Thymic lineage commitment rather than selection causes genetic variations in size of CD4 and CD8 compartments.

During their development, immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes become committed to either the CD4 or CD8 lineage. Subsequent complete maturation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells requires a molecular match of the expressed coreceptor and the MHC specificity of the TCR. The final size of the mature CD4+ and CD8+ thymic compartments is therefore determined by a combination of lineage commitment and TCR-mediated selection. In humans and mice, the relative size of CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cell compartments shows marked genetic variability. We show here that genetic variations in thymic lineage commitment, rather than TCR-mediated selection processes, are responsible for the distinct CD4/CD8 ratios observed in common inbred mouse strains. Genetic variations in the regulation of lineage commitment open new ways to analyze this process and to identify the molecules involved.

Variations publicitaires sur le genre : une analyse linguistique des représentations publicitaires du féminin et du masculin

Résumé:¦Sur le plan économique, le système de genre est une pierre angulaire du discours publicitaire. Il intervient dans la segmentation des marchés, la sélection des médias et des supports, l'apparence extérieure des produits, le ton des campagnes, le choix des arguments de vente et, bien sûr, les scripts des annonces. En contrepartie, sur le plan symbolique, le discours publicitaire est un dépositaire privilégié des imaginaires de genre qui circulent dans son contexte de diffusion. En cette qualité, confronté à un marché toujours plus concurrentiel, à l'instabilité croissante des consommateurs ainsi qu'à une critique médiatique, académique et publique à l'affût des stéréotypes, le discours publicitaire est amené à proposer des représentations des hommes et des femmes de plus en plus diversifiées. Le présent ouvrage, qui relève de l'analyse linguistique des discours, rentre dans la complexité de ces variations publicitaires sur le féminin et le masculin et déchiffre les imaginaires de genre dont elles relèvent. Il soulève par ailleurs la question de la dimension politique des recherches académiques.

Seasonal variation of overall and cardiovascular mortality: a study in 19 countries from different geographic locations.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality has been shown to follow a seasonal pattern. Several studies suggested several possible determinants of this pattern, including misclassification of causes of deaths. We aimed at assessing seasonality in overall, CVD, cancer and non-CVD/non-cancer mortality using data from 19 countries from different latitudes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Monthly mortality data were compiled from 19 countries, amounting to over 54 million deaths. We calculated ratios of the observed to the expected numbers of deaths in the absence of a seasonal pattern. Seasonal variation (peak to nadir difference) for overall and cause-specific (CVD, cancer or non-CVD/non-cancer) mortality was analyzed using the cosinor function model. Mortality from overall, CVD and non-CVD/non-cancer showed a consistent seasonal pattern. In both hemispheres, the number of deaths was higher than expected in winter. In countries close to the Equator the seasonal pattern was considerably lower for mortality from any cause. For CVD mortality, the peak to nadir differences ranged from 0.185 to 0.466 in the Northern Hemisphere, from 0.087 to 0.108 near the Equator, and from 0.219 to 0.409 in the Southern Hemisphere. For cancer mortality, the seasonal variation was nonexistent in most countries. CONCLUSIONS: In countries with seasonal variation, mortality from overall, CVD and non-CVD/non-cancer show a seasonal pattern with mortality being higher in winter than in summer. Conversely, cancer mortality shows no substantial seasonality.

Entretiens phénoménologiques et entretiens focalisés sur l'activité : analyse comparative, similitudes et variations.

Cet article présente une analyse comparative des résultats de deux formes d'entretiens : en 2005, des entretiens phénoménologiques, en 2006 des entretiens centrés sur l'activité. Deux problématiques sont abordées : la perception de la santé au travail et les pratiques de contraception. Nous présentons les premiers résultats de cette analyse comparative : ils montrent que l'adaptation des entretiens centrés sur l'activité au domaine de la santé présente un grand intérêt au niveau des apports de contenus. Le retour du sujet sur le discours concernant son activité concrète facilite la réflexivité et conduit à des transformations personnelles. Des difficultés concernant la position du chercheur et l'adéquation de la technique à la Psychologie de la Santé sont discutées. Cette première exploration ne détermine pas encore ce qui est dû à la différence des techniques. Nos travaux comparatifs vont se poursuivre en vue d'explorer des alternatives méthodologiques applicables en Psychologie de la Santé.

Circadian variations of renal sodium handling in patients with orthostatic hypotension.

BACKGROUND: Sodium wasting during the night has been postulated as a potential pathophysiological mechanism in patients suffering from orthostatic hypotension due to severe autonomic deficiency. METHODS: In this study, the diurnal variations in creatinine clearance, sodium excretion and segmental renal tubular handling of sodium were evaluated in 18 healthy subjects and 20 young patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH). In addition, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and the neuro-hormonal response to changes in posture were determined. The patients and their controls were studied on a free sodium intake. In a second protocol, 10 controls and 10 patients were similarly investigated after one week of a high salt diet (regular diet + 6 g NaCl/day). RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to normal subjects in whom no significant changes in glomerular filtration, sodium excretion and segmental sodium reabsorption were observed throughout the day, patients with OH were characterized by a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate during the nighttime (P = 0.03) and significant increases in urinary lithium excretion (P < 0.05) and lithium clearance (P = 0.05) during the night, suggesting a decreased proximal reabsorption of sodium. On a high sodium diet, the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and the circadian variations in sodium reabsorption were significantly blunted. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, while the patient is in a supine position the effective blood volume of those with OH becomes excessive due to the increased venous return. Hence, the kidney responds with an increase in glomerular filtration and a relative escape of sodium from the proximal tubular segments. These circadian variations in renal sodium handling may contribute to the maintenance of the orthostatic syndrome.

Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) up-regulation in tears during seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To compare in-season eotaxin-1 levels in tears of patients suffering from seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) with (1) tears of normal subjects and (2) tears of SAC patients out of season. METHODS: Tears of 11 SAC patients and six control volunteers were collected during the pollen season. Tears of five SAC patients showing a strong sensitivity to grass pollen (skin-prick tests and specific serum IgE) were collected both in season and out of season. ELISA measured eotaxin-1 level. RESULTS: Eotaxin-1 concentration in tears of SAC patients [2,100+/-503 (SEM) pg/ml] and normal subjects (1,193+/-176 pg/ml) were significantly different (P=0.0049). Regarding allergic patients, the clinical score (sum of five allergic criteria) was significantly different in season and out of season (P=0.0043) as was also the case with eotaxin-1 concentration (P=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The eotaxin-1 concentration in tears of patients showing hay fever could confirm a diagnosis of seasonal ocular allergy.

Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. Tome premier / par messire Jacques Bénigne Bossuet,...

Collection : French books 1601-1700 ; 54.4-5

Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. Tome second / par messire Jacques Bénigne Bossuet,...

Collection : French books 1601-1700 ; 54.4-5

Variations in national management accounting approaches

During the 1990's studies of management accounting practices in Europe and in Latin America have given us data on 23 countries. In this paper we use this data to identify five distinct aspects of national management accounting culture being:1. The influence of regulations on official recommendations;2. The source of management accountants;3. Influence from one country to another;4. Variations in use of specific techniques;5. Variations in the objectives of the management accounting system.We then identify seven significant implications of the manager operating in the multinational environment.