Measuring and evaluating the impacts of TOD measures: searching for evidence of TOD characteristics in Azambuja train line

TOD (Transit Oriented Development) is typically defined as a high density mixed area (residential and commercial) within easy walking distance of a high capacity public transport station (typically within an 800m buffer area). TOO is viewed as a set of strategies to increase the use of public transport, increasing walking activity, containing urban sprawl, and creating more liveable places. It is believed that this type of combined strategies will improve sustainable growth. This work is an exploratory work for evidence of TOD characteristics in train station areas in Azambuja train line, setting further methodologies to evaluate the success of TOD areas.

ENCOURAGE architecture: support for heterogeneous smart grids

Our society relies on energy for most of its activities. One application domain inciding heavily on the energy budget regards the energy consumption in residential and non-residential buildings. The ever increasing needs for energy, resulting from the industrialization of developing countries and from the limited scalability of the traditional technologies for energy production, raises both problems and opportunities. The problems are related to the devastating effects of the greenhouse gases produced by the burning of oil and gas for energy production, and from the dependence of whole countries on companies providing gas and oil. The opportunities are mostly technological, since novel markets are opening for both energy production via renewable sources, and for innovations that can rationalize energy usage. An enticing research effort can be the mixing of these two aspects, by leveraging on ICT technologies to rationalize energy production, acquisition, and consumption. The ENCOURAGE project aims to develop embedded intelligence and integration technologies that will directly optimize energy use in buildings and enable active participation in the future smart grid environment.The primary application domains targeted by the ENCOURAGE project are non-residential buildings (e.g.: campuses) and residential buildings (e.g.: neighborhoods). The goal of the project is to achieve 20% of energy savings through the improved interoperability between various types of energy generation, consumption and storage devices; interbuilding energy exchange; and systematic performance monitoring.

Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulation

This paper presents a fractional calculus perspective in the study of signals captured during the movement of a mechanical manipulator carrying a liquid container. In order to study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The system acquires data from the sensors, in real time, and, in a second phase, processes them through an analysis package. The analysis package runs off-line and handles the recorded data. The results show that the Fourier spectrum of several signals presents a fractional behavior. The experimental study provides useful information that can assist in the design of a control system and the trajectory planning to be used in reducing or eliminating the effect of vibrations.

A fractional approach for the motion planning of redundant and hyper-redundant manipulators

The trajectory planning of redundant robots through the pseudoinverse control leads to undesirable drift in the joint space. This paper presents a new technique to solve the inverse kinematics problem of redundant manipulators, which uses a fractional differential of order α to control the joint positions. Two performance measures are defined to examine the strength and weakness of the proposed method. The positional error index measures the precision of the manipulator's end-effector at the target position. The repeatability performance index is adopted to evaluate if the joint positions are repetitive when the manipulator execute repetitive trajectories in the operational workspace. Redundant and hyper-redundant planar manipulators reveal that it is possible to choose in a large range of possible values of α in order to get repetitive trajectories in the joint space.

Adaptive tackling of the swinging problem for a 2 DOF crane – payload system

The control of a crane carrying its payload by an elastic string corresponds to a task in which precise, indirect control of a subsystem dynamically coupled to a directly controllable subsystem is needed. This task is interesting since the coupled degree of freedom has little damping and it is apt to keep swinging accordingly. The traditional approaches apply the input shaping technology to assist the human operator responsible for the manipulation task. In the present paper a novel adaptive approach applying fixed point transformations based iterations having local basin of attraction is proposed to simultaneously tackle the problems originating from the imprecise dynamic model available for the system to be controlled and the swinging problem, too. The most important phenomenological properties of this approach are also discussed. The control considers the 4th time-derivative of the trajectory of the payload. The operation of the proposed control is illustrated via simulation results.

Gender and other factors associated with the use of hearing protection devices at work

OBJECTIVE To analyze whether sociodemographic, occupational, and health-related data are associated with the use of hearing protection devices at work, according to gender. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006, using a random sample of 2,429 workers, aged between 18 and 65 years old, from residential sub-areas in Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil. Questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic, occupational, and health-related data. Workers who reported that they worked in places where they needed to shout in order to be heard were considered to be exposed to noise. Exposed workers were asked whether they used hearing protection devices, and if so, how frequently. Analyses were conducted according to gender, with estimates made about prevalence of the use of hearing protection devices, prevalence ratios, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Twelve percent (12.3%) of study subjects reported that they were exposed to noise while working. Prevalence of the use of hearing protection devices was 59.3% for men and 21.4% for women. Men from higher socioeconomic levels (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.14;1.90) and who had previous audiometric tests (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.15;1.88) were more likely to use hearing protection devices. For women, greater perceived safety was associated with the use of protection devices (PR = 2.92; 95%CI 1.34;6.34). This perception was specifically related to the presence of supervisors committed to safety (PR = 2.09; 95%CI 1.04;4.21), the existence of clear rules to prevent workplace injuries (PR = 2.81; 95%CI 1.41;5.59), and whether they were informed about workplace safety (PR = 2.42; 95%CI 1.23;4.76). CONCLUSIONS There is a gender bias regarding the use of hearing protection devices that is less favorable to women. The use of such devices among women is positively influenced by their perception of a safe workplace, suggesting that gender should be considered as a factor in hearing conservation programs.

An evolutionary approach for the motion planning of redundant and hyper-redundant manipulators

The trajectory planning of redundant robots is an important area of research and efficient optimization algorithms are needed. The pseudoinverse control is not repeatable, causing drift in joint space which is undesirable for physical control. This paper presents a new technique that combines the closed-loop pseudoinverse method with genetic algorithms, leading to an optimization criterion for repeatable control of redundant manipulators, and avoiding the joint angle drift problem. Computer simulations performed based on redundant and hyper-redundant planar manipulators show that, when the end-effector traces a closed path in the workspace, the robot returns to its initial configuration. The solution is repeatable for a workspace with and without obstacles in the sense that, after executing several cycles, the initial and final states of the manipulator are very close.

Knowledge discovery from trajectories

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Seismic vulnerability: From building evaluation to a typology generalization

Outlining the best strategies for seismic risk mitigation requires that both benefits and costs of retrofitting are known in advance. The assessment of the vulnerability of building typologies is a first step of a more extensive effort, concerning the analysis of the viability of seismic risk mitigation and taking into account retrofitting costs. The methodology adopted to obtain the seismic vulnerability of some classes of residential buildings existing in mainland Portugal is presented. This methodology is based on a structural analysis of individual buildings belonging to the same typology. An application example is presented to illustrate the methodology. Fragility curves of “boxed” building typology are also presented and broken down into three height classes: low rise, medium-rise and high-rise. These curves are based on average capacity spectra derived from several individual buildings belonging to the same typology.

2D PCA-Based localization for mobile robots in unstructured environments

In this paper a new PCA-based positioning sensor and localization system for mobile robots to operate in unstructured environments (e. g. industry, services, domestic ...) is proposed and experimentally validated. The inexpensive positioning system resorts to principal component analysis (PCA) of images acquired by a video camera installed onboard, looking upwards to the ceiling. This solution has the advantage of avoiding the need of selecting and extracting features. The principal components of the acquired images are compared with previously registered images, stored in a reduced onboard image database, and the position measured is fused with odometry data. The optimal estimates of position and slippage are provided by Kalman filters, with global stable error dynamics. The experimental validation reported in this work focuses on the results of a set of experiments carried out in a real environment, where the robot travels along a lawn-mower trajectory. A small position error estimate with bounded co-variance was always observed, for arbitrarily long experiments, and slippage was estimated accurately in real time.

Land use / land cover change detection: an object oriented approach, Münster, Germany

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Ferramenta de gestão de redes MESH

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores - Área de Especialização de Telecomunicações

A gestão dos resíduos hospitalares e o papel da autoridade de saúde : caso do concelho da Amad

RESUMO O Problema. A natureza, diversidade e perigosidade dos resíduos hospitalares (RH) exige procedimentos específicos na sua gestão. A sua produção depende do número de unidades de prestação de cuidados de saúde (upcs), tipo de cuidados prestados, número de doentes observados, práticas dos profissionais e dos órgãos de gestão das upcs, inovação tecnológica, entre outros. A gestão integrada de RH tem evoluído qualitativamente nos últimos anos. Existe uma carência de informação sobre os quantitativos de RH produzidos nas upcs e na prestação de cuidados domiciliários, em Portugal. Por outro lado, os Serviços de Saúde Pública, abrangendo o poder de Autoridade de Saúde, intervêm na gestão do risco para a saúde e o ambiente associado à produção de RH, necessitando de indicadores para a sua monitorização. O quadro legal de um país nesta matéria estabelece a estratégia de gestão destes resíduos, a qual é condicionada pela classificação e definição de RH por si adoptadas. Objectivos e Metodologias. O presente estudo pretende: quantificar a produção de RH resultantes da prestação de cuidados de saúde, em seres humanos e animais nas upcs, do sistema público e privado, desenvolvendo um estudo longitudinal, onde se quantifica esta produção nos Hospitais, Centros de Saúde, Clínicas Médicas e Dentárias, Lares para Idosos, Postos Médicos de Empresas, Centros de Hemodiálise e Clínicas Veterinárias do Concelho da Amadora, e se compara esta produção em dois anos consecutivos; analisar as consequências do exercício do poder de Autoridade de Saúde na gestão integrada de RH pelas upcs; quantificar a produção média de RH, por acto prestado, nos cuidados domiciliários e, com um estudo analítico transversal, relacionar essa produção média com as características dos doentes e dos tratamentos efectuados; proceder à análise comparativa das definições e classificações de RH em países da União Europeia, através de um estudo de revisão da legislação nesta matéria em quatro países, incluindo Portugal. Resultados e Conclusões. Obtém-se a produção média de RH, por Grupos I+II, III e IV: nos Hospitais, por cama.dia, considerando a taxa de ocupação; por consulta, nos Centros de Saúde, Clínicas Médicas e Dentárias e Postos Médicos de Empresas; por cama.ano, nos Lares para Idosos, considerando a sua taxa de ocupação; e por ano, nas Clínicas de Hemodiálise e Veterinárias. Verifica-se que a actuação da Autoridade de Saúde, produz nas upcs uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no aumento das contratualizações destas com os operadores de tratamento de RH. Quantifica-se o peso médio de resíduos dos Grupos III e IV produzido por acto prestado nos tratamentos domiciliários e relaciona-se esta variável dependente com as características dos doentes e dos tratamentos efectuados. Comparam-se os distintos critérios utilizados na elaboração das definições e classificações destes resíduos inscritas na legislação da Alemanha, Reino Unido, Espanha e Portugal. Recomendações. Apresentam-se linhas de investigação futura e propõe-se uma reflexão sobre eventuais alterações de aspectos específicos no quadro legal português e nos planos de gestão integrada de RH, em Portugal. ABSTRACT The problem: The nature, diversity and hazardousness of hospital wastes (HW) requires specific procedures in its management. Its production depends on the number and patterns of healthcare services, number of patients, professional and administration practices and technologic innovations, among others. Integrated management of HW has been developping, in the scope of quality, for the past few years. There is a lack of information about the amount of HW produced in healthcare units and in the domiciliary visits, in Portugal. On the other hand, the Public Health Services, embracing the Health Authority’s power, play a very important role in managing the risk of HW production to public and environmental health. They need to use some indicators in its monitorization. In a country, rules and regulations define hospital waste management policies, which are confined by the addopted classification and definition of HW. Goals and Methods: This research study aims to quantify the production of HW as a result of healthcare services in human beings and animals, public service and private one. Through a longitudinal study, this production is quantified in Hospitals, Health Centers, Medical and Dental Clinics, Residential Centers for old people, Companies Medical Centers and Veterinary and Haemodyalisis Clinics in Amadora’s Council, comparing this production in two consecutive years. This study also focus the consequences of the Health Authority’s role in the healthcare services integrated management of HW. The middle production of HW in the domiciliary treatments is also quantified and, with a transversal analytic study, its association with patients and treatments’ characteristics is enhanced. Finally, the definitions and classifications in the European Union Countries are compared through a study that revises this matter’s legislation in four countries, including Portugal. Results and Conclusions: We get the middle production of Groups I+II, III and IV: HW: in Hospitals, by bed.day, bearing the occupation rate; by consultation, in Health Centers, Medical and Dental Clinics and Companies Medical Centers; by bed.year in Residential Centers for old people, considering their occupation rate; by year, in Veterinary and Haemodyalisis Clinics. We verify that the Health Authority’s role produces a significative statistical difference in the rise of the contracts between healthcare services and HW operators. We quantify the Groups III and IV’s wastes middle weight, produced by each medical treatment in domiciliary visits and relate this dependent variable with patients and treatments’ characteristics. We compare the different criteria used in the making of definitions and classifications of these wastes registered in German, United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal’s laws. Recommendations: Lines of further investigation are explaned. We also tender a reflexion about potential changes in rules, in regulations and in the integrated plans for managing hospital wastes in Portugal. RÉSUMÉ Le Problème. La gestion des déchets d'activités hospitalières (DAH) et de soins de santé (DSS) exige des procédures spécifiques en raison de leur nature, diversité et dangerosité. Leur production dépend, parmi d’autres, du nombre d’unités de soins de santé (USS), du type de soins administrés, du nombre de malades observés, des pratiques des professionnels et des organes de gestion des USS, de l’innovation technologique. La gestion intégrée des DAH et des DSS subit une évolution qualitative dans les dernières années. Il existe un déficit d’information sur les quantitatifs de DAH et de DSS provenant des USS et de la prestation de soins domiciliaires, au Portugal. D’autre part les Services de Santé Publique, y compris le pouvoir de l’Autorité de Santé, qui interviennent dans la gestion du risque pour la santé et pour l’environnement associé à la production de DAH et de DSS, ont besoin d’indicateurs pour leur surveillance. Dans cette matière le cadre légal établit la stratégie de gestion de ces déchets, laquelle est conditionnée par la classification et par la définition des DAH et des DSS adoptées par le pays. Objectifs et Méthodologie. Cet étude prétend: quantifier la production de DAH et de DSS provenant de la prestation de soins de santé, en êtres humains et animaux dans les USS du système public et privé. À travers un étude longitudinal, on quantifie cette production dans les Hôpitaux, Centres de Santé, Cliniques Médicales et Dentaires, Maisons de Repos pour personnes âgées, Cabinets Médicaux d’ Entreprises, Centres d’Hémodialyse et Cliniques Vétérinaires du municipe d’ Amadora, en comparant cette production en deux ans consécutifs; analyser les conséquences de l’exercice du pouvoir de l’Autorité de Santé dans la gestion intégrée des DAH et des DSS par les USS; quantifier la production moyenne de DAH et de DSS dans la prestation de soins domiciliaires et, avec un étude analytique transversal, rapporter cette production moyenne avec les caractéristiques des malades et des soins administrés; procéder à l’ analyse comparative des définitions et classifications des DAH et des DSS dans des pays de l’Union Européenne, à travers un étude de révision de la législation relative à cette matière dans quatre pays, Portugal y compris. Résultats et Conclusions. On obtient la production moyenne de DAH et des DSS, par Classes I+II, III et IV: dans les hôpitaux, par lit.jour, en considérant le taux d’occupation; par consultation, dans les Centres de Santé, Cliniques Médicales et Dentaires et Cabinets Médicaux d’ Entreprises par lit.an dans les Maisons de Repos pour personnes âgées en considérant le taux d’occupation; et par an, dans les Cliniques d’Hémodialyse et Vétérinaires. On constate que l’actuation de l’Autorité de Santé produit dans les USS une différence statistiquement significative dans l’accroissement de leurs contractualisations avec les opérateurs de traitement de DAH et de DSS. On quantifie le poids moyen des déchets des Classes III et IV produit par acte de prestation de soins à domicile et on rapporte cette variable dépendante avec les caractéristiques des malades et des soins administrés. On compare les différents critères utilisés dans l’élaboration des définitions et des classifications de ces déchets inscrites dans la légis

Eficiência energética em edifícios residenciais da cidade do Porto

O consumo de energia a nível mundial tem atingido valores históricos, devido ao crescimento da população mundial e ao aumento do consumo per capita. Nesta medida é extremamente importante existirem alternativas para que a redução do consumo de energia de todos os países seja uma realidade, evitando também as consequências ambientais, em particular as alterações climáticas, resultantes da utilização intensiva de combustíveis fósseis. Portugal, tal como outros países da União Europeia, tem que cumprir metas, pelo que é urgente encontrarem-se soluções de forma a diminuir o consumo de energia sem interferir com o nosso dia-a-dia. A cidade do Porto, tal como qualquer cidade, precisa de imensa energia desde os transportes até à indústria, passando pelos edifícios. Os edifícios, residenciais e de serviços, são responsáveis por mais de 50% de energia primária consumida no concelho do Porto, sendo que aos edifícios residenciais corresponde um consumo de 1.473 GWh/ano de energia primária, o que é um valor elevado. Numa primeira parte deste trabalho foi efetuado um levantamento de informação caracterizando a cidade do Porto relativamente ao seu edificado e consumos energéticos. Numa segunda parte propuseram-se medidas para reduzir o consumo para cada tipo de utilização de energia, nomeadamente preparação de refeições, AQS (água quente sanitária), aquecimento ambiente, frio (frigorífico, arcas, etc.), outros e iluminação. Para cada um destes tipos de utilização estudou-se, sempre que possível, a evolução do longo do tempo (2004 a 2012) e possíveis cenários de evolução para o futuro. Para além disso, também se estudou a evolução do mix de produção de energia elétrica de 2004 até 2012 e previsões da evolução do mix para o futuro. Nesta análise foi tido em conta o aspeto ambiental contabilizando-se, sempre que possível, as emissões de poluentes resultantes do consumo de energia. Por fim, efetuou-se uma avaliação técnica, ambiental e económica das medidas propostas. Pode dizer-se que a maioria das medidas propostas a serem implementadas conduziria a uma redução do consumo de energia e consequentemente a uma diminuição das emissões de poluentes, em particular dos gases com efeito de estufa (CO2). Em termos técnicos a maioria das medidas pode ser aplicada embora algumas delas envolvam custos de investimento significativos. Dada a conjuntura atual, seria importante obter o financiamento necessário para a implementação das medidas propostas e a divulgação de medidas já existentes, tais como os programas para AQS e janelas eficientes.

Interface IP-KNX para um sistema de controlo domótico

São vários os factores sociais e económicos que valorizam a aplicação de tecnologias de domótica em edifícios. No caso particular dos edifícios residenciais, a tendência dos seus utilizadores é a instalação de sistemas de controlo da segurança, do ambiente, de mecanismos de rega e de alarmes. Assim, seguindo a premissa do marketing, que identifica como uma boa prática a projecção de produtos / serviços que satisfaçam as necessidades inventariadas pelos seus utilizadores, este trabalho assenta na criação de um sistema domótico, controlado remotamente através de uma aplicação Android, que pretende, numa primeira instância, o controlo das lâmpadas de uma habitação. Neste trabalho é utilizado o protocolo KNX.TP para a comunicação dos dispositivos de domótica existentes no ISEP, que constituem o ambiente domótico deste trabalho. De forma a implementar o controlo remoto destes dispositivos via internet, este trabalho foca-se no desenvolvimento de uma interface IP-KNX, usando como hardware de controlo, um Arduino Mega 2560, uma placa de interface Ethernet para Arduino, a placa de integração KNX, e um servidor web com a linguagem PHP instalada. Para efeitos de demonstração, foi criada uma aplicação para o SO Android que controla as lâmpadas da rede KNX. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas várias linguagens de programação: C++ no firmware do Arduino, PHP no servidor web e JAVA + XML na aplicação Android.