Las politicas educativas hacia la poblacion indigena y la construccion de las identidades étnicas y de género. El caso de la region de Cuetzalan, Puebla, México

Cette thèse se centre sur l’analyse des politiques éducatives, qui visent la population indigène au Mexique. Son objectif est de rechercher l’impact qu’elles ont sur les constructions identitaires, de genre et d’ethnie, chez les petites filles et les garçons mexicains náhuas. Il s’agit d’un travail de recherche depuis l’instrumentation des politiques éducatives (à partir des stratégies, des programmes et des actions) que réalise la Direction Générale d’Éducation Indigène (DGEI), une instance appartenant au Ministère d’Éducation Publique (SEP), pour analyser les processus générés dans les pratiques scolaires – et extrascolaires – et les signifiés construits par les sujets éducatifs. Pour accomplir cet objectif, nous avons réalisé un travail ethnographique fondé sur des concepts théoriques et méthodologiques de l’ethnographie institutionnelle et du féminisme. La recherche présentée est fondamentalement qualitative, générée à partir du point de vue de l’ethnographie institutionnelle sur les politiques publiques conçues et réalisées par la DGEI dans les entités fédératives. A cet égard, nous avons visité et analysé le cas de cinq écoles indigènes náhuas de la Sierra Norte, dans l’état de Puebla. La conception et la réalisation ont impliqué des considérations épistémologiques d’un type qualitatif, comme la participation des sujets par le biais de l’incorporation de leur voix, de leurs perceptions et apports, pour l’analyse ultérieure des textes et la composition des conclusions finales. Cette recherche tente de se positionner en pourvoyeuse de témoignages et de sens intersubjectifs construits sur la base de données empiriques, ensuite articulées avec les perceptions de celui qui analyse. Elle constitue une recherche féministe dans le sens où elle englobe et analyse l’implication du genre féminin à d’autres facteurs sociaux qui permettent d’expliquer la situation des sujets avec qui ces femmes interagissent. Il en va également de même pour les groupes sociaux qui vivent dans la périphérie comme la majorité d’entre elles, c’est-à-dire dans la marginalité et la subalternité; la présence masculine, quant à elle, est pleinement documentée. L’un des buts de cette recherche féministe est d’expliquer la relation entre exclusion et inégalité. L’exclusion semble s’étendre dans l’esprit de l’époque. Les processus de globalisation se caractérisent en effet par le fait d’approfondir et de multiplier les formes variées d’exclusion des majorités en faveur de l’hégémonie – politique, économique et culturelle – étendant son voile qui rend invisible toute diversité. Dans n’importe laquelle de ces modalités, le fait d’être différent amène à être recalé dans les marges, c’est-à-dire à vivre des formes spécifiques d’exclusion. À partir de ces idées, la thèse vise à caractériser les politiques éducatives comprises comme des processus politiques et idéologiques non neutres, en tant que phénomènes qui peuvent être considérés comme des mécanismes de classification et de construction des sujets: des professeurs, des indigènes, des étudiants… Et aussi, comme des codes de normes et valeurs qui articulent les principes organisant la société à travers des modèles qui conforment l’histoire et la culture de la société dans laquelle ils sont générés. La possibilité de combiner tous les niveaux d’appréciation du micro, du méso et du macro, de trouver et de documenter des processus nationaux et globaux de politiques publiques de la DGEI dans des espaces d’influence locaux et leurs effets dans la construction d’identités, constitue une des contributions principales de cette recherche. Considérer les politiques comme objet d’analyse permet d’examiner au moins trois dimensions : 1) Les perspectives idéologiques prédominantes dans les discours, 2) les pratiques des sujets destinataires de ces politiques, c’est-à-dire, – ceux qui assimilent les discours –, et 3) les systèmes alternatifs de résistance ou de complémentarité qui émergent localement (comme l’acceptation, la modification ou le rejet des discours). Partir de la conception selon laquelle la participation aux politiques (même au niveau des récepteurs de celles-ci) les rend publiques et permet, par ce seul fait, d’en dépasser le caractère gouvernemental. Une politique est réalisée uniquement quand le destinataire de celle-ci agit comme un élément réactif. En conséquence, il est fondamental que la recherche collecte les témoignages des sujets participants, c’est-à-dire des autorités éducatives et communautaires, des enseignants, des étudiants, des pères et des mères de famille, tout comme des acteurs sociaux. De cette manière, la politique peut être cohérente avec sa nature publique et répondre aux nécessités perçues localement, dépassant ainsi les buts abstraits des institutions. Les acteurs de l’éducation au niveau local et de l’État deviennent alors également des auteurs latents des politiques publiques.

La corrupción en entidades públicas como la policía nacional de Colombia

Describir el fenómeno de la corrupción es una manera de comprender el comportamiento desviado de los integrantes de determinada colectividad y el funcionamiento de su orden social. Por lo que resulta necesario abordar el tema como un fenómeno social, económico, político y también cultural.

La Puebla de los Pardos en el siglo XVII

ResumeExplica cómo participa la población negra, mulata y parda, asentada en la Puelbla de los Pardos, en toso los órdenes de la vida urbana de Cartago, la capital colonial de Costa Rica.AbstractAn explanation of how the black, mulatto, and “pardo” population of the Puebla de los Pardos participated in all aspects of urban life in the city of Cartago, the colonial capital of Costa Rica.

USO DE INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA NA ÁREA DE SAÚDE

Para a análise do uso da informação geográfica na área de saúde no Brasil foi realizada uma caracterização deste uso, tomando-se como base a produção publicada em dois dos principais periódicos da área de saúde pública no Brasil: os Cadernos de Saúde Pública, editados pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, e a Revista de Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade da São Paulo. As duas são as revistas científicas mais freqüentemente utilizadas e estão vinculadas a duas grandes instituições que possuem os maiores programas de pós-graduação em saúde pública. São indexadas em bases de dados de reconhecimento internacional para as ciências da saúde, como o MEDLINE, e representam o núcleo duro da publicação de textos científicos nacionais[1]. Como universo de análise foram selecionados os artigos publicados no período de 1999 até 2005, que correspondem aos volumes 15 a 21 dos Cadernos de Saúde Pública, e aos volumes 33 a 39 da Revista de Saúde Pública. O período analisado refere-se ao momento que a discussão sobre espaço e saúde foi definitivamente incorporada pelas áreas de Saúde e de Geografia no Brasil. Foi neste período que foi constituído pela Rede Interagencial de Informações para a Saúde (RIPSA) o Comitê Temático Interdisciplinar sobre “Análise de dados espaciais em saúde” (CTI-GEO) em 1999. Neste mesmo ano foram realizados o simpósio "Análise de Dados Espaciais em Saúde: Métodos, Problemas e Aplicações", pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), e o VI Congresso Paulista de Saúde Pública, promovido pela Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública, que apresentou  como um dos seus eixos temáticos o de “Espaço e Saúde”. Também neste período são organizadas as primeiras mesas redondas sobre Geografia da Saúde nos Encontros Nacionais de Geógrafos de Florianópolis (2000) e de João Pessoa (2002), e os dois primeiros Simpósios Nacionais de Geografia da Saúde, em Presidente Prudente (2003) e Rio de Janeiro (2005), promovidos pela Associação dos Geógrafos Brasileiros. [1] BARATA, Rita Barradas e GOLDBAUM, Moisés. Perfil dos pesquisadores com bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa do CNPq da área de saúde coletiva. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v.19, n.6, p.1863-1876, nov./dez. 2003.  

DEGRADACIÓN DEL SUELO EN UNA ZONA SEMIÁRIDA TROPICAL DE MÉXICO

La región semiárida tropical, del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, localizada en la parte central de México, entre los estados de Puebla y Oaxaca, cuenta con una superficie aproximada de 10 000 Kilómetros, es considerada como uno de los centros más importantes de riqueza biológica en el mundo. Parte de esta zona fue decretada en 1998 como Reserva de la biosfera. Ha sido poblada desde tiempos ancestrales y las comunidades locales han transformado grandes áreas por medio de sistemas de irrigación de cultivos extensivos. Se considera que unas de las principales causas para el deterioro del suelo es la tala que ha reflejado efectos negativos  sobre los ecosistemas.El presente trabajo, pretende establecer el estado actual de la degradación del suelo en las áreas con agricultura con clima árido, semiárido y subhúmedo seco del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, con base en la carta de Climas de México de García, donde el subhúmedo seco ocupa la mayor área (54.7%), le sigue el semiárido con el 31.1%, el árido 12.1 y el muy árido con sólo el 1.6. Para su análisis se utilizan las cartas, escala 1:250 000: Evaluación de la Degradación del Suelo causada por el hombre en la República Méxicana, 2001-2002 y la del Inventario Nacional Forestal 2005

Fixed argument pairings

A common scenario in many pairing-based cryptographic protocols is that one argument in the pairing is fixed as a long term secret key or a constant parameter in the system. In these situations, the runtime of Miller's algorithm can be significantly reduced by storing precomputed values that depend on the fixed argument, prior to the input or existence of the second argument. In light of recent developments in pairing computation, we show that the computation of the Miller loop can be sped up by up to 37 if precomputation is employed, with our method being up to 19.5 faster than the previous precomputation techniques.

Participation and e-democracy how to utilize web 2.0 for policy decision-making

This paper investigates in how to utilize ICT and Web 2.0 technologies and e-democracy software for policy decision-making. It introduces a cutting edge decision-making system that integrates the practice of e-petitions, e-consultation, e-rulemaking, e-voting, and proxy voting. The paper demonstrates how under precondition of direct democracy through the use this system the collective intelligence (CI) of a population would be gathered and used throughout the policy process.

Building a USDL repository as a service using MDE

The decision to represent the USDL abstract syntax as a metamodel, shown as a set of UML diagrams, has two main benefits: the ability to show a well- understood standard graphical representation of the concepts and their relation- ships to one another, and the ability to use object-oriented frameworks such as Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) to assist in the automated generation of tool support for USDL service descriptions.

Enabling USDL by tools

Fundamental tooling is required in order to apply USDL in practical settings. This chapter discusses three fundamental types of tools for USDL. First, USDL editors have been developed for expert and casual users, respectively. Second, several USDL repositories have been built to allow editors accessing and storing USDL descriptions. Third, our generic USDL marketplace allows providers to describe their services once and potentially trade them anywhere. In addition, the iosyncrasies of service trading as opposed to the simpler case of product trading. The chapter also presents several deployment scenarios of such tools to foster individual value chains and support new business models across organizational boundaries. We close the chapter with an application of USDL in the context of service engineering.

Discretionary use of open briefings in the Australian continuous reporting environment

The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) listing rule 3.1 requires listed companies to immediately disclose price sensitive information to the market via the ASX’s Company Announcements Platform (CAP) prior to release through other disclosure channels. Since 1999, to improve the communication process, the ASX has permitted third-party mediation in the disclosure process that leads to the release of an Open Briefing (OB) through CAP. An OB is an interview between senior executives of the firm and an Open Briefing analyst employed by Orient Capital Pty Ltd (broaching topics such as current profit and outlook). Motivated by an absence of research on factors that influence firms to use OBs as a discretionary disclosure channel, this study examines (1) Why do firms choose to release information to the market via OBs?, (2) What are the firm characteristics that explain the discretionary use of OBs as a disclosure channel?, and (3) What are the disclosure attributes that influence firms’ decisions to regularly use OBs as a disclosure channel? Based on agency and information economics theories, a theoretical framework is developed to address research questions. This theoretical framework comprises disclosure environments such as firm characteristics and external factors, disclosure attributes and disclosure consequences. In order to address the first research question, the study investigates (i) the purpose of using OBs, (2) whether firms use OBs to provide information relating to previous public announcements, and (3) whether firms use OBs to provide routine or non-routine disclosures. In relation to the second and third research questions, hypotheses are developed to test factors expected to explain the discretionary use of OBs and firms’ decisions to regularly use OBs, and to explore the factors influencing the nature of OB disclosure. Content analysis and logistic regression models are used to investigate the research questions and test the hypotheses. Data are drawn from a hand-collected population of 1863 OB announcements issued by 239 listed firms between 2000 and 2010. The results show that types of information disclosed via an OB announcement are principally on matters relating to corporate strategies and performance and outlook. Most OB announcements are linked with a previous related announcement, with the lag between announcements significantly longer for loss-making firms than profitmaking firms. The main results show that firms which tend to be larger, have an analyst following, and have higher growth opportunities, are more likely to release OBs. Further, older firms and firms that release OB announcements containing good news, historical information and less complex information tend to be regular OB users. Lastly, firms more likely to disclose strategic information via OBs tend to operate in industries facing greater uncertainty, do not have analysts following, and have higher growth opportunities are less likely to disclose good news, historical information and complex information via OBs. This study is expected to contribute to disclosure literature in terms of disclosure attributes and firm characteristics that influence behaviour in this unique (OB) disclosure channel. With regard to practical significance, regulators can gain an understanding of how OBs are disclosed which can assist them in monitoring the use of OBs and improving the effectiveness of communications with stakeholders. In addition, investors can have a better comprehension of information contained in OB announcements, which may in turn better facilitate their investment decisions.

Reconstructing the history of maize streak virus strain a dispersal to reveal diversification hot spots and its origin in southern Africa

Maize streak virus strain A (MSV-A), the causal agent of maize streak disease, is today one of the most serious biotic threats to African food security. Determining where MSV-A originated and how it spread transcontinentally could yield valuable insights into its historical emergence as a crop pathogen. Similarly, determining where the major extant MSV-A lineages arose could identify geographical hot spots of MSV evolution. Here, we use model-based phylogeographic analyses of 353 fully sequenced MSV-A isolates to reconstruct a plausible history of MSV-A movements over the past 150 years. We show that since the probable emergence of MSV-A in southern Africa around 1863, the virus spread transcontinentally at an average rate of 32.5 km/year (95% highest probability density interval, 15.6 to 51.6 km/year). Using distinctive patterns of nucleotide variation caused by 20 unique intra-MSV-A recombination events, we tentatively classified the MSV-A isolates into 24 easily discernible lineages. Despite many of these lineages displaying distinct geographical distributions, it is apparent that almost all have emerged within the past 4 decades from either southern or east-central Africa. Collectively, our results suggest that regular analysis of MSV-A genomes within these diversification hot spots could be used to monitor the emergence of future MSV-A lineages that could affect maize cultivation in Africa. © 2011, American Society for Microbiology.

Disciplinary unfairness in Queensland public service legislation

A just system of discipline within an organisation requires four characteristics: a clear set of offences, proportionate punishments clearly linked to the offences, oversight and appeals from disciplinary decisions and independence from political masters. This paper examines Queensland public sector legislation and policy from 1863 to the present to demonstrate how well these four criteria are addressed. An analysis of the presence of these four characteristics in the Queensland context finds that the public sector legislation in Queensland is in breach of the guidelines that define a just and fair system in which disciplinary action is dispensed. We argue that creation of arbitrary powers to punish or dismiss staff is unjust if the legislation does not fully inform staff of what constitutes a breach of discipline, does not guarantee proportionate punishments to offences, and/or it allows the disciplinary process to be used as a tool to coerce staff to perform in a politicised or otherwise unethical manner. We conclude by making recommendations as to how this situation may be rectified.

Mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci affecting bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A whole-genome scan was conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for BSE resistance or susceptibility. Cows from four half-sib families were included and 173 microsatellite markers were used to construct a 2835-cM (Kosambi) linkage map covering 29 autosomes and the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosome. Interval mapping by linear regression was applied and extended to a multiple-QTL analysis approach that used identified QTL on other chromosomes as cofactors to increase mapping power. In the multiple-QTL analysis, two genome-wide significant QTL (BTA17 and X/Y ps) and four genome-wide suggestive QTL (BTA1, 6, 13, and 19) were revealed. The QTL identified here using linkage analysis do not overlap with regions previously identified using TDT analysis. One factor that may explain the disparity between the results is that a more extensive data set was used in the present study. Furthermore, methodological differences between TDT and linkage analyses may affect the power of these approaches.

National survey of viruses in pastures of subterranean clover. II. Statistical methodology for large scale quantitative ELISA

Statistical methodology was applied to a survey of time-course incidence of four viruses (alfalfa mosaic virus, clover yellow vein virus, subterranean clover mottle virus and subterranean clover red leaf virus) in improved pastures in southern regions of Australia. -from Authors

Inflammation in lung carcinogenesis

It was Dvorak in 1986 that postulated 'tumours are wounds that do not heal' as they share common cellular and molecular mechanisms, which are active in both wounds and in cancer tissue. Inflammation is a crucial part of the innate immune system that protects against pathogens and initiates adaptive immunity. Acute inflammation is usually a rapid and self-limiting process, however it does not always resolve. This leads to the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state and provides the perfect environment for carcinogenesis. Inflammation and cancer have long had an association, going back as far as Virchow in 1863, when leucocytes were noted in neoplastic tissue. It has been estimated that approximately 25% of all malignancies are initiated or exacerbated by inflammation caused by infectious agents. Furthermore, inflammation is linked to all of the six hallmarks of cancer (evasion of apoptosis, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, unlimited replicative potential, angiogenesis, increase in survival factors and invasion and metastasis). It is thought that inflammation may play a critical role in lung carcinogenesis given that individuals with inflammatory lung conditions have an increased risk of lung cancer development. Cigarette smoking can also induce inflammation in the lung and smokers are at a higher risk of developing lung cancer than non-smokers. However, exposure to a number of environmental agents such as radon, have also been demonstrated as a causative factor in this disease. This chapter will focus on inflammation as a contributory factor in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), concentrating primarily on the pathological involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and the CXC (ELR+) chemokine family. Targeting of inflammatory mediators will also be discussed as a therapeutic strategy in this disease. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.