Squaring the circle. Social and environmental implications of pre-pottery neolithic building technology at Tell Qarassa (South Syria)

We present the results of the microstratigraphic, phytolith and wood charcoal study of the remains of a 10.5 ka roof. The roof is part of a building excavated at Tell Qarassa (South Syria), assigned to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB). The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) period in the Levant coincides with the emergence of farming. This fundamental change in subsistence strategy implied the shift from mobile to settled aggregated life, and from tents and huts to hard buildings. As settled life spread across the Levant, a generalised transition from round to square buildings occurred, that is a trademark of the PPNB period. The study of these buildings is fundamental for the understanding of the ever-stronger reciprocal socio-ecological relationship humans developed with the local environment since the introduction of sedentism and domestication. Descriptions of buildings in PPN archaeological contexts are usually restricted to the macroscopic observation of wooden elements (posts and beams) and mineral components (daub, plaster and stone elements). Reconstructions of microscopic and organic components are frequently based on ethnographic analogy. The direct study of macroscopic and microscopic, organic and mineral, building components performed at Tell Qarassa provides new insights on building conception, maintenance, use and destruction. These elements reflect new emerging paradigms in the relationship between Neolithic societies and the environment. A square building was possibly covered here with a radial roof, providing a glance into a topologic shift in the conception and understanding of volumes, from round-based to square-based geometries. Macroscopic and microscopic roof components indicate buildings were conceived for year-round residence rather than seasonal mobility. This implied performing maintenance and restoration of partially damaged buildings, as well as their adaptation to seasonal variability

Impact of the commercial fishery on the population of bait shrimp (Penaeus spp.) in Biscayne Bay, 1986

Monthly population size of bait shrimp in the Bay was estimated from December 1984 to July 1985. Growth rates for male and female P. duorarum showed that pink shrimp exhibit a mean residence time in the nursery area (Biscayne Bay) of approximately 21 weeks. Monthly mortality rates were determined for each sex of pink shrimp. It was estimated that 23% and 26% of the male and female monthly population size, respectively, was absorbed by both the fishery and ecosystem monthly. Monthly proportion of the standing stock expected to die exclusively through fishing was 6.5% and 6.0% for males and females respectively. Estimates of emigration rates showed that approximately 4.0% of the population was lost from the Bay system each month. This surplus production was about 50% of the average monthly catch by the fleet. Fishing mortality represents only 8 - 9% of the losses to the shrimp population. The biggest source of loss is emigration, suggesting that most shrimp beyond the size at recruitment (to the fishery) are not utilized for food while in the Bay. Thus, it appears that the direct impact of the fishery on the bait shrimp population is relatively small. (PDF contains 46 pages)

Coastal & Marine Issues Survey

Florida Sea Grant management and extension specialists developed a questionnaire to solicit information regarding the recipient’s county of residence, occupation, and primary coastal activities. Survey recipients were also asked to select from a list the top five marine-related topics that defined prior strategic plan themes (i.e., marine bio-technology, fisheries, aquaculture, seafood safety, coastal communities, ecosystem health, coastal hazards, and marine education). In addition, questionnaire recipients were asked to evaluate (on a scale of one to five) the importance of a series of listed outcomes that characterize priority planning themes. Last, survey recipients identified up to three priority themes and outcomes that they felt were particularly important and in need of resolution. (PDF contains 36 pages.)

Some aspects of the temperature, oxygen and nutrient distributions in Monterey Bay, California. Annual Report, Part 1, 1973

Seasonal variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients in the nearshore areas and in the canyon area of Monterey Bay, California during 1971-1972 were similar~ During upwelling periods, however, water in the nearshore areas was higher in temperature and oxygen and lower in nutrients than water in the canyon area~ This was caused by upwelled water moving north and south of the canyon into counterclockwise and clockwise flow in the northern and southern ends of the bay respectively. The water was heated by insolation and depleted of its nutrients by photosynthesis during this movement. The residence time of water in the nearshore northern and southern bay during upwelling is estimated to be 3 to 8 days, and this fits well into the above circulation pattern and average measured current velocities of 10 to 15 cm/sec~ There is sorne evidence that this circulation pattern and the estimated residence time may be also valid for on-upwelling periods. Upwelling apparently occurred in Monterey Submarine Canyon at rates of 0.4 to 2.9 m/day and was stronger in 1971 than 1972. (PDF contains 107 pages)

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Folate-Targeted Copolymeric Submicrohydrogel Based on N-Isopropylacrylamide as 5-Fluorouracil Delivery System

Folate-targeted poly[(p-nitrophenyl acrylate)-co-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] nanohydrogel (F-SubMG) was loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to obtain low (16.3 +/- 1.9 mu g 5-FU/mg F-SubMG) and high (46.8 +/- 3.8 mu g 5-FU/mg F-SubMG) load 5-FU-loaded F-SubMGs. The complete in vitro drug release took place in 8 h. The cytotoxicity of unloaded F-SubMGs in MCF7 and HeLa cells was low; although it increased for high F-SubMG concentration. The administration of 10 mu M 5-FU by 5-FU-loaded F-SubMGs was effective on both cellular types. Cell uptake of F-SubMGs took place in both cell types, but it was higher in HeLa cells because they are folate receptor positive. After subcutaneous administration (28 mg 5-FU/kg b.w.) in Wistar rats, F-SubMGs were detected at the site of injection under the skin. Histological studies indicated that the F-SubMGs were surrounded by connective tissue, without any signs of rejections, even 60 days after injection. Pharmacokinetic study showed an increase in MRT (mean residence time) of 5-FU when the drug was administered by drug-loaded F-SubMGs.

Catalytic Cracking and Heat Sink Capacity of Aviation Kerosene Under Supercritical Conditions

Catalytic cracking of China no. 3 aviation kerosene using a zeolite catalyst was investigated under supercritical conditions. A three-stage heating/cracking system was specially designed to be capable of heating 0.8 kg kerosene to a temperature of 1050 K and pressure of 7.0 MPa with maximum mass flow rate of 80 g/s. Sonic nozzles of different diameters were used to calibrate and monitor the mass flow rate of the cracked fuel mixture. With proper experiment arrangements, the mass flow rate per unit throat area of the cracked fuel mixture was found to well correlate with the extent of fuel conversion. The gaseous products obtained from fuel cracking under different conditions were also analyzed using gas chromatography. Composition analysis showed that the average molecular weight of the resulting gaseous products and the fuel mass conversion percentage were a strong function of the fuel temperature and were only slightly affected by the fuel pressure. The fuel conversion was also shown to depend on the fuel residence time in the reactor, as expected. Furthermore, the heat sink levels due to sensible heating and endothermic cracking were determined and compared at varying test conditions. It was found that at a fuel temperature of similar to 1050 K, the total heat sink reached similar to 3.4 MJ/kg, in which chemical heat sink accounted for similar to 1.5 MJ/kg.

Thermal cracking of aviation kerosene for scramjet applications

Thermal cracking of China No.3 aviation kerosene was studied experimentally and analytically under supercritical conditions relevant to regenerative cooling system for Mach-6 scramjet applications. A two-stage heated tube system with cracked products collection/analysis was used and it can achieve a fuel temperature range of 700-1100 K, a pressure range of 3.5-4.5 MPa and a residence time of approximately 0.5-1.3 s. Compositions of the cracked gaseous products and mass flow rate of the kerosene flow at varied temperatures and pressures were obtained experimentally. A one-step lumped model was developed with the cracked mixtures grouped into three categories: unreacted kerosene, gaseous products and residuals including liquid products and carbon deposits. Based on the model, fuel conversion on the mass basis, the reaction rate and the residence time were estimated as functions of temperature. Meanwhile, a sonic nozzle was used for the control of the mass flow rate of the cracked kerosene, and correlation of the mass flow rate gives a good agreement with the measurements.

Relación entre la abundancia y estructura de la comunidad de peces y el régimen hidrológico, en lagunas de la alta cuenca del río Salado

This thesis explored the relationship between hydrological variability and associated changes in fish communities in the upper Salado river lakes (Pampa plain, Argentina). The sampling design included five sites along the river connected lakes being explored for fish, hydrological and environmental data during different hydrological conditions. The temporal dynamic of main environmental characteristics of these lakes show that hydrology largely regulates some of the most important factors influencing fish ecology. Changes in fish communities associated with this hydrological and environmental dynamic allow to speculate a first approach towards the functioning of the system as a whole. Following oscillation between droughts and floods, study lakes have shown significant changes on abundance of major fish species, as well as on their recruitment success, which finally leaded to marked changes in fish community structure. Interestingly, trophic structure of communities did not change as much. iOdontesthes bonariensis/i was more abundant during droughts and in saltier sites but also displayed an improvement in recruitment success during these harsh abiotic conditions. Conversely, the abundance of iParapimelodus valenciennis, Cyphocharax voga/i and iCyprinus carpio/i as well as its recruitment success, were largely favoured by lower water residence times and total salinity. This dichotomy is mainly based on different life history strategies of these species against flor and environmental variability and it support the existence of different functional groups among the fish species of upper Salado river lakes. iOligosarcus jenynsii/i did not showed as evident functional response. In conclusion, hydrological and environmental variability can be considered as one of the main factors regulating the functioning and structure of fish communities in these very shallow lowland river lakes of the Pampa plain. Following these results some implications for an eventual regulation of the river regime are discussed.

Cheese consumption and prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Basque adult population: a crosssectional study

[EN] Studies have reported a negative association between dairy product consumption and weight status. However, not as much research has focused on cheese; therefore, the aim of this study was to study the association between cheese intake and overweight and obesity in a representative Basque adult population. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was obtained from a random sample of 1081 adults (530 males and 551 females, 17–96 years old). Cheese consumption data were expressed as g/1000 kcal/day. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in men (55.1%) than in women (35.4%) (p50.001). Participants with low or moderate intake of fresh and processed cheese demonstrated a higher prevalence of excess weight, compared with those with higher consumption. The confounding variables selected in multivariate analysis were occupational status and age in both genders; and place of residence in men. In conclusion, negative associations were found between consumption of some types of cheese and overweight and obesity in this population.

The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of the upper River Sigi, north-east Tanzania

The work reported here results from material collected by the author made during 12 years residence in the East Usambaras in the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as a more recent visit. The faunal list the author has compiled comprises 45 species. As well as named species known to occur in the torrential section of the River Sigi, it includes those that are distinct but insufficiently well defined at present to have been formally described. For the sake of completeness, five species of Cloeon and one of Procloeon known to occur in ponds and pools formed by the damming of end-streams in forest clearings, have been included.

Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aqueous Solution and at the Air-water Interface of Aqueous Microdroplets

Isoprene (ISO),the most abundant non-methane VOC, is the major contributor to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation. The mechanisms involved in such transformation, however, are not fully understood. Current mechanisms, which are based on the oxidation of ISO in the gas-phase, underestimate SOA yields. The heightened awareness that ISO is only partially processed in the gas-phase has turned attention to heterogeneous processes as alternative pathways toward SOA.

During my research project, I investigated the photochemical oxidation of isoprene in bulk water. Below, I will report on the λ > 305 nm photolysis of H₂O₂ in dilute ISO solutions. This process yields C₁₀H₁₅OH species as primary products, whose formation both requires and is inhibited by O₂. Several isomers of C₁₀H₁₅OH were resolved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and detected as MH⁺ (m/z = 153) and MH⁺-18 (m/z = 135) signals by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This finding is consistent with the addition of ·OH to ISO, followed by HO-ISO· reactions with ISO (in competition with O₂) leading to second generation HO(ISO)₂· radicals that terminate as C₁₀H₁₅OH via β-H abstraction by O₂.

It is not generally realized that chemistry on the surface of water cannot be deduced, extrapolated or translated to those in bulk gas and liquid phases. The water density drops a thousand-fold within a few Angstroms through the gas-liquid interfacial region and therefore hydrophobic VOCs such as ISO will likely remain in these relatively 'dry' interfacial water layers rather than proceed into bulk water. In previous experiments from our laboratory, it was found that gas-phase olefins can be protonated on the surface of pH < 4 water. This phenomenon increases the residence time of gases at the interface, an event that makes them increasingly susceptible to interaction with gaseous atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals.

In order to test this hypothesis, I carried out experiments in which ISO(g) collides with the surface of aqueous microdroplets of various compositions. Herein I report that ISO(g) is oxidized into soluble species via Fenton chemistry on the surface of aqueous Fe(II)Cl₂ solutions simultaneously exposed to H₂O₂(g). Monomer and oligomeric species (ISO)1-8H⁺ were detected via online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) on the surface of pH ~ 2 water, and were then oxidized into a suite of products whose combined yields exceed ~ 5% of (ISO)1-8H⁺. MS/MS analysis revealed that products mainly consisted of alcohols, ketones, epoxides and acids. Our experiments demonstrated that olefins in ambient air may be oxidized upon impact on the surface of Fe-containing aqueous acidic media, such as those of typical to tropospheric aerosols.

Related experiments involving the reaction of ISO(g) with ·OH radicals from the photolysis of dissolved H₂O₂ were also carried out to test the surface oxidation of ISO(g) by photolyzing H₂O₂(aq) at 266 nm at various pH. The products were analyzed via online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Similar to our Fenton experiments, we detected (ISO)1-7H⁺ at pH < 4, and new m/z⁺ = 271 and m/z^- = 76 products at pH > 5.

Características pessoais e institucionais e comportamentos de autocuidado de docentes de enfermagem segundo os modos adaptativos de Roy: estudo em Instituições Públicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho enfoca a promoção da vida através de comportamentos saudáveis, tendo como objetivos: delinear o perfil sociodemográfico e institucional/profissional dos docentes de enfermagem e analisar seus hábitos de vida, segundo os modos adaptativos de Roy. Foi utilizada a Teoria de Sister Callista Roy, destacando-se os modos de adaptação: fisiológico, autoconceito e interdependência. Implementou-se o método descritivo, quantitativo, transversal através da técnica de autorelato em amostra de 101 docentes. Para investigar esses aspectos, utilizou-se dois questionários, um deles com a escala de Likert, adaptado para a pesquisa. A produção de dados transcorreu de janeiro a março de 2009, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Protocolo 2187, e concordância das quatro instituições públicas de ensino universitário, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-Brasil, selecionadas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos á estatística, aplicando-se medidas de tendência central. Quanto ao perfil docente: predomina a faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, com 69,3%, de união estável. Relacionando cor e crença religiosa, constatou-se 37,6% de católicos brancos. Dos 50 docentes, 5% têm residência própria, na zona norte. Possuem renda individual acima de 8 salários mínimos, 67,32%, a maioria com vínculo trabalhista. No tempo de serviço, 22,94% situam-se entre 11 a 15 anos, com carga horária de 20 a 40 horas. Quanto à titulação, 42,56% são doutores e 80,2% possuem um tipo de regime estatutário. Concernente aos Modos Adaptativos de Roy foi atribuído, predominantemente, o conceito A- hábitos de vida saudável, aos modos Fisiológicos e de Autoconceito, seguindo-se o de Interdependência, que apresentou quatro conceitos B- em busca de hábitos de vida saudável, sendo o mais homogêneo dos três modos. Identificou-se que o Modo Fisiológico foi heterogêneo, pois os valores das medidas de tendência central se distanciam entre si. Concluindo-se que o pressuposto formulado atendeu parcialmente às expectativas dos docentes por utilizarem, em benefício próprio, seus saberes sobre o cuidar promovendo o bem-estar com qualidade. Considerou-se que a interdependência pode ser conquistada pelos sujeitos, visto que o enfrentamento das suas atividades profissionais, paralelamente ao viver pessoal, pode ser motivo de satisfação com o trabalho docente, remuneração recebida, ambiente institucional, relações de poder/saber no trabalho, além da possibilidade de atender sua necessidade gregária promovendo o convívio com a família e amigos. Lembra-se que lidar com pessoas cujas subjetividades devem ser objetivadas, visando sua compreensão para o atendimento de saúde, exige equilíbrio e progresso das dimensões corporais física, mental e espiritual do profissional.

Agentes Comunitários de Saúde: trabalho e formação profissional numa perspectiva emancipatória

Este estudo tem por objeto a trajetória profissional e de escolarização do Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS), entendendo a escolarização como um processo de avançar no aprendizado dentro da escola formal e não apenas na formação profissional. Entende-se o trabalho como um princípio emancipatório, mas ao mesmo tempo repleto de contradições e, ainda, campo de exploração, na lógica do modelo de acumulação em curso. O objetivo geral do estudo é descrever e discutir a trajetória de trabalho, formação e escolarização dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde inseridos na Área Programática 5.2 (AP 5.2). O estudo apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa, com base nas narrativas sobre o trabalho e vida dos ACS e o método de análise dos dados foi de base interpretativa com apoio do referencial da Hermenêutica-Dialética. Além disso, foi obtido um perfil quantitativo de escolaridade de todos os ACS. O campo da pesquisa foi a AP 5.2, no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados evidenciam ampliação significativa em todas as faixas de escolaridade desses ACS após o início do trabalho. As razões apontadas para o ingresso no trabalho de ACS estão relacionadas à oportunidade de ingresso ou reingresso no mercado formal de trabalho e a proximidade da residência. A desvalorização e a falta de reconhecimento são apontadas como os principais motivos para os ACS deixarem a profissão. Alguns sujeitos apontaram como provisório o trabalho de ACS e sua permanência está vinculada a falta de outras perspectivas e também a sua identificação com o trabalho comunitário, remetendo a um caráter de dádiva. O princípio emancipatório do trabalho também foi apontado por alguns sujeitos, já que o trabalho propiciou a retomada de antigos objetivos, no caso, voltar a estudar. Também foram encontrados achados da influência do enfermeiro no trabalho do ACS e na sua opção profissional. Parece haver um desejo deste trabalhador em mudar de função, porém continuando na área da saúde, mas a garantia dessa mudança só será possível com uma ordem social mais justa. Com base nos resultados e no referencial teórico, conclui-se que o ACS deve ser olhado não apenas como um trabalhador que reproduz um modelo de relação de trabalho, mas que, como membro das classes populares, permite pensar mudanças a partir do conceito de inédito viável. Sua permanência como ACS e a garantia de que se cumpra a proposta de mudança indicada pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) depende do reconhecimento técnico e político desse trabalhador.

Espainako ekonomiarako eskari sistema baten estimazioa: fruten kasua

Lan honen helburua, Espainiako ekonomiarako fruten eskari sistema estimatzea da. Horretarako, ustez fruten kontsumoan eragina duten aldagaien aukeraketa egin da, zehazki familien ezaugarriei lotutakoak (adina, ikasketa maila, familiaren indibiduo kopurua adin ezberdineko, bizilekua eta nazionalitatea) eta merkatuari lotutakoak (fruten prezioa eta gastua). Bestelako emaitzen artean, faktore ekonomikoak fruten kontsumoan eragin nabarmena dute, familien bizilekua eta kide kopuruarekin batera. Gainera, fruta mota bakoitzarentzat kontsumo ohitura ezberdinak daude, batzuk elkarrekin kontsumitzen dira eta beste batzuk ordezten joaten baitira. EUSKERA

Direito à moradia, políticas públicas em habitação e o enfrentamento do déficit habitacional: os desafios do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo a análise do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida no sentido de verificar se o mesmo é passível de ser aplicado em municípios com características diversas, tornando-se um instrumento útil para esses entes federativos, combatendo o déficit habitacional urbano. Inicialmente, é desenvolvida uma abordagem sobre a moradia e o reconhecido direito a esta, que tem residência nas ideias de direitos fundamentais e direitos humanos, buscando definir sua utilização como instrumento para alcançar um status de dignidade humana. A questão do déficit habitacional, de longa data como objeto de políticas públicas em habitação no país, é também abordada, coligindo-se a teoria do direito à moradia com a realidade do referido déficit, utilizando-se como exemplo histórico a cidade do Rio de Janeiro e procurando abordar o porquê da dificuldade em solucionar a questão da moradia para a população de baixa renda, abordando também a natureza da propriedade imobiliária e a influência do setor imobiliário. Continua-se com a abordagem do programa em bases teórica e técnica, descendo-se após a alguma análise de sua legislação, sem esquecer das bases legislativas e programáticas que o antecederam e com ele relacionados. O trabalho finaliza com três estudos de caso nos Municípios de Silva Jardim, Petrópolis e Rio de Janeiro, onde, pelos dados coligidos, verifica-se que nem todos conseguem a contento implementar o programa em seu território, mormente para a faixa de menor renda, bem como que o programa não deixa de sofrer a influência do setor imobiliário, influência esta que pode acabar determinando para onde a cidade crescerá. Também se verifica que a efetiva atuação do poder público municipal é imprescindível para que o programa se torne um instrumento útil no território da cidade.