毛乌素沙地两种固沙禾草种子萌发和幼苗生长与环境的关系

干旱区和半干旱区生长的植物具有复杂的生存机制，以确保其能够在特定的环境中生存和发展。植物在干旱的荒漠条件下的生存，与其特殊的种子萌发机制密切相关，这种机制能够确保植物在合适的时间与地点进行种子萌发与幼苗生长发育。在植物的生活史中，种子对极端环境具有最大的忍耐力，而萌发的幼苗对环境胁迫的忍耐程度最小。在干旱区生长的植物往往具有特殊的萌发机制使萌发出的幼苗能够度过对外界的敏感期，对于植物的生存具有重要意义。 毛乌素沙地是我国的四大沙地之一，该地区具有水分短缺，蒸发强烈，风沙剧烈和生境异质性高的特征。本文假设生长在这种极端环境中的植物也发展出了“适时适地”的种子萌发和幼苗生长的适应对策。为了验证以上的假设，本文选取毛乌素沙地不同生境中生长的两种优势固沙禾草——流动沙丘上生长的沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)和固定沙丘上生长的赖草(Leymus secalinus)为研究材料，通过野外调查、温室控制实验和实验室控制实验的方法，从生理生态学的角度探讨这两种植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长过程对沙丘环境的适应对策，主要对比它们在种子休眠、萌发和幼苗早期生长过程中对沙丘生境适应性的异同点。研究结果表明： （1）新成熟的沙鞭和赖草的种子为适应冬季低温而发展出生理性的内生休眠——非深度生理休眠。沙鞭和赖草的种子分别需要经过4周和8周的低温层积处理(3－5ºC)来完全打破休眠。另外，划破种皮或者部分切除胚乳也能够促进种子的萌发，这进一步证明两种植物的种子具有非深度生理休眠。然而，切除胚乳在不同程度上影响它们的幼苗生长。由非深度生理休眠、温度和损伤种皮/胚乳调节的部分萌发机制能够确保两种植物的种子即使在条件适宜的情况下只有部分种子萌发，从而分散植物生存的风险性。 （2）毛乌素沙地的小量降水（无法触发萌发）使种子经常遭受湿润－干燥的交替胁迫过程。种子先在湿润条件下吸涨1d或者2d，然后在室温下干燥0-8天。尽管在经历反复吸涨和自然干燥脱水后仍能够保持萌发能力，沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发特性却发生了不同的变化：和各自的对照相比，沙鞭种子萌发率相同而萌发速率降低;赖草种子的萌发率和萌发速率都降低，部分种子进入休眠状态。沙鞭和赖草萌发出的幼苗可能由于没有后续降雨或者因沙蚀而遭受干燥胁迫，但是其幼苗在生长早期能够忍耐一定程度的干燥，再次湿润后部分幼苗能够恢复生长。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐干燥的“极限点”不同：当幼根长度为1 mm时，它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是60d和30d;当幼根长度为4 mm时，它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是14d和7d。沙鞭和赖草的种子和生长早期的幼苗的耐干燥性特性可能是它们对降雨量和降雨时间都不可预测的沙地生境的生存策略之一。 （3）不同的沙埋深度影响沙鞭和赖草的种子萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗都需1－2 cm的浅层沙埋。随着沙埋深度的增加，两种植物的种子萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低，强迫休眠率逐渐升高;萌发率与出苗率和沙埋深度呈负相关关系而休眠率和沙埋深度呈正相关关系。但是，沙鞭种子出苗的最大沙埋深度是8 cm，而赖草的则为4 cm。因强迫休眠而没有萌发的种子对维持一个长期的土壤种子库来说具有生态学优势，这些种子暴露在合适的萌发土壤深度时具有生长出幼苗的潜能。 （4）沙鞭和赖草的种子都具有大小的差异性，种子大小对沙鞭和赖草的种子在不同沙埋深度的出苗具有不同的影响。沙鞭的三种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小，4.489 ± 0.012 mg (4 – 4.9 mg);中，5.457 ± 0.012 mg (5 – 5.9 mg)和大，6.415 ± 0.011 mg (6 – 6.9 mg)。赖草的两种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小，3.083 ± 0.026 mg (3 – 3.5 mg)和大3.955 ± 0.028 mg (3.6 – 4.0 mg)。在相同的沙埋深度下，两种植物的大种子的出苗率都显著高于小种子。和小种子相比，两种植物的大种子由于贮藏更多的能量，所以在相同深度的沙埋中具有出苗率更高的生态优势，而大量小种子在沙埋中不能萌发，可以作为种子库保存在沙层中，这样就分散了一次性大量萌发给植物带来的冒险性。 （5）沙鞭和赖草的幼苗在生长过程中会遭受沙埋，其幼苗忍耐沙埋的能力与沙埋的相对深度（沙埋比例）和幼苗年龄有关。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐沙埋能力不同：沙鞭的2周龄幼苗可以忍耐达到株高100%的沙埋，而其1周龄幼苗只能忍耐75%的沙埋。赖草的1周龄和2周龄幼苗都只能忍耐75%的沙埋。沙埋之后，沙鞭和赖草幼苗的生物量，根/茎比以及根和茎的长度都受到不同程度的影响。赖草幼苗不能忍耐完全沙埋可能是限制它在流动沙丘上分布的一个原因。 （6）降雨量和降雨频率能够不同程度地影响沙鞭和赖草在不同沙层的萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗需要的最小降雨量不同：在一次浇水相当于5 mm降雨量后，沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发率都超过50%;但是使沙鞭和赖草的出苗率能够达到50%的降雨量分别为10 mm和15 mm。沙埋中的沙鞭和赖草种子的出苗对降雨的响应具有以下特征：两种植物种子的出苗随降雨量或者降雨频率的增加而增加;沙鞭的出苗率受到降雨量和降雨频率的显著影响，但是二者交互作用的影响不显著;赖草的出苗率受到降雨量、降雨频率以及二者交互作用的显著影响。 由非深度生理休眠，种子大小，干燥－湿润循环，沙埋和降雨调节的种子萌发和出苗机制确保了自然条件下沙鞭和赖草每次只有少量种子萌发和出苗，从而分散了两种植物在沙丘上的生存风险。 根据沙鞭和赖草在沙丘上的种子萌发和幼苗生长特性，本文为毛乌素沙地通过植物固沙恢复受损的沙地生态系统的种子飞播实践提出了几点建议。

Destruction-free parameter extraction for a physics-based circuit simulator IGCT model

This paper presents a practical destruction-free parameter extraction methodology for a new physics-based circuit simulator buffer-layer Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) model. Most key parameters needed for this model can be extracted by one simple clamped inductive-load switching experiment. To validate this extraction method, a clamped inductive load switching experiment was performed, and corresponding simulations were carried out by employing the IGCT model with parameters extracted through the presented methodology. Good agreement has been obtained between the experimental data and simulation results.

Modeling of MOS-side carrier injection in trench-gate IGBTs

A compact trench-gate IGBT model that captures MOS-side carrier injection is developed. The model retains the simplicity of a one-dimensional solution to the ambipolar diffusion equation, but at the same time captures MOS-side carrier injection and its effects on steady-state carrier distribution in the drift region and on switching waveforms. © 2007 IEEE.

Transient thermal analysis of power devices based on Fourier-series thermal model

A new thermal model based on Fourier series expansion method has been presented for dynamic thermal analysis on power devices. The thermal model based on the Fourier series method has been programmed in MATLAB SIMULINK and integrated with a physics-based electrical model previously reported. The model was verified for accuracy using a two-dimensional Fourier model and a two-dimensional finite difference model for comparison. To validate this thermal model, experiments using a 600V 50A IGBT module switching an inductive load, has been completed under high frequency operation. The result of the thermal measurement shows an excellent match with the simulated temperature variations and temperature time-response within the power module. ©2008 IEEE.

Physical modelling of large area 4H-SiC PiN diodes

The recent developments in SiC PiN diode research mean that physics-based models that allow accurate, rapid prediction of switching and conduction performance and resulting converter losses will soon be required. This is especially the case given the potential for very high voltage converters to be used for enabling distributed and renewable power generation. In this work an electro-thermal compact model of a 4.5 kV silicon carbide PiN diode has been developed for converter loss modelling in Simulink. Good matching of reverse recovery has been achieved between 25 and 200 °C. The I-V characteristics of the P+ anode contact have been shown to be significant in obtaining good matching for the forward characteristics of the diode, requiring further modelling work in this area. © 2009 IEEE.

High speed electro-thermal models for inverter simulations

This paper presents the application of advanced compact models of the IGBT and PIN diode to the full electrothermal system simulation of a hybrid electric vehicle converter using a look-up table of device losses. The Fourier-based solution model is used, which takes account of features such as local lifetime control and field-stop technology. Device and circuit parameters are extracted from experimental waveforms and device structural data. Matching of the switching waveforms and the resulting generation of the look-up table is presented. An example of the use of the look-up tables in simulation of inverter device temperatures is also given, for a hypothetical electric vehicle subjected to an urban driving cycle. © 2006 IEEE.

Hydrodynamic pressures behind flexible and rigid dams

During earthquakes, hydrodynamic pressures are generated by the impounded reservoir on the dam face. The magnitude and distribution of the hydrodynamic pressures vary with factors such as frequency and intensity of earthquake-induced ground motion, depth of impounded reservoir, stiffness of dam and geological conditions. It is difficult to obtain experimental data on hydrodynamic pressures from the field owing to uncertainties associated with earthquake loading. This paper aims at using dynamic centrifuge modelling to measure hydrodynamic pressures behind both relatively stiff and flexible model dams. Comparisons of the experimental data with theoretical hydrodynamic pressures show that Westergaard's equation gives a conservative estimation of hydrodynamic pressures. Comparison with Chopra's method revealed that it underpredicts hydrodynamic pressures for low reservoir depths but gives reasonably good predictions for higher depths of reservoir. It is concluded that dynamic centrifuge modelling may be an effective experimental method to estimate the hydrodynamic pressures acting on a dam. © 2010 Thomas Telford Ltd.

树鼩内侧隔核-斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的胆碱能和非胆碱能投射

本研究运用JKLMNOP逆行追踪结合胆碱乙酰化酶免疫组织化学法研究了树鼠句内侧隔核M斜角带复合体向腹侧海马 的投射Q结果表明B)R+树鼠句腹侧海马接受内侧隔核M斜角带复合体的投射有三种形式B即来自内侧隔核B内侧隔核M斜角带垂直部 的外侧部和内侧隔核M斜角带垂直部的后部Q)G+腹侧海马来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部的投射主要是非胆碱能的B其非胆碱能 和胆碱能均主要来自内侧隔核Q)I+腹侧海马各亚区)SLRTSLGUSLI和齿状回门区或SLE+都主要接受内侧隔核的纤维传入B但 胆碱能和非胆碱能比例不同BSLRTSLGUSLI和SLE来自内侧隔核M斜角带垂直部的投射均主要是非胆碱能的B且主要来自内 侧隔核B其胆碱能几乎等量来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部Q内侧隔核M斜角带复合体@腹侧海马亚区胆碱能和非胆碱能投射比例 的不同B为认识内侧隔核M斜角带复合体@海马通路对记忆环路中的海马调节机制B提供了新的形态学依据Q

Transient electrothermal simulation of power semiconductor devices

In this paper, a new thermal model based on the Fourier series solution of heat conduction equation has been introduced in detail. 1-D and 2-D Fourier series thermal models have been programmed in MATLAB/Simulink. Compared with the traditional finite-difference thermal model and equivalent RC thermal network, the new thermal model can provide high simulation speed with high accuracy, which has been proved to be more favorable in dynamic thermal characterization on power semiconductor switches. The complete electrothermal simulation models of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and power diodes under inductive load switching condition have been successfully implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental results on IGBT and power diodes with clamped inductive load switching tests have verified the new electrothermal simulation model. The advantage of Fourier series thermal model over widely used equivalent RC thermal network in dynamic thermal characterization has also been validated by the measured junction temperature.© 2010 IEEE.

多氯联苯的羟基化代谢产物及其内分泌干扰机制

羟基多氯联苯是典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)———多氯联苯在生物体内的主要活性代谢产物,已在许多野生动物和人体内被检出。由于其化学结构与天然雌激素、甲状腺激素十分类似,因此羟基多氯联苯的内分泌干扰效应近年来已开始受到国际上的高度关注。本文对多氯联苯的代谢途径、羟基多氯联苯在生物体内的浓度水平、内分泌干扰及其多种毒性作用机制进行了综述。有关对多氯联苯的活性代谢产物———羟基多氯联苯的深入研究,将有助于进一步揭示多氯联苯的毒性机制,为我国早日建立有效的POPs污染危害评价与早期预警系统提供科学依据。