Utilização do grão tostado de soja (Glicine max (L) Merril) na alimentação de vacas em lactação

Soybeans were roasted in an experimental roaster during 2 or 3 minutes either at 380 or 490 ºC air temperature and kept or not for 30 minutes under steeping. The heat treatment effects on soybeans were evaluated in a first trial through two different procedures: a) after 16 hours of an “in situ” ruminal incubation period, all heat treated soybeans showed an increased (P<0,05) rumen undegraded protein (RUP) content in comparison to raw soybeans; b) a pepsin/pancreatin “in vitro” procedure showed that roasting at 380 ºC, during 2 minutes, with steeping, or at 380 ºC , during 3 minutes without steeping, did not affect the “in vitro” enzymatic intestinal digestibility of soybeans (P>0,05). In a second trial, soybeans roasted at 380 ºC, during 2 minutes and kept under steeping were included in isonitrogenous and isocaloric lactating dairy cows rations and evaluated in comparison to raw soybeans, with two other protein sources as references. There were no differences (P>0,05) between the roasted and raw soybeans diets related either to dry matter or crude protein intakes, milk yield and composition and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations, but roasted soybeans yielded significantly (P<0,05) more milk per kg of dry matter or crude protein intake than raw soybeans.

Characterization of Post-Consumer PET after Removal of the Original Surface: Influence of Raw Material

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Amino acid composition of processed fish silage using different raw materials

The objective was to evaluate amino acid composition of silages produced from three raw materials. Commercial marine fish waste, commercial freshwater fish waste, and tilapia filleting residue were used to produce fish silage by acid digestion (20 ml/kg formic acid and 20 ml/kg sulfuric acid) and anaerobic fermentation (50 g/kg Lactobacillus plantarum, 150 g/kg sugar cane molasses). Protein content and amino acid composition were determined for raw materials and silage. Marine fish waste had higher crude protein content (776.7 g/kg) compared to freshwater fish waste (496.2 g/kg) and tilapia filleting residue (429.9 g/kg). All silages lacked up to three amino acids for each product according to FAO standards for essential amino acids. However, considering as the limiting factor only the amino acids below the 30% minimum requirement for fish in general, all products were satisfactory with respect to essential amino acids. Therefore, the results suggest that all products investigated are appropriate for use in balanced fish diets. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of the season of year, stage of lactation and milking time on the chloride content in bovine milk

From January to October 1995, chloride content determinations were accomplished in 2,218 samples of milk collected from 67 quarters of 17 lactating cows, in initial, middle and final stages of lactation, in the morning and afternoon milking. The highest means of chloride contents were observed among the milk samples collected in the final stage of lactation (0,203 gC1/100ml), in the summer (0,212 gC1/100ml) and in the morning milking (0,189 g C1/100ml). The differences observed between the chloride contents in the samples obtained in the different stages of lactation and the seasons of the year were statistically significant (P<0.0001). The gratest occornce of chloride at rates superior to 0.22 gC1100ml was observed in the final stge of lactation (31.4%), summer (44.2%) and after the morning milking (27.8%). These results evidentiate the influence of physiological and external factors (stage of lactation and season of the year) on the concentration of chloride of milk.

Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolates at different sites in the milk producing dairy farms

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli serogroups O157, O111 and O113 in feces, water and milk samples from dairy farms

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ocorrência de Bacillus cereus em leite integral e capacidade enterotoxigênica das cepas isoladas

Pesquisaram-se a presença de Bacillus cereus e a produção de enterotoxinas produzidas por esses microrganismos em 120 amostras de diversos tipos de leite. Bacillus cereus foi isolado e identificado em 22 (73,3%), 15 (50,0%), 29 (96,7%) e quatro (13,3%) amostras de leite em pó, cru, pasteurizado e UAT (longa vida), respectivamente. Para a detecção de enterotoxinas pela técnica da alça ligada de coelho, foram positivos, respectivamente, três (13,6%), um (7,1%) e 10 (35,7%) microrganismos isolados das amostras de leite em pó, leite cru e leite pasteurizado. Pelo teste de aumento de permeabilidade vascular, dois (9,1%), um (7,1%), um (3,6%) e um (4,0%) microrganismos isolados de leite em pó, cru, pasteurizado e UAT apresentaram-se enterotoxigênicos, respectivamente. O uso da técnica de aglutinação passiva em látex demonstrou a produção da toxina diarréica por três (33,3%), sete (63,6%), quatro (30,8%) e oito (80,0%) microrganismos isolados, respectivamente, de leite em pó, cru, pasteurizado e UAT. Os resultados indicam um risco potencial, podendo colocar em risco a saúde dos consumidores desses produtos.

Free and total GMP (glycomacropeptide) contents of milk during bovine lactation

Amostras quinzenais, desde o parto até o final do período de lactação, obtidas de 34 vacas de três diferentes raças e propriedades, foram analisadas quanto à presença de GMP livre. Um pool das amostras quinzenais de cada rebanho foi analisada tanto para o conteúdo de GMP livre quanto para o GMP total (liberado da k-caseína pela ação da renina), correlacionando-os com as condições sanitárias do animal e do úbere, à fase da lactação e à produção de leite. A maioria dos problemas sanitários concentrou-se próximo ao parto, com poucas e espaçadas ocorrências de mastites clínicas. Os resultados do teste de CMT mostraram reações compatíveis às fases da lactação. Para o GMP livre as maiores variações ocorreram em função do período de lactação e em conseqüência de mastites clínicas e subclínicas. Valores elevados foram observados no início da lactação (5,87mg de ácido siálico/L de leite), normalizando para valores próximos de 3,30mg/L já ao final do segundo mês e voltando a elevar-se no terço final da lactação. em média, as mesmas tendências foram observadas para o teor de GMP total liberado pela ação de coalho comercial, iniciando com valores ligeiramente elevados (35,59mg/L), tornando-se normal e assim se mantendo até o sexto mês com valores próximos a 27,15mg/L, e novamente elevando-se gradualmente até o final da lactação, com 58,35mg de ácido siálico/L de leite. Esses resultados mostram-se úteis para a correta interpretação de métodos aplicados à seleção do leite, seja em relação ao status proteolítico da matéria-prima ou mesmo para coibição de fraudes por adição de soro ao leite.

Virulence Genes in Isolates of Escherichia coli from Samples of Milk and Feces from Dairy Cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relationship of black layer and milk line development on maize seed maturity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Organic and inorganic sources of zinc, copper and selenium in diets for dairy cows: intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition

The present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of feeding dairy cows with organic or inorganic sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on blood concentrations of these minerals, blood metabolic profiles, nutrient intake and milk yield and composition. Nineteen Holstein cows were selected and randomly assigned to two groups for receiving organic (n = 9) or inorganic (n = 10) sources of Zn, Cu and Se from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. Samples of feed, orts and milk were collected for analysis. Body condition score (BCS) was determined and blood samples were collected for analysis of Zn, Cu and Se concentrations, as well as for metabolic profile. Supplying organic or inorganic sources of Zn, Cu, and Se did not affect dry matter and nutrient intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition, plasma concentration of these minerals, and BCS or change the BCS in cows from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. An effect of time was observed on all feed intake variables, plasma concentrations of Zn and Se, milk yield, milk protein content, BCS and change in BCS.

Random regressions models to describe the genetic variation of milk yield over multiple parities in Buffaloes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genetic parameters for milk yield of Bubalus bubalis using unadjusted and adjusted milk production for days in milk.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Responses to selection for milk traits in dairy buffaloes

The aim of the present study was to estimate the index and individual responses to selection for milk (MY), fat (FY) and protein (PY) yields for different breeding goals for two commercial buffalo milk production systems in São Paulo State characterized by: 1) all milk produced is sold to the industry (MILK) and 2) all milk produced is used in the mozzarella cheese-making process at the farm (MOZZARELLA). The current payment policy is based exclusively on milk volume. The mozzarella price refers to the wholesale selling price. Index responses to selection (IR) were calculated for three different breeding goals (BG): 1) MY exclusively (BG(1)); 2) FY + PY (BG(2)) and 3) MY + FY + PY (BG(3)). IR for the MILK system were US$ 41.79 (BG(1)), US$ 5.91 (BG(2)) and US$ 38.22 (BG(3)). For the MOZZARELLA system, IR were US$ 179.50 (BG(1)), US$ 262.85 (BG(2)) and US$ 402.41 (BG(3)). The results suggest that for the present circumstances, selection for milk components is not advantageous when milk is produced for sale to the industry. However, when mozzarella making is added to the system, the selection for components and milk volume is the most economically beneficial.

A Produção mais Limpa como ferramenta em busca da sustentabilidade empresarial: um estudo de múltiplos casos em empresas do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

This study aimed to assess the Cleaner Production CP as corporate sustainable tool, through the multiple case studies within companies from Rio Grande do Norte State. In order to achieve this goal a research methodology approach was set. The initial stage of the research methodology was based on a literature review on which it was observed that the CP can be linked with corporate sustainable once it prevents pollution and reduces the operational risks among employees, community and environment. In addition, CP can useful for companies position within competitive position as well as being applied to process, products and services. In order to observe these factors, CP was used within food industry (Company 1), textile industry (Company 2) and in a car dealer (Company 3). Regarding the results, Company 1 changed its raw material as well as implementing housekeeping (control use of water, energy and condensed milk). In Company 2, it was observed the three levels of CP. In other words, housekeeping (e.g. cutting process and manipulation of chemical products), changing technology (high pressure washing machine) and internal and external recycling. In addition, Company 3 considered only level 3 external recycling. As consequence, it was observed that can be applied either within industry as well as service sector. Unfortunately, it was not possible to observe any social gains on a monetary basis. This is due to limitations of the CP methodology and study complexity. Therefore, it was observed improvements regarding to social, environmental and economic areas. Nevertheless, it is necessary more commitment from top level management in order to consider CP like effective sustainable tool