A Finite Element to Perform 3D Shakedown Analysis for Limited Kinematic Hardening Materials

The use of the Design by Analysis (DBA) route is a modern trend in pressure vessel and piping international codes in mechanical engineering. However, to apply the DBA to structures under variable mechanical and thermal loads, it is necessary to assure that the plastic collapse modes, alternate plasticity and incremental collapse (with instantaneous plastic collapse as a particular case), be precluded. The tool available to achieve this target is the shakedown theory. Unfortunately, the practical numerical applications of the shakedown theory result in very large nonlinear optimization problems with nonlinear constraints. Precise, robust and efficient algorithms and finite elements to solve this problem in finite dimension has been a more recent achievements. However, to solve real problems in an industrial level, it is necessary also to consider more realistic material properties as well as to accomplish 3D analysis. Limited kinematic hardening, is a typical property of the usual steels and it should be considered in realistic applications. In this paper, a new finite element with internal thermodynamical variables to model kinematic hardening materials is developed and tested. This element is a mixed ten nodes tetrahedron and through an appropriate change of variables is possible to embed it in a shakedown analysis software developed by Zouain and co-workers for elastic ideally-plastic materials, and then use it to perform 3D shakedown analysis in cases with limited kinematic hardening materials

An Empirical Analysis of Manufacturing Overhead Cost Drivers

Empirical validity of the claim that overhead costs are driven not by production volume but by transactions resulting from production complexity is examined using data from 32 manufacturing plants from the electronics, machinery, and automobile components industries. Transactions are measured using number of engineering change orders, number of purchasing and production planning personnel, shop- floor area per part, and number of quality control and improvement personnel. Results indicate a strong positive relation between manufacturing overhead costs and both manufacturing transactions and production volume. Most of the variation in overhead costs, however, is explained by measures of manufacturing transactions, not volume.

Makespaces: From Redistributed Manufacturing to a Circular Economy

Redistributed manufacturing is an emerging concept which captures the anticipated reshoring and localisation of production from large scale manufacturing plants to smaller-scale localised, customisable production units, largely driven by new additive digital production technologies. Critically, community based digital fabrication workshops, or makespaces, are anticipated to be the hothouse for this new era of localised production and as such are key to future sustainable design and manufacturing practices. In parallel, the concept of the circular economy (CE) conceptualises the move from a linear economy of take-make-waste to a closed loop system, through repair, remanufacturing, refurbishment and recycling which maintains the value of materials and resources. Despite the clear interplay between RdM and CE, there is limited research exploring this relationship. In light of these interconnected developments, the aim of this paper is to explore the role of makespaces in contributing to a circular economy through RdM activities. This is achieved through six semi-structured interviews with thought leaders on these topics. The research findings identify barriers and opportunities to both CE and RdM, uncover key overlaps between CE and RdM, and identify a range of future research directions that can support the coming together of these areas. The research contributes to a wider conversation on embedding circular practices within makespaces and their role in RdM.

Développement de procédés technologiques pour une intégration 3D monolithique de dispositifs nanoélectroniques sur CMOS

Résumé : Le transistor monoélectronique (SET) est un dispositif nanoélectronique très attractif à cause de son ultra-basse consommation d’énergie et sa forte densité d’intégration, mais il n’a pas les capacités suffisantes pour pouvoir remplacer complètement la technologie CMOS. Cependant, la combinaison de la technologie SET avec celle du CMOS est une voie intéressante puisqu’elle permet de profiter des forces de chacune, afin d’obtenir des circuits avec des fonctionnalités additionnelles et uniques. Cette thèse porte sur l’intégration 3D monolithique de nanodispositifs dans le back-end-of-line (BEOL) d’une puce CMOS. Cette approche permet d’obtenir des circuits hybrides et de donner une valeur ajoutée aux puces CMOS actuelles sans altérer le procédé de fabrication du niveau des transistors MOS. L’étude se base sur le procédé nanodamascène classique développé à l’UdeS qui a permis la fabrication de dispositifs nanoélectroniques sur un substrat de SiO2. Ce document présente les travaux réalisés sur l’optimisation du procédé de fabrication nanodamascène, afin de le rendre compatible avec le BEOL de circuits CMOS. Des procédés de gravure plasma adaptés à la fabrication de nanostructures métalliques et diélectriques sont ainsi développés. Le nouveau procédé nanodamascène inverse a permis de fabriquer des jonctions MIM et des SET métalliques sur une couche de SiO2. Les caractérisations électriques de MIM et de SET formés avec des jonctions TiN/Al2O3 ont permis de démontrer la présence de pièges dans les jonctions et la fonctionnalité d’un SET à basse température (1,5 K). Le transfert de ce procédé sur CMOS et le procédé d’interconnexions verticales sont aussi développés par la suite. Finalement, un circuit 3D composé d’un nanofil de titane connecté verticalement à un transistor MOS est réalisé et caractérisé avec succès. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse permettent de valider la possibilité de co-intégrer verticalement des dispositifs nanoélectroniques avec une technologie CMOS, en utilisant un procédé de fabrication compatible.

Tissue engineering: technological advances to improve its applications in reconstructive surgery

Background. Tremendous advances in biomaterials science and nanotechnologies, together with thorough research on stem cells, have recently promoted an intriguing development of regenerative medicine/tissue engineering. The nanotechnology represents a wide interdisciplinary field that implies the manipulation of different materials at nanometer level to achieve the creation of constructs that mimic the nanoscale-based architecture of native tissues. Aim. The purpose of this article is to highlight the significant new knowledges regarding this matter. Emerging acquisitions. To widen the range of scaffold materials resort has been carried out to either recombinant DNA technology-generated materials, such as a collagen-like protein, or the incorporation of bioactive molecules, such as RDG (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid), into synthetic products. Both the bottom-up and the top-down fabrication approaches may be properly used to respectively obtain sopramolecular architectures or, instead, micro-/nanostructures to incorporate them within a preexisting complex scaffold construct. Computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) scaffold technique allows to achieve patient-tailored organs. Stem cells, because of their peculiar properties - ability to proliferate, self-renew and specific cell-lineage differentiate under appropriate conditions - represent an attractive source for intriguing tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications. Future research activities. New developments in the realization of different organs tissue engineering will depend on further progress of both the science of nanoscale-based materials and the knowledge of stem cell biology. Moreover the in vivo tissue engineering appears to be the logical step of the current research.

3D Ionospheric Effects on HF Propagation and Heating

The thesis uses a three-dimensional, first-principles model of the ionosphere in combination with High Frequency (HF) raytracing model to address key topics related to the physics of HF propagation and artificial ionospheric heating. In particular: 1. Explores the effect of the ubiquitous electron density gradients caused by Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (MSTIDs) on high-angle of incidence HF radio wave propagation. Previous studies neglected the all-important presence of horizontal gradients in both the cross- and down-range directions, which refract the HF waves, significantly changing their path through the ionosphere. The physics-based ionosphere model SAMI3/ESF is used to generate a self-consistently evolving MSTID that allows for the examination of the spatio-temporal progression of the HF radio waves in the ionosphere. 2. Tests the potential and determines engineering requirements for ground- based high power HF heaters to trigger and control the evolution of Equatorial Spread F (ESF). Interference from ESF on radio wave propagation through the ionosphere remains a critical issue on HF systems reliability. Artificial HF heating has been shown to create plasma density cavities in the ionosphere similar to those that may trigger ESF bubbles. The work explores whether HF heating may trigger or control ESF bubbles. 3. Uses the combined ionosphere and HF raytracing models to create the first self-consistent HF Heating model. This model is utilized to simulate results from an Arecibo experiment and to provide understanding of the physical mechanism behind observed phenomena. The insights gained provide engineering guidance for new artificial heaters that are being built for use in low to middle latitude regions. In accomplishing the above topics: (i) I generated a model MSTID using the SAMI3/ESF code, and used a raytrace model to examine the effects of the MSTID gradients on radio wave propagation observables; (ii) I implemented a three- dimensional HF heating model in SAMI3/ESF and used the model to determine whether HF heating could artificially generate an ESF bubble; (iii) I created the first self-consistent model for artificial HF heating using the SAMI3/ESF ionosphere model and the MoJo raytrace model and ran a series of simulations that successfully modeled the results of early artificial heating experiments at Arecibo.

Hybrid materials for biomedical applications

The increased longevity of humans and the demand for a better quality of life have led to a continuous search for new implant materials. Scientific development coupled with a growing multidisciplinarity between materials science and life sciences has given rise to new approaches such as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The search for a material with mechanical properties close to those of human bone produced a new family of hybrid materials that take advantage of the synergy between inorganic silica (SiO4) domains, based on sol-gel bioactive glass compositions, and organic polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS ((CH3)2.SiO2)n, domains. Several studies have shown that hybrid materials based on the system PDMS-SiO2 constitute a promising group of biomaterials with several potential applications from bone tissue regeneration to brain tissue recovery, passing by bioactive coatings and drug delivery systems. The objective of the present work was to prepare hybrid materials for biomedical applications based on the PDMS-SiO2 system and to achieve a better understanding of the relationship among the sol-gel processing conditions, the chemical structures, the microstructure and the macroscopic properties. For that, different characterization techniques were used: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, liquid and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, smallangle neutron scattering, surface area analysis by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Surface roughness and wettability were analyzed by 3D optical profilometry and by contact angle measurements respectively. Bioactivity was evaluated in vitro by immersion of the materials in Kokubos’s simulated body fluid and posterior surface analysis by different techniques as well as supernatant liquid analysis by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Biocompatibility was assessed using MG63 osteoblastic cells. PDMS-SiO2-CaO materials were first prepared using nitrate as a calcium source. To avoid the presence of nitrate residues in the final product due to its potential toxicity, a heat-treatment step (above 400 °C) is required. In order to enhance the thermal stability of the materials subjected to high temperatures titanium was added to the hybrid system, and a material containing calcium, with no traces of nitrate and the preservation of a significant amount of methyl groups was successfully obtained. The difficulty in eliminating all nitrates from bulk PDMS-SiO2-CaO samples obtained by sol-gel synthesis and subsequent heat-treatment created a new goal which was the search for alternative sources of calcium. New calcium sources were evaluated in order to substitute the nitrate and calcium acetate was chosen due to its good solubility in water. Preparation solgel protocols were tested and homogeneous monolithic samples were obtained. Besides their ability to improve the bioactivity, titanium and zirconium influence the structural and microstructural features of the SiO2-TiO2 and SiO2-ZrO2 binary systems, and also of the PDMS-TiO2 and PDMS-ZrO2 systems. Detailed studies with different sol-gel conditions allowed the understanding of the roles of titanium and zirconium as additives in the PDMS-SiO2 system. It was concluded that titanium and zirconium influence the kinetics of the sol-gel process due to their different alkoxide reactivity leading to hybrid xerogels with dissimilar characteristics and morphologies. Titanium isopropoxide, less reactive than zirconium propoxide, was chosen as source of titanium, used as an additive to the system PDMS-SiO2-CaO. Two different sol-gel preparation routes were followed, using the same base composition and calcium acetate as calcium source. Different microstructures with high hydrophobicit were obtained and both proved to be biocompatible after tested with MG63 osteoblastic cells. Finally, the role of strontium (typically known in bioglasses to promote bone formation and reduce bone resorption) was studied in the PDMS-SiO2-CaOTiO2 hybrid system. A biocompatible material, tested with MG63 osteoblastic cells, was obtained with the ability to release strontium within the values reported as suitable for bone tissue regeneration.

Scaffolds porosos à base de fosfatos de cálcio para regeneração óssea

Graças ao aumento da esperança média de vida do ser humano, a engenharia de tecidos tem sido uma área alvo de enorme investigação. A utilização de estruturas tridimensionais porosas e biodegradáveis, denominadas de scaffolds, como matriz para a adesão e proliferação celular tem sido amplamente investigada. Existem atualmente diversas técnicas para a produção destas estruturas mas o grau de exigência tem vindo a aumentar, existindo ainda lacunas que necessitam ser preenchidas. A técnica de robocasting consiste numa deposição camada a camada de uma pasta coloidal, seguindo um modelo computorizado (CAD) e permite a produção de scaffolds com porosidade tamanho de poro e fração de porosidade controlados, boa reprodutibilidade, e com formas variadas, as quais podem ser idênticas às dos defeitos ósseos a preencher. O presente estudo teve como objetivo produzir scaffolds porosos à base de fosfatos de cálcio através de robocasting. Para tal, foram estudadas duas composições de pós à base de β-TCP, uma pura e outra co-dopada com estrôncio, zinco e manganês. Inicialmente os pós foram sintetizados pelo método de precipitação química por via húmida. Após a síntese, estes foram filtrados, secos, calcinados a 1000ºC e posteriormente moídos até possuírem um tamanho médio de partícula de cerca de 1,5 μm. Os pós foram depois peneirados com uma malha de 40μm e caracterizados. Posteriormente foram preparadas várias suspensões e avaliado o seu comportamento reológico, utilizando Targon 1128 como dispersante, Hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC) como ligante e polietilenimina (PEI) como agente floculante. Por fim, e escolhida a melhor composição para a formação da pasta, foram produzidos scaffolds com diferentes porosidades, num equipamento de deposição robótica (3D Inks, LLC). Os scaffolds obtidos foram secos à temperatura ambiente durante 48 horas, sinterizados a 1100ºC e posteriormente caracterizados por microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM), avaliação dos tamanhos de poro, porosidade total e testes mecânicos. Ambas as composições estudadas puderam ser transformadas em pastas extrudíveis, mas a pasta da composição pura apresentou uma consistência mais próxima do ideal, tendo originado scaffolds de melhor qualidade em termos de microestrutura e de propriedades mecânicas.

Engineering thin films of magnetic alloys and semiconductor oxides at the nanoscale

The thesis aims to exploit properties of thin films for applications such as spintronics, UV detection and gas sensing. Nanoscale thin films devices have myriad advantages and compatibility with Si-based integrated circuits processes. Two distinct classes of material systems are investigated, namely ferromagnetic thin films and semiconductor oxides. To aid the designing of devices, the surface properties of the thin films were investigated by using electron and photon characterization techniques including Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These are complemented by nanometer resolved local proximal probes such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electric force microscopy (EFM), and scanning tunneling microscopy to elucidate the interplay between stoichiometry, morphology, chemical states, crystallization, magnetism, optical transparency, and electronic properties. Specifically, I studied the effect of annealing on the surface stoichiometry of the CoFeB/Cu system by in-situ AES and discovered that magnetic nanoparticles with controllable areal density can be produced. This is a good alternative for producing nanoparticles using a maskless process. Additionally, I studied the behavior of magnetic domain walls of the low coercivity alloy CoFeB patterned nanowires. MFM measurement with the in-plane magnetic field showed that, compared to their permalloy counterparts, CoFeB nanowires require a much smaller magnetization switching field , making them promising for low-power-consumption domain wall motion based devices. With oxides, I studied CuO nanoparticles on SnO2 based UV photodetectors (PDs), and discovered that they promote the responsivity by facilitating charge transfer with the formed nanoheterojunctions. I also demonstrated UV PDs with spectrally tunable photoresponse with the bandgap engineered ZnMgO. The bandgap of the alloyed ZnMgO thin films was tailored by varying the Mg contents and AES was demonstrated as a surface scientific approach to assess the alloying of ZnMgO. With gas sensors, I discovered the rf-sputtered anatase-TiO2 thin films for a selective and sensitive NO2 detection at room temperature, under UV illumination. The implementation of UV enhances the responsivity, response and recovery rate of the TiO2 sensor towards NO2 significantly. Evident from the high resolution XPS and AFM studies, the surface contamination and morphology of the thin films degrade the gas sensing response. I also demonstrated that surface additive metal nanoparticles on thin films can improve the response and the selectivity of oxide based sensors. I employed nanometer-scale scanning probe microscopy to study a novel gas senor scheme consisting of gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires with functionalizing oxides layer. The results suggested that AFM together with EFM is capable of discriminating low-conductive materials at the nanoscale, providing a nondestructive method to quantitatively relate sensing response to the surface morphology.

Development of a Real-Time Hierarchical 3D Path Planning Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) frequently operate in partially or entirely unknown environments. As the vehicle traverses the environment and detects new obstacles, rapid path replanning is essential to avoid collisions. This thesis presents a new algorithm called Hierarchical D* Lite (HD*), which combines the incremental algorithm D* Lite with a novel hierarchical path planning approach to replan paths sufficiently fast for real-time operation. Unlike current hierarchical planning algorithms, HD* does not require map corrections before planning a new path. Directional cost scale factors, path smoothing, and Catmull-Rom splines are used to ensure the resulting paths are feasible. HD* sacrifices optimality for real-time performance. Its computation time and path quality are dependent on the map size, obstacle density, sensor range, and any restrictions on planning time. For the most complex scenarios tested, HD* found paths within 10% of optimal in under 35 milliseconds.

Manufacturing conditioned roughness and wear of biomedical oxide ceramics for all-ceramic knee implants

Background: Ceramic materials are used in a growing proportion of hip joint prostheses due to their wear resistance and biocompatibility properties. However, ceramics have not been applied successfully in total knee joint endoprostheses to date. One reason for this is that with strict surface quality requirements, there are significant challenges with regard to machining. High-toughness bioceramics can only be machined by grinding and polishing processes. The aim of this study was to develop an automated process chain for the manufacturing of an all-ceramic knee implant. Methods: A five-axis machining process was developed for all-ceramic implant components. These components were used in an investigation of the influence of surface conformity on wear behavior under simplified knee joint motion. Results: The implant components showed considerably reduced wear compared to conventional material combinations. Contact area resulting from a variety of component surface shapes, with a variety of levels of surface conformity, greatly influenced wear rate. Conclusions: It is possible to realize an all-ceramic knee endoprosthesis device, with a precise and affordable manufacturing process. The shape accuracy of the component surfaces, as specified by the design and achieved during the manufacturing process, has a substantial influence on the wear behavior of the prosthesis. This result, if corroborated by results with a greater sample size, is likely to influence the design parameters of such devices.

Uniform second-order solution for supersonic flow over delta wing using reverse-flow integral method,

"CM-1034."

Reverse-flow integral methods for second-order supersonic flow theory,

"CM-1033."

Reverse flow and supersonic interference.

"AFOSR TN-58-625. ASTIA doc. no. AD 162 155."

The Effect of Architecture and Shear Stress on Endothelialization of 3D Printed Vascular Networks

Despite significant progress in the field of tissue engineering within the last decade, a number of unsolved problems still remain. One of the most relevant issues is the lack of proper vascularization that limits the size of engineered tissues to smaller than clinically relevant dimensions. In particular, the growth of engineered tissue in vitro within bioreactors is plagued with this challenge. Specifically, the tubular perfusion system bioreactor has been used for large scale bone constructs; however these engineered constructs lack inherent vasculature and quickly develop a hypoxic core, where no nutrient exchange can occur, thus leading to cell death. Through the use of 3D printed vascular templates in conjunction with a tubular perfusion system bioreactor, we attempt to create an endothelial cell monolayer on 3D scaffolds that could potentially serve as the foundation of inherent vasculature within these engineered bone grafts.