transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming that restores homeostasis and promotes tolerance to adverse conditions. Here, we show that two clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), established repressors of the abscisic acid (ABA) hormonal pathway, interact with the SnRK1 catalytic subunit causing its dephosphorylation and inactivation. Accordingly, SnRK1 repression is abrogated in double and quadruple pp2c knockout mutants, provoking, similarly to SnRK1 overexpression, sugar hypersensitivity during early seedling development. Reporter gene assays and SnRK1 target gene expression analyses further demonstrate that PP2C inhibition by ABA results in SnRK1 activation, promoting SnRK1 signaling during stress and once the energy deficit subsides. Consistent with this, SnRK1 and ABA induce largely overlapping transcriptional responses. Hence, the PP2C hub allows the coordinated activation of ABA and energy signaling, strengthening the stress response through the cooperation of two key and complementary pathways.

(Table 1) Occurrences of Epimeria georgiana species complex (Amphipoda) in the Weddel and Scotia Sea

DNA barcoding revealed four well-supported clades among amphipod specimens that keyed out to Epimeria georgiana Schellenberg, 1931, three clades with specimens from the southern Scotia Arc and one clade with specimens from the Weddell Sea. Detailed morphological investigations of sequenced specimens were conducted, through light and scanning electron microscopy. High magnification (500-2,000 fold) revealed features such as comb-scales on the first antenna and trich bearing pits on the fourth coxal plate to be similar for all specimens in the four clades. Consistent microstructure character differences in the Weddell Sea specimens combined with high genetic distances (COI divergence>20%) allowed the description of Epimeria angelikae, a species new to science. Specimens of E. georgiana in the other three COI clades from the Scotia Arc were morphologically indistinguishable. Representative specimens of clade A are also illustrated in detail. Our results on the high genetic divergences in epimeriid amphipods support the theory of the southern Scotia Arc being a centre of Antarctic diversification.

Partitioned likelihood support and the evaluation of data set conflict

In simultaneous analyses of multiple data partitions, the trees relevant when measuring support for a clade are the optimal tree, and the best tree lacking the clade (i.e., the most reasonable alternative). The parsimony-based method of partitioned branch support (PBS) forces each data set to arbitrate between the two relevant trees. This value is the amount each data set contributes to clade support in the combined analysis, and can be very different to support apparent in separate analyses. The approach used in PBS can also be employed in likelihood: a simultaneous analysis of all data retrieves the maximum likelihood tree, and the best tree without the clade of interest is also found. Each data set is fitted to the two trees and the log-likelihood difference calculated, giving partitioned likelihood support (PLS) for each data set. These calculations can be performed regardless of the complexity of the ML model adopted. The significance of PLS can be evaluated using a variety of resampling methods, such as the Kishino-Hasegawa test, the Shimodiara-Hasegawa test, or likelihood weights, although the appropriateness and assumptions of these tests remains debated.

Symbiont diversity within the widespread Scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipore across the northwestern Pacific

The molecular diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates associated with the widespread western Pacific coral Plesiastrea versipora was explored in order to examine if associations between reef-building corals and symbiotic dinoflagellates change with environment. Several ribosomal DNA genes with different evolutionary rates were used.. including the large subunit (28S), the 5.8S region and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). The phylogenetic analysis of the 28S and 5.8S rDNA regions indicated that a single endosymbiont species, highly related to one of the species of Symbiodinium in clade C (=Synbiodinium goreaui, Trench et Blank), associates with P. versipora along the Ryukyu Archipelago. The persistence of the same endosymbiont within P. versipora across this wide array of latitudes may be a result of such features as the Kuroshio Current, which brings tropical temperatures as far north as Honshu, Japan. Analysis of the faster evolving ITS rDNA region revealed significant genetic variability within endosymbionts from different populations. This variation was due to a high degree of interpopulation variability, based on the proportion of pairwise variation detected among the populations (0.95% approximately). By comparison with other studies, the results also indicate that some ITS1 haplotypes from P. versipora endosymbionts seem to be widely distributed within the western Pacific Ocean, ranging from the Great Barrier Reef to the northeast of the China Sea.

Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales)

Annonaceae and Myristicaceae, the two largest families of Magnoliales, are pantropical groups of uncertain geographic history. The most recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses identify the Asian-American genus Anaxagorea as sister to all other Annonaceae and the ambavioids, consisting of small genera endemic to South America, Africa, Madagascar, and Asia, as a second branch. However, most genera form a large clade in which the basal lines are African, and South American and Asian taxa are more deeply nested. Although it has been suggested that Anaxagorea was an ancient Laurasian line, present data indicate that this genus is basically South American. These considerations may mean that the family as a whole began its radiation in Africa and South America in the Late Cretaceous, when the South Atlantic was narrower, and several lines dispersed from Africa-Madagascar into Laurasia as the Tethys closed in the Tertiary. This scenario is consistent with the occurrence of annonaceous seeds in the latest Cretaceous of Nigeria and the Eocene of England and with molecular dating of the family. Based on distribution of putatively primitive taxa in Madagascar and derived taxa in Asia, it has been suggested that Myristicaceae had a similar history. Phylogenetic analyses of Myristicaceae, using morphology and several plastid regions, confirm that the ancestral area was Africa-Madagascar and that Asian taxa are derived. However, Myristicaceae as a whole show strikingly lower molecular divergence than Annonaceae, indicating either a much younger age or a marked slowdown in molecular evolution. The fact that the oldest diagnostic fossils of Myristicaceae are Miocene seeds might be taken as evidence that Myristicaceae are much younger than Annonaceae, but this is implausible in requiring transoceanic dispersal of their large, animal-dispersed seeds.

CemaT1 is an active transposon within the Caenorhabditis elegans genome

The maT clade of transposons is a group of transposable elements intermediate in sequence and predicted protein structure to mariner and T-C transposons, with a distribution thus far limited to a few invertebrate species. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there are eight copies of CemaT1 that are predicted to encode a functional transposase, with five copies being >99% identical. We present evidence, based on searches of publicly available databases and on PCR-based mobility assays, that the CemaT1 transposase is expressed in C. elegans and that the CemaT transposons are capable of excising in both somatic and germline tissues. We also show that the frequency of CemaT1 excisions within the genome of the N2 strain of C. elegans is comparable to that of the Tc1 transposon. However, unlike T-C transposons in mutator strains of C elegans, maT transposons do not exhibit increased frequencies of mobility, suggesting that maT is not regulated by the same factors that control T-C activity in these strains. Finally, we show that CemaT1 transposons are capable of precise transpositions as well as orientation inversions at some loci, and thereby become members of an increasing number of identified active transposons within the C. elegans genome. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A mitochondrial phylogeny of the rainforest skink genus Saproscincus, Wells and Wellington (1984)

The phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of 10 currently described rainforest skinks in the genus Saproscincus were investigated using mitochondrial protein-coding ND4 and ribosomal RNA 16S genes. A robust phylogeny is inferred using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, with all inter-specific nodes strongly supported when datasets are combined. The phylogeny supports the recognition of two major lineages (northern and southern), each of which comprises two divergent clades. Both northern and southern lineages have comparably divergent representatives in mid-east Queensland (MEQ), providing further molecular evidence for the importance of two major biogeographic breaks, the St. Lawrence gap and Burdekin gap separating MEQ from southern and northern counterparts respectively. Vicariance associated with the fragmentation and contraction of temperate rainforest during the mid-late Miocene epoch underpins the deep divergence between morphologically conservative lineages in at least three instances. In contrast, one species, Saproseincus oriarus, shows very low sequence divergence but distinct morphological and ecological differentiation from its allopatric sister clade within Saproseincus mustelinus. These results suggest that while vicariance has played a prominent role in diversification and historical biogeography of Saproscincus, divergent selection may also be important. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An evolutionary radiation of beeflies in semi-arid Australia: systematics of the Exoprosopini (Diptera : Bombyliidae)

Almost half of the 4822 described beeflies in the world belong to the subfamily Anthracinae, with most of the diversity found in three cosmopolitan tribes: Villini, Anthracini, and Exoprosopini. The Australian Exoprosopini previously contained three genera, Ligyra Newman, Pseudopenthes Roberts and Exoprosopa Macquart. Pseudopenthes is an Australian endemic, with two species including Ps. hesperis, sp. nov. from Western Australia. Two new species of the exoprosopine Atrichochira Hesse, Atr. commoni, sp. nov. and Atr. paramonovi, sp. nov., are also described from Australia, extending the generic distribution from Africa. Cladistic analysis clarified the phylogenetic relationships between the recognised groups of the Exoprosopini and determined generic limits on a world scale. Inclusion of 18 Australian exoprosopines placed the Australian species in the context of the world fauna. The Exoprosopini contains six large groups. The basal group I contains species previously included in Exoprosopa to which the name Defilippia Lioy is applied. Group II contains Heteralonia Rondani, Atrichochira, Micomitra Bowden, Pseudopenthes, and Diatropomma Bowden. Colossoptera Hull is newly synonymised with Heteralonia. Group III is a paraphyletic assemblage of Pterobates Bezzi and Exoprosopa including the Australian Ex. sylvana ( Fabricius). Ligyra is paraphyletic, forming two well-separated clades. The African clade is described as Euligyra Lambkin, gen. nov., which, together with Litorhina Bezzi and Hyperalonia Rondani, form group IV. The Australian group V is true Ligyra. The remaining monophyletic lineage of exoprosopines, group VI, the Balaana-group of genera, shows evidence of an evolutionary radiation of beeflies in semi-arid Australia. Phylogenetic analysis of all 42 species of the Balaana-group of genera formed a basis for delimiting genera. Seven new genera are described by Lambkin & Yeates: Balaana, Kapua, Larrpana, Munjua, Muwarna, Palirika and Wurda. Four non-Australian species belong to Balaana. Thirty two new Australian species are described: Bal. abscondita, Bal. bicuspis, Bal. centrosa, Bal. gigantea, Bal. kingcascadensis, K. corusca, K. irwini, K. westralica, Lar. collessi, Lar. zwicki, Mun. erugata, Mun. lepidokingi, Mun. paralutea, Mun. trigona, Muw. vitreilinearis, Pa. anaxios, Pa. basilikos, Pa. blackdownensis, Pa. bouchardi, Pa. cyanea, Pa. danielsi, Pa. decora, Pa. viridula, Pa. whyalla, W. emu, W. impatientis, W. montebelloensis, W. norrisi, W. patrellia, W. skevingtoni, W. windorah, and W. wyperfeldensis. The following new combinations are proposed: from Colossoptera: Heteralonia latipennis (Brunetti); from Exoprosopa: Bal. grandis (Pallas), Bal. efflatounbeyi (Paramonov), Bal. latelimbata ( Bigot), Bal. obliquebifasciata ( Macquart), Bal. tamerlan (Portschinsky), Bal. onusta ( Walker), Def. busiris (Jaennicke), Def. efflatouni ( Bezzi), Def. eritreae (Greathead), Def. gentilis ( Bezzi), Def. luteicosta ( Bezzi), Def. minos (Meigen), Def. nigrifimbriata ( Hesse), Def. rubescens ( Bezzi), K. adelaidica ( Macquart), Lar. dimidiatipennis ( Bowden), Muw. stellifera ( Walker), and Pa. marginicollis ( Gray); from Ligyra: Eu. enderleini ( Paramonov), Eu. mars ( Bezzi), Eu. monacha (Klug), Eu. paris ( Bezzi), Eu. sisyphus ( Fabricius), and Eu. venus (Karsch).

Phylogenetic position and ultrastructure of two Dermocystidium species (Ichthyosporea) from the common perch (Perca fluviatilis)

Sequences of small-subunit rRNA genes were determined for Dermocystidium percae and a new Dermocystidium species established as D. fennicum sp. n. from perch in Finland. On the basis of alignment and phylogenetic analysis both species were placed in the Dermocystidium-Rhinosporidium clade within Ichthyosporea, D. fennicum as a specific sister taxon to D. salmonis, and D. percae in a clade different from D. fennicum. The ultrastructures of both species well agree with the characteristics approved within Ichthyosporea: walled spores produce uniflagellate zoospores lacking a collar or cortical alveoli. The two Dermocystidium species resemble Rhinosporidium seeberi (as described by light microscope), a member of the nearest relative genus, but differ in that in R. seeberi plasmodia have thousands of nuclei discernible, endospores are discharged through a pore in the wall of the sporangium, and zoospores have not been revealed. The plasmodial stages of both Dermocystidium species have a most unusual behaviour of nuclei, although we do not actually know how the nuclei transform during the development. Early stages have an ordinary nucleus with double, fenestrated envelope. In middle-aged plasmodia ordinary nuclei seem to be totally absent or are only seldom discernible until prior to sporogony, when rather numerous nuclei again reappear. Meanwhile single-membrane vacuoles with coarsely granular content, or complicated membranous systems were discernible. Ordinary nuclei may be re-formed within these vacuoles or systems. In D. percae small canaliculi and in D. fennicum minute vesicles may aid the nucleus-cytoplasm interchange of matter before formation of double-membrane-enveloped nuclei. Dermocystidium represents a unique case when a stage of the life cycle of an eukaryote lacks a typical nucleus.