Das Recht der israelitischen Religionsgemeinschaft des Großherzogtums Baden

von Siegfried Wolff

Magabuk nen mags

Andersen. Lovepolam fa Lederer Siegfried

Von den Vätern

Schalom Asch. Hrsg. von Siegfried Schmitz

Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness

Intransitive competition networks, those in which there is no single best competitor, may ensure species coexistence. However, their frequency and importance in maintaining diversity in real-world ecosystems remain unclear. We used two large data sets from drylands and agricultural grasslands to assess: (1) the generality of intransitive competition, (2) intransitivity–richness relationships and (3) effects of two major drivers of biodiversity loss (aridity and land-use intensification) on intransitivity and species richness. Intransitive competition occurred in > 65% of sites and was associated with higher species richness. Intransitivity increased with aridity, partly buffering its negative effects on diversity, but was decreased by intensive land use, enhancing its negative effects on diversity. These contrasting responses likely arise because intransitivity is promoted by temporal heterogeneity, which is enhanced by aridity but may decline with land-use intensity. We show that intransitivity is widespread in nature and increases diversity, but it can be lost with environmental homogenisation.

Zur Bedeutung habitueller sportbezogener Verhaltensmuster in der Familie für die Sportpartizipation Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener

Einleitung Der Zugang zum Sport wird insbesondere in der Kindheit stark durch die Eltern beein-flusst, weshalb die Einstellung der Eltern zum Sport sowie deren Sportaktivitäten hierbei von großer Bedeutung ist (Thiel, Seiberth & Meyer, 2013). Darüber hinaus kann eine er-höhte Sport- und Bewegungsaktivität im familialen Alltag die sportbezogenen Einstellun-gen der Kinder prägen und damit das Sportverhalten im Jugend- und jungen Erwachse-nenalter beeinflussen (Baur, 1989). Im Familienalltag wird den Aspekten Bewegung und Sport ein ganz unterschiedlicher Stellenwert zugesprochen. In dieser Untersuchung soll deshalb der Frage nachgegangen werden, inwiefern sportbezogene Verhaltensmuster in der Familie sich unterscheiden und sich auf die Sportpraxis der Kinder im Jugend- und jungen Erwachsenenalter auswirken. Methode Basierend auf dem sozialisationstheoretischen Ansatz wurden mit Hilfe einer Online-Umfrage in 33 Gemeinden in der deutsch- und französischsprachigen Schweiz Jugendli-che und junge Erwachsene im Alter zwischen 15 und 30 Jahren (n = 3677) zu ihrem aktu-ellen Bewegungs- und Sportverhalten sowie retrospektiv zum Stellenwert des Sports so-wie den Sport- und Bewegungsgewohnheiten in der Familie befragt. Nebst dieser quantita-tiven Untersuchung wurden 13 leitfadengestützte mit Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachse-nen im Alter zwischen 15 und 25 Jahren geführt. Der Schwerpunkt der Befragung war die individuelle Sportpraxis sowie die eigene sowie familiäre sport- und bewegungsbezogene Einstellung. Die Interviewauswertung fand mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse (Mayring, 2002) statt. Ergebnisse und Diskussion Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei derzeit inaktiven Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen der familiäre Stellenwert des Sports (M = 2.49, SD = 1.30) signifikant geringer war als bei den Sportaktiven (M = 3.32, SD = 1.28, F(1, 3042) = 179.08, p < 0.01). Darüber hinaus berichten die derzeit nicht sportaktiven 15- bis 30-Jährigen von einer signifikanten geringe-ren Unterstützung innerhalb ihrer Familien (F(1, 3014) = 170.26, p < 0.01). Die qualitative Auswertung zeigt die unterschiedliche Wahrnehmung und Interpretation der elterlichen Unterstützungsprozesse auf. Nicht nur die Sportaktivität der Eltern, sondern auch die sport- und bewegungsbezogenen Gewohnheiten in der Familie sind offensichtlich für das individuelle Sportverhalten im Jugend- und jungen Erwachsenenalter relevant. Literatur Baur, J. (1989). Körper- und Bewegungskarrieren. Schorndorf: Hofmann. Thiel, A., Seiberth, K., & Mayer, J. (2013). Sportsoziologie. Ein Lehrbuch in 13 Lektionen. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer. Mayring, P. (2002). Einführung in die Qualitative Sozialforschung. Weinheim: Beltz.

Conditions for the career entry of Swiss sports science graduates.

The differentiation and commercialisation of the sports domain means that graduates with sports science degrees have more and more occupational fields to choose from. On the other hand, formal admissions criteria are becoming less important in sports-related occupations. This means that graduates need to pursue specific strategies to successfully embark on a ca-reer. This article examines which factors determine the career entry of sports science graduates in Switzerland. Aside from the starting salary, non-monetary aspects such as appropriateness of the job for the level of education and job stability were also considered. The empirical study draws on data from a sample of n = 1,054 graduates from all Swiss universities, analys-ing the career entry of sports science graduates. The results show that education-related as-pects (e.g., university degree) lead to higher incomes and jobs that are appropriate to one’s academic education; however, differences exist between the diverse occupational domains of sport. Furthermore, additional qualifications obtained by sports science graduates and volun-tary activities in the field of sport are both associated with higher incomes, particularly in oc-cupations outside sport. However, other factors (e.g., social networks, internships) produce no relevant effects.

What does professionalization mean? Developing a conceptual framework of professionalization in sports federations

Professionalization seems to be an appropriate strategy for sports organizations to meet organizational pressure due to challenges of a more complex and dynamic changing environment (e.g. Shilbury & Ferkins, 2011). However, despite the increasing number of studies attempting to disclose professionalization in sports organizations, it still remains unclear, what the term professionalization actually mean, and which aspects a suitable concept of professionalization for studying the phenomena should consist in (Dowling et al., 2014). To bridge this gap, we firstly display scholars’ perspective of professionalization in sports organizations in order to explore the common ground as well as divergences in previous approaches. We will then consider practical views of Swiss experts to gain valuable insight, as pointed out by Slack (2014), into current thinking and acting towards professionalization in sports federations in Switzerland. In semi-structured interviews, we asked six experts, who accompany the professionalization processes of Swiss national sports federations, about their subjective understanding of professionalization, and its characteristics. The interviews were analyzed applying hermeneutic approach to systematically reconstruct the observed characteristics of professionalization resulting in three main topics: (1) changed management philosophy, (2) specialization and functional differentiation, and (3) management tools. Based on the literature review as well as insights from the Swiss experts, we will provide a synthesis of crucial aspects for developing a conceptual framework of professionalization that can be useful for further studies. References Dowling, M., Edwards, J., & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17, 520-529. Shilbury, D., & Ferkins, L. (2011). Professionalisation, sport governance and strategic capability. Managing Leisure, 16, 108-127. Slack, T. (2014). The social and commercial impact of sport, the role of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14, 454–463.

Mendelssohn und Mecklenburg

Siegfried Silberstein