Brain structure in movement disorders: a neuroimaging perspective.

Purpose of review: An overview of recent advances in structural neuroimaging and their impact on movement disorders research is presented. Recent findings: Novel developments in computational neuroanatomy and improvements in magnetic resonance image quality have brought further insight into the pathophysiology of movement disorders. Sophisticated automated techniques allow for sensitive and reliable in-vivo differentiation of phenotype/genotype related traits and their interaction even at presymptomatic stages of disease. Summary: Voxel-based morphometry consistently demonstrates well defined patterns of brain structure changes in movement disorders. Advanced stages of idiopathic Parkinson's disease are characterized by grey matter volume decreases in basal ganglia. Depending on the presence of cognitive impairment, volume changes are reported in widespread cortical and limbic areas. Atypical Parkinsonian syndromes still pose a challenge for accurate morphometry-based classification, especially in early stages of disease progression. Essential tremor has been mainly associated with thalamic and cerebellar changes. Studies on preclinical Huntington's disease show progressive loss of tissue in the caudate and cortical thinning related to distinct motor and cognitive phenotypes. Basal ganglia volume in primary dystonia reveals an interaction between genotype and phenotype such that brain structure changes are modulated by the presence of symptoms under the influence of genetic factors. Tics in Tourette's syndrome correlate with brain structure changes in limbic, motor and associative fronto-striato-parietal circuits. Computational neuroanatomy provides useful tools for in-vivo assessment of brain structure in movement disorders, allowing for accurate classification in early clinical stages as well as for monitoring therapy effects and/or disease progression.

Maladies auto-immunes neuromusculaires: diagnostic et prise en charge [Dysimmune neuromuscular disorders: diagnostic challenges and new ways of management].

This review describes some dysimmune neuromuscular disorders and their recent management: syndrome of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (treatment of cramps, immunosuppressors); Guillain-Barré syndrome (new mechanisms and consensus treatment); chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (new indication for the use of pulse dexamethasone, new scores of activity); importance of subcutaneous immunoglobulin in multifocal motor neuropathy and of infusions of rituximab in myasthenia gravis; new entities in myositis and their treatment.

Associations between psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular risk factors

Bien que de nombreuses études suggèrent des liens entre les troubles psychiatriques et les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV), peu ont utilisé des investigations somatique, biologique et psychiatrique adéquates. Pour déterminer les potentiels mécanismes impliqués dans ces associations, plusieurs études ont investigué le lien entre les troubles psychiatriques et les facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires (FRCV) (surpoids, diabète, dyslipidémie, hypertension artérielle, inactivité, consommation de cigarettes). De plus, des biomarqueurs (régulateurs du métabolisme, marqueurs hépatiques et inflammatoires) pouvant être associés à la fois aux troubles psychiatriques et aux FRCV ont été étudiés mais avec des résultats contradictoires. Basée sur un large échantillon de la population générale de la Ville de Lausanne et des investigations somatique et psychiatrique adéquates, cette thèse comporte deux articles: le premier étudie l'association entre les troubles psychiatriques majeurs et les FRCV; le second établit les liens entre certains biomarqueurs et le développement du diabète de type 2. Appliquant une méthodologie rigoureuse sur un échantillon de 3716 sujets de la population lausannoise âgés de 35 à 66 ans, les résultats du premier article ont montré que 1) le sous-type atypique de la dépression était associé à une augmentation du risque de souffrir de plusieurs FRCV (surpoids, diabète et syndrome métabolique), contrairement à d'autres sous-types de dépression, 2) les problèmes d'alcool étaient associés à un risque accru de souffrir de diabète et de dyslipidémie, 3) presque tous les troubles psychiatriques étaient associés à une consommation régulière de cigarettes. Quant au deuxième article, parmi les différents biomarqueurs testés, seul un niveau bas d'adiponectine (une hormone produite par le tissu adipeux qui affecte la sensibilité à l'insuline) était associé à un risque accru de souffrir de diabète par la suite. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité pour les spécialistes de distinguer les sous-types de dépression pour le risque cardiovasculaire et de donner une attention particulière au sous-type atypique. Un problème d'alcool comorbide pourrait accroître le risque cardiovasculaire. De plus, des efforts pour diminuer la cigarette chez les sujets souffrant de troubles psychiatriques seraient une mesure préventive importante contre le développement des MCV. Le rôle de l'adiponectine dans l'association entre les troubles psychiatriques et les FRCV restant incertain, une prochaine analyse devrait déterminer le lien entre ce biomarqueur et la dépression atypique. - Despite the fact that several studies have highlighted associations between psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), few have used adequate somatic, biological and psychiatric measures. To determine potential mechanisms implicated in these associations, several studies have assessed the relationship between psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), such as overweight, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, physical inactivity and smoking. Moreover, biomarkers such as metabolic regulators, hepatic and inflammatory markers, which could be associated with both psychiatric disorders and CVRFs, have been studied yielding contradictory results. Based on a population-based sample from the city of Lausanne and using adequate somatic and psychiatric investigations, this dissertation encompasses two articles: the first studies the associations between major psychiatric disorders established for lifetime and CVRFs; the second studies the associations between certain biomarkers and the development of type 2 diabetes. Using standardized contemporary methodology in a sample composed of 3716 individuals aged from 35 to 66 years, the first article revealed associations between 1) the atypical depression subtype and an increased risk of several CVRFs (overweight, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome) in contrast to other depression subtypes; 2) alcohol disorders and an increased risk of diabetes and dyslipidemia; 3) almost all psychiatric disorders and a lifetime history of regular cigarette smoking. The second article showed, among the various biomarkers tested, that only lower levels of adiponectin (a hormone produced by adiposity which affects sensitivity to insulin) were associated with an increased risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes. Our results highlight the need for specialists to subtype depression when studying the cardiovascular risk and to pay particular attention to the atypical subtype. A comorbid alcohol misuse may further increase the cardiovascular risk. Moreover, efforts to diminish smoking in subjects suffering from psychiatric disorders could be an important tool for preventing subsequent CVD. The role of adiponectin in the association between psychiatric disorders and CVRFs should still be elucidated, and future analyses should focus in particular on the relationship between this biomarker and atypical depression.

Lymphoproliferative disorders associated with hypereosinophilia.

Hypereosinophilia, defined as peripheral blood eosinophil counts >1,500/μL, may complicate the course of various lymphoproliferative disorders. Among these, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) derived from CD4 cells, including Sezary syndrome (SS), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), are most commonly associated with increased reactive eosinophilopoiesis. Rarely, marked hypereosinophilia (HE) may occur in the setting of acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, with a substantial impact on disease course. The mechanisms leading to blood and tissue eosinophilia in the setting of lymphoproliferative disorders, as well as the clinical complications and prognostic implications of hypereosinophilia, are discussed in this review.

Nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma during pregnancy: diagnosis and management concerns.

OBJECTIVE: Nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) during pregnancy is rare. Therefore, appropriate management of this occurrence is not well defined. The aim of this study was to extensively review the literature on this subject, to propose some novel treatment guidelines. METHODS: Electronic databases, manual reviews and conference proceedings up to December 2011 were systematically reviewed. Articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in this study if they dealt with nontraumatic SEH during pregnancy. Search protocols and data were independently assessed by two authors. RESULTS: In all, 23 case reports were found to be appropriate for review. The mean patient age was 28 years and gestational age was 33.2 weeks. Thirteen cases presented with acute interscapular pain. The clinical picture consisted of paraplegia, which occurred approximately 63 h after pain onset. Spinal cord decompression was performed within an average time of 20 h after neurological deficit onset. Fifteen patients had cesarean deliveries, even when the gestational age was less than 36 weeks. CONCLUSION: This review failed to identify articles, other than case reports, which could assist in the formation of new guidelines to treat SEH in pregnancy. However, we believe that SEH may be managed neurosurgically, without requiring prior, premature, cesarean section.

The Influence of the media and advertising on eating disorders

This article describes a literature review of the influence of advertising and the media on Eating Disorders (ED). Research published in scientific journals in various fields of social sciences such as sychology, psychiatry and communication science has enabled us to conclude that the content displayed in the media, including advertising, are enhancers of disorders and contribute significantly to body issatisfaction in relation to the perceived idea of beauty, it also facilitates the development of weight loss strategies in women and gain of muscle mass in men.

Defining substance use disorders: do we really need more than heavy use?

AIMS: The aim of the study was to explore whether the concept of heavy substance use over time can be used as definition of substance use disorder. METHODS: Narrative review. RESULTS: Heavy use over time clearly underlies the neurobiological changes associated with current thinking of substance use disorders. In addition, there is evidence that heavy use over time can explain the majority of social problems and of burden of disease (morbidity and mortality). A definition of substance use disorders via heavy use over time would avoid some of the problems of current conceptualizations, for instance the cultural specificity of concepts such as loss of control. Finally, stressing the continuum of use may avoid the high level of stigmatization currently associated with substance use disorders. CONCLUSION: 'Heavy substance use over time' seems to be a definition of substance use disorders in line with results of basic research and epidemiology. Additionally, it reduces stigmatization. This approach should thus be further explored.

How to screen for problematic cannabis use in population surveys: an evaluation of the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in a Swiss sample of adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cannabis use is a growing challenge for public health, calling for adequate instruments to identify problematic consumption patterns. The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) is a 10-item questionnaire used for screening cannabis abuse and dependency. The present study evaluated that screening instrument. METHODS: In a representative population sample of 5,025 Swiss adolescents and young adults, 593 current cannabis users replied to the CUDIT. Internal consistency was examined by means of Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the CUDIT was compared to accepted concepts of problematic cannabis use (e.g. using cannabis and driving). ROC analyses were used to test the CUDIT's discriminative ability and to determine an appropriate cut-off. RESULTS: Two items ('injuries' and 'hours being stoned') had loadings below 0.5 on the unidimensional construct and correlated lower than 0.4 with the total CUDIT score. All concepts of problematic cannabis use were related to CUDIT scores. An ideal cut-off between six and eight points was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although the CUDIT seems to be a promising instrument to identify problematic cannabis use, there is a need to revise some of its items.

Lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells: lessons from human inherited disorders and mouse models.

The integrity of central and peripheral nervous system myelin is affected in numerous lipid metabolism disorders. This vulnerability was so far mostly attributed to the extraordinarily high level of lipid synthesis that is required for the formation of myelin, and to the relative autonomy in lipid synthesis of myelinating glial cells because of blood barriers shielding the nervous system from circulating lipids. Recent insights from analysis of inherited lipid disorders, especially those with prevailing lipid depletion and from mouse models with glia-specific disruption of lipid metabolism, shed new light on this issue. The particular lipid composition of myelin, the transport of lipid-associated myelin proteins, and the necessity for timely assembly of the myelin sheath all contribute to the observed vulnerability of myelin to perturbed lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the uptake of external lipids may also play a role in the formation of myelin membranes. In addition to an improved understanding of basic myelin biology, these data provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving glial cell integrity in metabolic disorders.

Human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy and maternal risk of breast cancer.

Full-term pregnancies are associated with long-term reductions in maternal risk of breast cancer, but the biological determinants of the protection are unknown. Experimental observations suggest that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a major hormone of pregnancy, could play a role in this association. A case-control study (242 cases and 450 controls) nested within the Northern Sweden Maternity Cohort included women who had donated a blood sample during the first trimester of a first full-term pregnancy. Total hCG was determined on Immulite 2000 analyzer. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through conditional logistic regression. Maternal breast cancer risk decreased with increasing hCG (upper tertile OR, 0.67; CI, 0.46-0.99), especially for pregnancies before age 25 (upper tertile OR, 0.41; CI, 0.21-0.80). The association diverged according to age at diagnosis: risk was reduced after age 40 (upper tertile OR, 0.60; CI, 0.39-0.91) and seemed to increase before age 40 (upper tertile OR, 1.78; CI, 0.72-4.38). Risk was reduced among those diagnosed 10 years or longer after blood draw (upper tertile OR, 0.60; CI, 0.40-0.90), but not so among those diagnosed within 10 years (upper tertile OR, 4.33; CI, 0.86-21.7). These observations suggest that the association between pregnancy hCG and subsequent maternal risk of breast cancer is modified by age at diagnosis. Although the hormone seems to be a determinant of the reduced risk around or after age 50, it might not confer protection against, or it could even increase the risk of, cancers diagnosed in the years immediately following pregnancy.

Non-Compressive Disorders of the Chiasm.

Chiasmal dysfunction produces a characteristic clinical picture, regardless of the mechanism. In most cases a compressive lesion is the cause. In occasional cases, however, no such extrinsic mass is found and other possible etiologies must be explored. In some of these cases, the pathologic process is identifiable with appropriate neuroimaging. For example, inflammation, infiltrative tumors, and radiation necrosis produce intrinsic chiasmal enhancement. Chiasmal ischemia may require specialized magnetic resonance (MR) sequences for diagnosis. Chiasmal hemorrhage, trauma and chiasmal herniation typically produce distinctive changes on noncontrasted imaging. In cases of metabolic insult, either toxic or hereditary, radiographic changes are typically absent. In each of these, the correct diagnosis can usually be made with a combination of clinical and radiographic features.