Autobiography and Invention: Towards a Critical Understanding of Identity, Dialogue and Resistance in Improvised Musics

In this article I will argue that acts of improvisation are not productively understood in opposition to other practices which form our wider musical culture. Improvisation might be better understood as both rooted in, but not limited by, personal and cultural memory. Improvisational activities are legible to the performer and audience through a shared understanding of social norms, but only become a singular instance of improvisation through unique performative actions. This tension between experience and invention is played out in a dialogue between performer and listener, demanding a response that crucially takes the form of self-articulation, or autobiography. Finally, I contend that it is from this position that improvisation offers the possibility to transgress established personal and cultural identities.

The Evolution of European Identity: Using biographical methods to study the development of European identity

Based upon the original application to the European Commission, this article gives insights into the thinking of the Euroidentities team at the point that the project began. The question: “Is the European ‘identity project’ failing?” is posed in the sense that the political and economic attainments of the European Union have not been translated into a sense of identity with or commitment to Europe from the populaces that have benefited from them. The urgency of European ‘identity work’ is asserted with a number of levels for the construction of European identity being hypothesized. Euroidentities is intended to break conceptual ground by bringing together on an equal footing two apparently antagonistic views of identity -- the collective and institutional and the individual and biographical – to give a more anchored and nuanced view of identity formation and transformation than either can provide on its own. Rather than following the dominant approaches to research on European identity that have been macro-theoretical and ‘top-down’, retrospective in-depth qualitative biographical interviews are planned since they provide the ideal means of gaining insight into the formation of a European identity or multiple identities from the ‘bottom up’ perspective of non-elite groups. The reliability of analysis will be buttressed by the use of contrastive comparison between cases, culminating in contrastive comparison across the national project teams between cases drawn from different ‘sensitized groups’ that provide the fieldwork structure of the project. The paper concludes with a summary of some of the more significant findings.

The level playing field: the impact of assessment practice on professional development

Context: The effects of assessment practice on students’ learning are unclear, particularly regarding professional development. Corralling in objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) is designed to reduce illicit passing of examination information. Candidates completing an examination are kept secluded until the next cohort of examinees has begun. We used the introduction of corralling as a context in which to explore social influences on examination misconduct, with the aims of improving understanding of the hidden effects of assessment, and evaluating the acceptability of corralling from the student perspective.

Methods: A questionnaire was administered to students corralled post-OSCE for the first time. Eleven semi-structured interviews were subsequently conducted. Questionnaire data were analysed for descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of interview transcripts was carried out.

Results: The questionnaire response rate was 95.4% (251/263). Before corralling, 80.9% (203/251) of students were aware of the sharing of information among peers and 78.5% (197/251) agreed that such misconduct was unprofessional. The majority were in favour of corralling (90.8%, 228/251). Four themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: the student network versus the individual; assessment-driven culture; the deferring of professionalism, and the ‘level playing field’. Students saw interaction within the student network, on a background of assessment-driven culture, as the key driver in examination misconduct. Conforming to the rules of the social network was prioritised over individual agency, although the mismatch between the rules of the network and the dominant professional discourse caused some conflict for individuals. Deferred professionalism (described as the practice of taking on the norms of professional behaviour only when qualified) was a rationalisation used to minimise this conflict. Corralling provided a ‘level playing field’ in which the influences of the network were minimised.

Conclusions: Examination misconduct is thus a complex social construction with implications for individual learners in terms of professional development. Corralling is one mechanism for addressing misconduct that is acceptable to students, but assessment processes have important hidden effects which educators should acknowledge.

Socio-political context and accounts of national identity in adolescence

Psychological research into national identity has considered both the banal quality of nationalism alongside the active, strategic construction of national categories and boundaries. Less attention has been paid to the conflict between these processes for those whose claims to national identity may be problematic. In the present study, focus groups were conducted with 36 Roman Catholic adolescents living in border regions of Ireland, in which participants were asked to talk about their own and others’ Irish national identity. Discursive analysis of the data revealed that those in the Republic of Ireland strategically displayed their national identity as obvious and ‘banal’, while those in Northern Ireland proactively claimed their Irishness. Moreover, those in Northern Ireland displayed an assumption that their fellow Irish in the Republic shared their imperative to assert national identity, while those in the Republic actively distanced themselves from this version of Irishness. These results suggest that for dominant ethnic groups, ‘banality’ may itself provide a marker of national identity while paradoxically the proactive display of national identity undermines minority groups claims to national identity.

Corporate Social Responsibility within the Northern Ireland Construction Industry: A Regional Review

As the construction industry continues to struggle with a poor societal image, many organizations have adopted a positive corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards their surrounding environment, with the objective of improving their persona within social circles. The aim of this research is to identify and document the various approaches adopted by UK contractors in relation to their international counterparts to aid in the identification of possible future benefits which may be exploitable.
In order to acquire the relevant information, a number of qualitative methodologies are adopted including a review of the current literature on the topic along with a detailed semi-structured interview with a UK based industry professional that specializes in corporate social responsibility. Through assessing the findings using qualitative analysis software, it is possible to disseminate the information, resulting in the identification of key findings. This research concludes that a number of factors profoundly affect corporate social responsibility within the UK versus other regions. These factors are identified as the effect of the recession, implementation and reporting along with competitiveness within the sector.
The impaction for practice within the UK construction sector of this research is that it enables various industry leaders to actively consider the findings of the research while also vigorously encouraging the establishment and development of corporate social responsibility, not only within their respective organizations, but within the construction industry as a whole. This would not only result in a more environmentally sustainable industry, but would also raise the awareness of the sector locally, nationally and internationally, therefore improving the overall perception of the sector on a variety of levels. This will ultimately lead to a more sustainable, environmentally friendly and collective industry while also considering the needs of one of its most important external stakeholders – the local community.

Effectiveness of the Construction Management Courses

This research assesses the effectiveness of current MSc. Construction Project Management programmes within the UK and Ireland. A review of published prospectuses is used to create questionnaires for universities, graduates and employers. Responses provide an insight into programme creation and their relative success in addressing the needs of industry and in achieving other educational objectives. Since the majority of learning institutions have attained professional accreditation, it is useful to review these awards and to assess their potential value to both graduates and industry alike. Interviews are conducted with representatives from the main professional accrediting bodies to understand their procedures and rigour in enforcing standards of education and training. The results show that project management education could be further enhanced by the inclusion of more practical learning and that current programmes place greater emphasis on hard skills at the expense of the softer human skills. There is clearly a need for a closer working relationship between academics and practitioners to tackle the perceived gap between theoretical learning and construction practice. Learning institutions can use the findings to improve their programmes and address the education deficiencies identified by the industry, by the professional institutions and by graduates.

Law and Society: Volume III: Legal Processes and Professional Groups within the Legal Field

The thriving and well-established field of Law and Society (also referred to as Socio-legal Studies) has diverse methodological influences; it draws on social-scientific and arts-based methods. The approach of scholars researching and teaching in the field often crosses disciplinary borders, but, broadly speaking, Law and Society scholarship goes behind formalism to investigate how and why law operates, or does not operate as intended, in society. By exploring law’s connections with broader social and political forces—both domestic and international—scholars gain valuable perspectives on ideology, culture, identity, and social life. Law and Society scholarship considers both the law in contexts, as well as contexts in law.
Law and Society flourishes today, perhaps as never before. Academic thinkers toil both on the mundane and the local, as well as the global, making major advances in the ways in which we think both about law and society. Especially over the last four decades, scholarly output has rapidly burgeoned, and this new title from Routledge’s acclaimed Critical Concepts in Law series answers the need for an authoritative reference collection to help users make sense of the daunting quantity of serious research and thinking.
Edited by the leading scholars in the field, Law and Society brings together in four volumes the vital classic and contemporary contributions. Volume I is dedicated to historical antecedents and precursors. The second volume covers methodologies and crucial themes. The third volume assembles key works on legal processes and professional groups, while the final volume of the collection focuses on substantive areas. Together, the volumes provide a one-stop ‘mini library’ enabling all interested researchers, teachers, and students to explore the origins of this thriving sub discipline, and to gain a thorough understanding of where it is today.

(Re)-Introducing Themes of Religion and Spirituality to Professional Social Work Training in the Land of ‘Saints and Scholars’.

This chapter begins by alluding to Ireland’s historical reputation as the land of “Saints and Scholars” and then briefly charts its demise from this position. A parallel process in relation to religiously motivated provision of health and social care is outlined. The inclusion of themes of religion and spirituality within the current professional social work codes in the USA and Britain and the framework for social work training in Northern Ireland is noted. In this context the lack of any substantive inclusion of themes of religion and/or spirituality within the Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree at Queens University Belfast will be situated. A series of intersecting reasons for this lack of inclusion are proposed in terms of the experience of living through the recent troubled history of Northern Ireland and a variety of biases in academic thought.
A rationale for the re-introduction of inputs on religion and spirituality is articulated in terms of the widespread resurgence of these themes within health and social care and psychotherapy literature and the new emphasis on practicing in culturally sensitive ways in Britain. The first steps to re-introduce these themes under the higher context marker of “culturally competent practice” are described and an analysis of data from the students’ feedback presented along with illustrative quotations. The dissonance between the initial misgivings of staff and the overwhelmingly positive responses of students are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of lessons learned through the process with an emphasis on how the inclusion of these themes can result in better practice for service users, including those impacted by “the Troubles” in Northern Ireland.

Material Waste in the Northern Ireland Construction Industry: On-Site Management Causes and Methods of Prevention

The construction industry in Northern Ireland is one of the major contributors of construction waste to landfill each year. The aim of this research paper is to identify the core on-site management causes of material waste on construction sites in Northern Ireland and to illustrate various methods of prevention which can be adopted. The research begins with a detailed literature review and is complemented with the conduction of semi-structured interviews with 6 professionals who are experienced and active within the Northern Ireland construction industry. Following on from the literature review and interviews analysis, a questionnaire survey is developed to obtain further information in relation to the subject area. The questionnaire is based on the key findings of the previous stages to direct the research towards the most influential factors. The analysis of the survey responses reveals that the core causes of waste generation include a rushed program, poor handling and on-site damage of materials, while the principal methods of prevention emerge as the adequate storage, the reuse of material on-site and efficient material ordering. Furthermore, the role of the professional background in the shaping of perceptions relevant to waste management is also investigated and significant differences are identified. The findings of this research are beneficial for the industry as they enhance the understanding of construction waste generation causes and highlight the practices required to reduce waste on-site in the context of sustainable development.

'Regina v John Terry': The Discursive Construction of an Alleged Racist Event

This article explores the conformation in discourse of a verbal exchange and its subsequent mediatised and legal ramifications. The event concerns an allegedly racist insult directed by high profile English professional footballer John Terry towards another player, Anton Ferdinand, during a televised match in October 2011. The substance of Terry’s utterance, which included the noun phrase ‘fucking black cunt’, was found by a Chief Magistrate not to be a racist insult, although the fact that these actual words were framed within the utterance was not in dispute. The upshot of this ruling was that Terry was acquitted of a racially aggravated public order offence. A subsequent investigation by the regulatory commission of the English Football Association (FA) ruled, almost a year after the event, that Terry was guilty of racially abusing Ferdinand. Terry was banned for four matches and fined £220,000.

It is our contention that this event, played out in legal rulings, social media and print and broadcast media, constitutes a complex web of linguistic structures and strategies in discourse, and as such lends itself well to analysis with a broad range of tools from pragmatics, discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics. Amongst other things, such an analysis can help explain the seemingly anomalous - even contradictory - position adopted in the legal ruling with regard to the speech act status of ‘fucking black cunt’; namely, that the racist content of the utterance was not contested but that the speaker was found not to have issued a racist insult. Over its course, the article addresses this broader issue by making reference to the systemic-functional interpersonal function of language, particularly to the concepts of modality, polarity and modalisation. It also draws on models of verbal irony from linguistic pragmatics, notably from the theory of irony as echoic mention (c.f. Sperber and Wilson, 1981; Wilson and Sperber, 1992). Furthermore, the article makes use of the cognitive-linguistic framework, Text World Theory (c.f. Gavins, 2007; Werth, 1999) to examine the discourse positions occupied by key actors and adapts, from cognitive poetics, the theory of mind-modelling (c.f. Stockwell, 2009) to explore the conceptual means through which these actors discursively negotiate the event.

It is argued that the pragmatic and cognitive strategies that frame the entire incident go a long way towards mitigating the impact of so ostensibly stark an act of racial abuse. Moreover, it is suggested here that the reconciliation of Terry’s action was a result of the confluence of strategies of discourse with relations of power as embodied by the media, the law and perceptions of nationhood embraced by contemporary football culture. It is further proposed that the outcome of this episode, where the FA was put in the spotlight, and where both the conflict and its key antagonists were ‘intranational’, was strongly impelled by the institution of English football and its governing body both to reproduce and maintain social, cultural and ethnic cohesion and to avoid any sense that the event featured a discernable ‘out-group’.

Construção da profissionalidade na formação inicial de professores do 1º CEB: o caso de um grupo de professores estagiários da ESEC

Este trabalho põe em evidência o valor formativo da prática profissional supervisionada e da escrita reflexiva com feedback co-construtivo sobre a praxis enquanto eixos estruturantes da construção de competências profissionais na formação inicial de professores do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico. Integrada no paradigma da complexidade e assumindo, do ponto de vista teórico-epistemológico, o diálogo entre o paradigma construtivista da complexidade (Lerbet 1986, 2004; Morin, 1994, s.d.; Le Moigne, 2002, 2003a), o paradigma da complexificação e da epistemologia da escuta/controvérsia (Correia, 2001), o experiencialismo crítico (Alarcão, 2001b) e o construtivismo/socioconstrutivismo (Piaget, 1975; Perret-Clermont, 1978; Morgado, 1988), a investigação que desenvolvemos teve como objectivo central saber como e em que condições, num contexto de formação reflexiva (Schön, 1983, 1992; Zeichner, 1993; Alarcão, 1996b, 2001c; Marcelo, 1999; Sá-Chaves, 2002; Alarcão e Tavares, 2003; Perrenoud, 2004) e, simultaneamente, de investigação (Moreira e Alarcão, 1997; Elliot, 1997; Alarcão, 2001a, 2001b; Moreira, 2001; Esteves, 2002; Estrela, 2003), se opera a construção da profissionalidade e da identidade social docente (Perrenoud, 1995, 2001b; Le Boterf, 1999; DeSeCo, 2002), ou seja, compreender a forma como se estabelecem e evoluem as dimensões que caracterizam o conhecimento profissional e os factores (activadores e inibidores) de desenvolvimento nele envolvidos. Para atingir este objectivo, propusemo-nos desenhar e realizar uma investigação centrada numa metodologia de formação – investigação-acção (Bataille, 1981; Pourtois, 1981; Morin, 1985; Moreira, 2001), de orientação reflexiva, focada no desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional dos alunos do 4.º ano do curso de formação de professores do 1.º CEB, da Escola Superior de Educação de Coimbra. Adoptou-se, por isso, uma dupla modelização para a investigação: o estudo de caso (para a investigação) e a investigação-acção (para a formação). O pólo técnico da investigação (Bruyne, Herman e Schoutheete, 1991) configurou, assim, como modo de investigação, o estudo de caso (multicaso) e as entrevistas, os interrogatórios clínicos (realizados no âmbito da pós-observação da componente de formação Estágio), a escrita regular de narrativas autobiográficas centrada nas trajectórias de formação (de processo e de síntese), a observação de aulas, entre outros, como instrumentos de recolha de dados que pareceram adequados à metodologia essencialmente qualitativa que elegemos. Os mesmos instrumentos, articulada e conjuntamente com outros adoptados no âmbito do desenvolvimento da unidade curricular Observação e Intervenção Educativa IV - Seminário de Análise e Reflexão Práticas, assumiram também funções formativas, ou seja, constituíram, pela análise dos dados que possibilitaram, ferramentas importantes de auto, hetero e co-formação e, concomitantemente, de investigação. A triangulação dos dados provenientes destas múltiplas fontes de informação assegurou o contraditório na gestão dos dados garantindo, deste modo, a validade das conclusões da investigação. Os dados da observação/supervisão das práticas pedagógicas e respectiva análise permitiu-nos: 1) identificar o estabelecimento e a evolução de configurações de relação entre a aprendizagem de competências básicas para o desempenho docente no 1.º CEB e certos aspectos explícitos do contexto de formação inicial tais como a iniciação à prática profissional supervisionada e a escrita reflexiva com feedback co-construtivo; 2) perspectivar, no contexto da iniciação à prática profissional supervisionada, a existência de um espaço de intervenção comum co-concebido, co-planificado, co-desenvolvido e coavaliado pelas instituições formadora e cooperantes em torno de um projecto de formação onde o diálogo prática-teoria-prática emerge como central na construção da complexa rede de competências profissionais que hoje se reclamam na formação inicial de professores; 3) conceber o professor como um profissional crítico-reflexivo e a reflexão e a investigação partilhada como dispositivos centrais de auto-avaliação e auto-regulação do desempenho profissional e do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida; 4) percepcionar a formação inicial do professor de 1.º CEB como o início do processo de vinculação/socialização à profissão. Estas conclusões podem, a nosso ver, contribuir, no quadro de uma colaboração interinstitucional co-formadora, que do ponto de vista das políticas de formação de professores se impõe redefinir, para o reconhecimento e valorização da importância dos contextos de prática supervisionada e da escrita autobiográfica com feedback co-construtivo no desenvolvimento profissional e identitário na formação inicial de educadores/professores e, simultaneamente, sustentar, ancorada numa nova ética de investigação, a teoria da formação na perspectiva da epistemologia do sujeito aprendente.

La construction de discours d’appartenance identitaire dans la littérature judéenne et chrétienne aux Ier et IIe siècles

Au cours des dernières décennies, la recherche scientifique, toutes disciplines confondues, s’est particulièrement intéressée aux phénomènes et questionnements identitaires, notamment en ce qui concerne les groupes et les mouvements minoritaires ou marginaux, mais également en ce qui concerne la question des identités nationales dont se délectent à leur tour politiciens et médias. Véritable reflet d’un des enjeux majeurs de nos sociétés contemporaines, cet intérêt des chercheurs pour les phénomènes identitaires a particulièrement porté sur l’étude des processus de construction et d’affirmation des identités individuelles et collectives, c’est-à-dire sur les modes et les modalités à partir desquels les identités se construisent, se structurent et sont affirmées dans un rapport comparatif, compétitif et dialogique entre le Soi et l’Autre. Si notre compréhension des phénomènes identitaires s’est considérablement précisée et nuancée depuis la publication dans les années 1950, voire antérieurement, des études fondamentales et fondatrices, il n’en demeure pas moins que le concept d’identité, peu importe les multiples terminologies qu’il peut prendre selon les disciplines, pose actuellement de nombreux problèmes et s’avère abondamment galvaudé par certaines recherches récentes qui en font usage sans nécessairement le définir, voire pire, le maîtriser, comme un champ d’études à la mode qu’il convient d’investir afin d’alimenter un lectorat avide de ces questions et problèmes identitaires. Il est vrai que les travaux scientifiques sur les identités paraissent à un rythme soutenu, voire insoutenable tant cette production est abondante et diversifiée. Tour à tour, les identités ethniques, nationales, provinciales, régionales, politiques, culturelles, religieuses, de genre, des groupes ou mouvements minoritaires et marginaux, pour ne nommer que certains des principaux champs d’investigation, ont été interrogées. Loin de se limiter aux sociétés, aux individus et aux collectivités modernes, les identités du passé, toutes périodes confondues, ont également été revisitées à la lumière des outils d’interprétation développés, entre autres, par la sociologie, par l’anthropologie culturelle et par la psychologie sociale. Bien évidemment, les spécialistes de l’Antiquité n’ont pas échappé à cette tendance, partant à leur tour à la conquête de l’identité (ou des identités) grecque(s), romaine(s), barbare(s), judéenne(s) et chrétienne(s). Leur intérêt s’est également porté sur les identités propres aux diverses catégories ou collectivités sociales, politiques, juridiques, religieuses et professionnelles. Toutefois, aborder la question des identités dans l’Antiquité oblige à délaisser les définitions et compréhensions modernes au profit d’un tout autre mode raisonnement identitaire et d’appartenance propre aux sociétés et collectivités anciennes en prenant en considération les dimensions « – emic » et « – etic » que requiert l’utilisation de cette notion afin d’en avoir recours comme une catégorie d’analyse adéquate pour cette période particulière, une approche double et complémentaire trop souvent négligée par une majorité de recherches dont les résultats aboutissent inévitablement à une compréhension anachronique et « distorsionnée » des réalités anciennes, ce qui est d’autant plus le cas en histoire des religions et des communautés socioreligieuses de l’Antiquité en raison de nombreux présupposés idéologiques et théologiques qui dominent encore tout un pan de l’historiographie actuelle. Bien que le concept même d’identité n’existe pas dans l’Antiquité, le terme « identitas » renvoyant à une tout autre réalité, cela ne signifie pas pour autant que les Anciens n’avaient aucune conscience de leur(s) identité(s) et qu’il est impossible pour nous modernes d’étudier les phénomènes et les discours identitaires antiques. Toutefois, cela impose d’aborder ces phénomènes avec une très grande prudence et beaucoup de nuances en évitant les généralisations hâtives et en circonscrivant bien les contextes d’énonciation dans lesquels ces identités se sont construites et ont été affirmées, car, déterminées par les appartenances, la définition de ces identités s’est constamment élaborée et réélaborée sur un rapport Soi / Autre, inclusion / exclusion et a reposé sur des stratégies discursives qui ont varié selon les époques, les lieux, les auteurs et les contextes d’énonciation. L’enjeu principal est alors de comprendre les stratégies et les mécanismes mis en œuvre par les auteurs anciens dans les processus discursifs de construction identitaire de leur groupe d’appartenance. Produit d’une rhétorique, l’étude des identités anciennes oblige donc de distinguer, ce qui est certes complexe, discours et réalités sociales, du moins cela oblige, encore une fois, à une extrême prudence et beaucoup de nuances afin de ne pas confondre discours et réalités. Si les discours ont effectivement pour effet d’ériger des frontières identitaires fixes et imperméables entre les différents groupes et collectivités, l’étude de la réalité vécue par les acteurs sociaux montre que ces frontières étaient plutôt fluides et perméables. Pour étudier la question des identités dans l’Antiquité, plusieurs postes d’observation peuvent êtres sollicités en s’intéressant, notamment, à la formation des identités, à l’identité en auto-définition, à l’identité dans le miroir de l’Autre, à l’impact des interactions entre le Soi et l’Autre sur les définitions identitaires, aux frontières identitaires et à leurs transgresseurs, aux marqueurs identitaires, etc. Ces différentes approches, notamment lorsqu’elles sont combinées les unes aux autres, contribuent à mettre en évidence la complexité des processus de construction des identités dans l’Antiquité dont on reconnaît désormais le caractère fluide, dynamique et discursif, malgré les idéologies de stabilité sur lesquelles elles se sont élaborées et polémiquées. Loin de susciter de vains débats, les études sur les identités dans l’Antiquité permettent d’aborder sous un angle novateur certains acquis de la recherche et de leur apporter de riches nuances. Cependant, interpréter les phénomènes identitaires anciens à partir de paradigmes, de terminologies et de catégories erronés ou anachroniques a également pour conséquence indéniable de parvenir à une relecture « distorsionnée », si ce n’est orientée, du passé, en lui imposant des catégories de définition et d’auto-définition identitaires qui n’existaient pas dans l’Antiquité. C’est pourquoi il importe également, lorsqu’on tente d’aborder ces phénomènes identitaires, de réfléchir sur les paradigmes, les terminologies et les catégories qui sont invoqués par en parler et ne pas hésiter à les remettre en question en refusant d’adhérer, de manière consciente ou inconsciente, à un quelconque modèle préétabli. S’inscrivant dans ce courant réflexif majeur de l’historiographique actuelle sur l’étude des phénomènes de construction identitaire dans l’Antiquité, notre recherche s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux processus de construction de discours d’appartenance dans la littérature judéenne et chrétienne aux Ier et IIe siècles. Sans avoir cherché à circonscrire une définition unique et unilatérale des identités judéennes et chrétiennes de cette période – définition qui s’avère, selon nous, plus utopique que réaliste en raison de la pluralité des mouvements qui composent le « judaïsme » et le « christianisme » anciens et des auteurs qui ont tenté, par leurs discours, de définir et présenter ces identités – ou tenter d’établir une liste de critères à respecter pour délimiter ce qu’est l’identité judéenne ou chrétienne – et, par conséquent, ceux qui peuvent ou non se réclamer d’être Judéens ou chrétiens –, la perspective que nous adoptons dans cette recherche est plutôt de réfléchir à la manière dont il convient d’aborder les identités anciennes et les processus de construction identitaire dans l’Antiquité. Notre réflexion se veut donc d’abord et avant tout une réflexion méthodologique, épistémologique, terminologique et historiographique des questions et phénomènes identitaires dans l’Antiquité, notamment en ce qui concerne les identités judéennes et chrétiennes des Ier et IIe siècles qui sont abordées à partir de divers postes d’observation et dans une perspective socio-historique qui adopte une démarche « – emic » et « – etic ». Notre recherche est divisée en trois parties. La première sera consacrée aux discussions d’ordre « – etic », c’est-à-dire aux réflexions et aux remarques méthodologiques, épistémologiques, terminologiques et historiographies sur l’approche des phénomènes identitaires et de l’identité chrétienne dans l’Antiquité. Le chapitre I présentera des remarques historiographiques sur les travaux récents en histoire du « christianisme » ancien. Dans le chapitre II, nous discuterons des concepts modernes d’« identité », de « race » et d’« ethnie ». Le chapitre III présentera quelques réflexions épistémologiques et méthodologiques sur l’application des théories et concepts modernes aux réalités antiques dans l’approche des phénomènes identitaires. Finalement, le chapitre IV reviendra sur les différents paradigmes interprétatifs qui ont été utilisés dans le débat moderne sur la question du Parting of the Ways. La deuxième partie sera consacrée à la présentation des cadres contextuels du « judaïsme » et du « christianisme » anciens. Le chapitre V dressera un portrait général de la pluralité qui caractérise le « judaïsme » ancien à la période romaine (Ier – IIe siècles) et des principaux marqueurs identitaires des communautés judéennes de cette époque. Dans le chapitre VI, il sera question de l’origine et de l’expansion du « judaïsme chrétien » dans l’Empire romain (Ier – IIe siècles) de même que de la pluralité des courants chrétiens. La troisième partie abordera la dimension « – emic » de notre recherche en s’intéressant aux processus discursifs de construction de l’identité chrétienne à partir de différents postes d’observation. Le chapitre VII analysera la présentation que l’auteur des Actes des apôtres fait des conditions d’entrée et des premières règles de vie dans la communauté chrétienne. Le chapitre VIII s’intéressera aux enjeux liés à la perception et à la représentation du Soi et de l’Autre en tentant de comprendre comment le mouvement chrétien a tenté de s’auto-définir et comment il a été défini par l’Altérité. Finalement, le chapitre IX analysera la manière dont les auteurs chrétiens se sont approprié le terme « γένος » et comment ils l’ont redéfini sur la base de critères cultuels ou religieux afin de présenter l’originalité distinctive du mouvement chrétien.

Déterminants et significations des conduites d’hypertravail : une approche psychosociale et systémique- le cas des travailleurs et des travailleuses des secteurs du multimédia et des services informatiques

Loin de la réduction pressentie du temps de travail et de l’émergence d’une société des loisirs, est plutôt observé, depuis une trentaine d’années, un accroissement du temps consacré au travail pour les travailleurs les plus qualifiés, au Québec comme dans la plupart des sociétés occidentales (Burke et Cooper, 2008; Lapointe, 2005; Lee, 2007). Dans un contexte où les « arrangements temporels » (Thoemmes, 2000) tendent à s’individualiser de façon à mieux prendre en compte les réalités et les besoins des salariés et salariées tout comme ceux des organisations, cette thèse interroge le caractère « volontaire » des conduites d’hypertravail observées chez les travailleurs et les travailleuses des secteurs des services informatiques et du multimédia. Elle s’attarde plus particulièrement aux processus psychosociaux qui sous-tendent la construction de ces conduites. Inscrite au sein d’une approche psychosociale et systémique, notre recherche articule une théorie qui met en résonance les fonctionnements individuel et organisationnel, soutenue par le modèle du Système psychique organisationnel (Aubert et de Gaulejac, 1991), et une théorie de la socialisation plurielle et active, soutenue par le modèle du Système des activités (Baubion-Broye et Hajjar, 1998; Curie, 2000). Opérationnalisée selon une grille articulée autour de cinq niveaux d’analyse (intra-individuel, interpersonnel, positionnel, idéologique et de la tâche et de l’organisation du travail), nous avons mené 34 entretiens biographiques (26 hommes et 8 femmes) auprès de salariés et salariées des secteurs des services informatiques et du multimédia. Les résultats mettent en évidence trois types de processus menant à l’adoption de conduites d’hypertravail ; un cas-type qui illustre un processus de renforcement d’une identité professionnelle de « grand travailleur » ; un cas-type qui rend compte d’un processus de suraffiliation organisationnelle et d’assujettissement de la vie hors-travail; et un cas-type qui expose le maintien d’une conduite d’hypertravail défensive, dans un contexte de mise à l’épreuve organisationnelle. Au final, les résonances particulières observées entre ces niveaux et facteurs nous amènent à souligner l’intérêt de mieux comprendre l’hypertravail en prenant en compte les significations que les individus donnent à leurs conduites, à partir d’un regard diachronique et synchronique. Nous discutons également du caractère dynamique et évolutif de la relation individu-collectif-organisation et du rôle différencié des organisations et des collectifs de travail dans la construction des conduites d’hypertravail. Nous relevons enfin certaines implications des nouvelles pratiques et normes de temps de travail observées dans ces organisations, favorables au développement et au maintien de l’hypertravail. Mots-clés : temps de travail, longues heures de travail, conduites d’hypertravail, articulation travail-vie personnelle, socialisation plurielle et active, domination au travail.

Identity, Well-being and Effectiveness: the Emotional Contexts of Teaching

This paper draws on findings from a four‐year longitudinal research project, commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), which investigated Variations in Teachers’ Work, Lives and Effectiveness (VITAE). Drawing on data gathered from 300 teachers working in 100 primary and secondary schools in England, the research identified associations between commitment and effectiveness (perceived and in terms of pupil attainment) and found that there were more, and less, effective teachers in each of six professional life phases. It found that teachers in each of these phases experienced a number of different scenarios that challenged their abilities to sustain their commitment (i.e. remain resilient). This paper discusses how these impact, positively and negatively, on teachers’ capacities for sustaining their initial commitment and associations between identity, well‐being and effectiveness. It finds that teacher identities are neither intrinsically stable nor intrinsically fragmented, but that they can be more, or less, stable and more or less fragmented at different times and in different ways according to the influence of the interaction of a number of personal, professional and situated factors. The extent to which teachers are able to and are supported in managing the scenarios they experience will determine their sense of effectiveness.

The Personal and Professional Selves of Teachers: Stable and Unstable Identities

In much educational literature it is recognised that the broader social conditions in which teachers live and work, and the personal and professional elements of teachers' lives, experiences, beliefs and practices are integral to one another, and that there are often tensions between these which impact to a greater or lesser extent upon teachers' sense of self or identity. If identity is a key influencing factor on teachers' sense of purpose, self‐efficacy, motivation, commitment, job satisfaction and effectiveness, then investigation of those factors which influence positively and negatively, the contexts in which these occur and the consequences for practice, is essential. Surprisingly, although notions of ‘self’ and personal identity are much used in educational research and theory, critical engagement with individual teachers' cognitive and emotional ‘selves’ has been relatively rare. Yet such engagement is important to all with an interest in raising and sustaining standards of teaching, particularly in centralist reform contexts which threaten to destabilise long‐held beliefs and practices. This article addresses the issue of teacher identities by drawing together research which examines the nature of the relationships between social structures and individual agency; between notions of a socially constructed, and therefore contingent and ever‐remade, ‘self’, and a ‘self’ with dispositions, attitudes and behavioural responses which are durable and relatively stable; and between cognitive and emotional identities. Drawing upon existing research literature and findings from a four‐year Department for Education and Skills funded project with 300 teachers in 100 schools which investigated variations in teachers' work and lives and their effects on pupils (VITAE), it finds that identities are neither intrinsically stable nor intrinsically fragmented, as earlier literature suggests. Rather, teacher identities may be more, or less, stable and more or less fragmented at different times and in different ways according to a number of life, career and situational factors.