Éloges historiques / G. Cuvier. précédés de l'éloge de l'auteur / par M. Flourens,...

Collection : Bibliothèque classique des célébrités contemporaines

Impact of obesity-related genes in Spanish population

Background: The objective was to investigate the association between BMI and single nucleotide polymorphisms previously identified of obesity-related genes in two Spanish populations. Forty SNPs in 23 obesity-related genes were evaluated in a rural population characterized by a high prevalence of obesity (869 subjects, mean age 46 yr, 62% women, 36% obese) and in an urban population (1425 subjects, mean age 54 yr, 50% women, 19% obese). Genotyping was assessed by using SNPlex and PLINK for the association analysis. Results: Polymorphisms of the FTO were significantly associated with BMI, in the rural population (beta 0.87, p-value <0.001). None of the other SNPs showed significant association after Bonferroni correction in the two populations or in the pooled analysis. A weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) was constructed using the risk alleles of the Tag-SNPs with a positive Beta parameter in both populations. From the first to the fifth quintile of the score, the BMI increased 0.45 kg/m2 in Hortega and 2.0 kg/m2 in Pizarra. Overall, the obesity predictive value was low (less than 1%). Conclusion: The risk associated with polymorphisms is low and the overall effect on BMI or obesity prediction is minimal. A weighted genetic risk score based on genes mainly acting through central nervous system mechanisms was associated with BMI but it yields minimal clinical prediction for the obesity risk in the general population.

[Phot. de Donaueschingen (Bade-Wurtemberg) par G. Wolf, phot. à Constance, don Emile Tanneguy de Wogan en 1885]

Donateur : Wogan, Émile Tanneguy de (1850-1906)

Preparation of bacterial DNA template by boiling and effect of immunoglobulin G as an inhibitor in real-time PCR for serum samples from patients with brucellosis.

Real-time PCR is a widely used tool for the diagnosis of many infectious diseases. However, little information exists about the influences of the different factors involved in PCR on the amplification efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of boiling as the DNA preparation method on the efficiency of the amplification process of real-time PCR for the diagnosis of human brucellosis with serum samples. Serum samples from 10 brucellosis patients were analyzed by a SYBR green I LightCycler-based real-time PCR and by using boiling to obtain the DNA. DNA prepared by boiling lysis of the bacteria isolated from serum did not prevent the presence of inhibitors, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), which were extracted with the template DNA. To identify and confirm the presence of IgG, serum was precipitated to separate and concentrate the IgG and was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. The use of serum volumes above 0.6 ml completely inhibited the amplification process. The inhibitory effect of IgG in serum samples was not concentration dependent, and it could be eliminated by diluting the samples 1/10 and 1/20 in water. Despite the lack of the complete elimination of the IgG from the template DNA, boiling does not require any special equipment and it provides a rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective method for the preparation of DNA from serum samples for the diagnosis of brucellosis.

L'hygiène des tuberculeux / par A. Chuquet,... ; précédé d'une introduction par G. Daremberg,...

Collection : Bibliothèque d'hygiène thérapeutique ; 11

Selected ABCB1, ABCB4 and ABCC2 Polymorphisms Do Not Enhance the Risk of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in a Spanish Cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flawed ABC transporter functions may contribute to increased risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We aimed to analyse the influence of genetic variations in ABC transporters on the risk of DILI development and clinical presentations in a large Spanish DILI cohort. METHODS A total of ten polymorphisms in ABCB1 (1236T>C, 2677G>T,A, 3435T>C), ABCB4 (1954A>G) and ABCC2 (-1774G>del, -1549A>G, -24C>T, 1249G>A, 3972C>T and 4544G>A) were genotyped using Taqman 5' allelic discrimination assays or sequencing in 141 Spanish DILI patients and 161 controls. The influence of specific genotypes, alleles and haplotypes on the risk of DILI development and clinical presentations was analysed. RESULTS None of the individual polymorphisms or haplotypes was found to be associated with DILI development. Carriers homozygous for the ABCC2 -1774del allele were however only found in DILI patients. Hence, this genotype could potentially be associated with increased risk, though its low frequency in our Spanish cohort prevented a final conclusion. Furthermore, carriers homozygous for the ABCC2 -1774G/-1549A/-24T/1249G/3972T/4544G haplotype were found to have a higher propensity for total bilirubin elevations when developing DILI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a role for the analysed polymorphisms in the ABCB1, ABCB4 and ABCC2 transporter genes in DILI development in Spanish patients. The ABCC2 -1774deldel genotype was however restricted to DILI cases and could potentially contribute to enhanced DILI susceptibility.

Molecular characterization of signalling complexes involved in G-protein coupled receptor-induced cardiac hypertrophy

In response to pathological stresses, the heart undergoes a remodelling process associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Since sustained hypertrophy can progress to heart failure, there is an intense investigation about the intracellular signalling pathways that control cardiomyocyte growth. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that most stimuli known to initiate pathological changes associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the αl-adrenergic- (αl-AR), Angiotensin II- (AT-R) and endothelin-1- (ET-R) receptors. In this context, we have previously identified a cardiac scaffolding protein, called AKAP-Lbc (Α-kinase anchoring protein), with an intrinsic Rho specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, that plays a key role in integrating and transducing hypertrophic signals initiated by these GPCRs (Appert-Collin, Cotecchia et al. 2007). Activated RhoA controls the transcriptional activation of genes involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through signalling pathways that remain to be characterized. Here, we identified the nuclear factor-Kappa Β (NF-κΒ) activating kinase ΙΚΚβ as a novel AKAP-Lbc interacting protein. This raises the hypothesis that AKAP-Lbc might promote cardiomyocyte growth by maintaining a signalling complex that promotes the activation of the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor NF-κΒ. In fact, the activation of NF- κΒ-dependent transcription has been detected in numerous disease contexts, including hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, allograft rejection, myocarditis, apoptosis, and more (Hall, Hasday et al. 2006). While it is known by more than a decade that NF-κΒ is a critical mediator of cardiac hypertrophy, it is currently poorly understood how pro-hypertrophic signals controlling NF-κΒ transcriptional activity are integrated and coordinated within cardiomyocytes. In this study, we show that AKAP-Lbc and ΙΚΚβ form a transduction complex in cardiomyocytes that couples activation of αl-ARs to NF-κB-mediated transcriptional reprogramming events associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In particular, we can show that activation of ΙΚΚβ within the AKAP-Lbc complex promotes NF-κB-dependent production of interleukine-6 (IL-6), which, in turn, enhances foetal gene expression. These findings indicate that the AKAP-Lbc/ΙΚΚβ complex is critical for selectively directing catecholamine signals to the induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

Analyse de la production thymique et de la prolifération périphérique des lymphocytes T CD4 et CD8 durant la phase chronique de l'infection à VIH-1

RESUME Dans le cadre de l'infection à VIH-1, deux mécanismes généraux, a) une destruction périphérique massive ou b) un défaut dans la production périphérique ou centrale de nouvelles cellules, pourraient être à l'origine de l'épuisement des lymphocytes T CD4. La question soulève une importante controverse. Dans cette étude, la production thymique et la capacité de prolifération de lymphocytes T ont été étudiées conjointement. La production thymique a été évaluée par l'analyse du contenu en cercles d'excision générés lors du réarrangement du récepteur aux cellules T (ou TRECs) des cellules T CD4 et CD8 périphériques, provenant de sujets sains VIH-1 négatifs (n=120) ou infectés par le VIH-1 (n=297), au stade précoce, intermédiaire et tardif de la phase chronique de la maladie. Au stade précoce, nous observons que le contenu en TRECs de la population CD4 est supérieur à celui de la population contrôle. Aucune différence n'est observée lors de la phase intermédiaire, alors que le contenu en TRECs est inférieur lors de la phase tardive, en comparaison avec le groupe contrôle. Pour les lymphocytes T CD8, le contenu en TRECs reste inférieur au groupe contrôle, à tous les stades de la maladie. Ainsi, au stade précoce, la production thymique chercherait à compenser la perte de lymphocytes T CD4 puis, avec l'évolution de la maladie, cette possibilité s'épuiserait. Les profils d'expression des gènes régulateurs du cycle cellulaire pour les cellules T CD4 et CD8 périphériques, obtenus par la méthode des biopuces d'ADNc (microarray), ont permis l'analyse de la capacité de prolifération périphérique des lymphocytes T. Trois populations cellulaires ont été comparées entre elles : lymphocytes provenant de sujets infectés par le VIH-1, lymphocytes provenant de sujets VIH-1-négatifs et lymphocytes activés in vitro provenant de sujets VIH-1-négatifs. Les résultats montrent, pour les cellules T CD8, un état d'activation et un profil d'expression des gènes régulateurs du cycle cellulaire comparables à ceux des cellules activées in vitro. Le profil d'expression génétique des cellules T CD4, par contre, montre une activation sub-optimale, conjointement à une forte expression de p53, ce qui pourrait amener à un bloc en phase G1 du cycle cellulaire ainsi qu'à une forte apoptose. En conclusion, cette perturbation de la progression du cycle cellulaire des lymphocytes T CD4 périphériques pourrait contribuer à l'échec de la restauration du nombre de lymphocytes T CD4 et ceci, malgré une production thymique conservée dans les stades précoces de la maladie, comme démontré par l'analyse du contenu en TRECs.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitope-specific interferon-g production in healthy Brazilians reactive and non-reactive to tuberculin skin test

The interferon (IFN)-γ response to peptides can be a useful diagnostic marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) latent infection. We identified promiscuous and potentially protective CD4+ T-cell epitopes from the most conserved regions of MTB antigenic proteins by scanning the MTB antigenic proteins GroEL2, phosphate-binding protein 1 precursor and 19 kDa antigen with the TEPITOPE algorithm. Seven peptide sequences predicted to bind to multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR molecules were synthesised and tested with IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive and 16 TST-negative healthy donors. Eighty-eight percent of TST-positive donors responded to at least one of the peptides, compared to 25% of TST-negative donors. Each individual peptide induced IFN-γ production by PBMCs from at least 31% of the TST-positive donors. The magnitude of the response against all peptides was 182 ± 230 x 106 IFN-γ spot forming cells (SFC) among TST-positive donors and 36 ± 62 x 106 SFC among TST-negative donors (p = 0.007). The response to GroEL2 (463-477) was only observed in the TST-positive group. This combination of novel MTB CD4 T-cell epitopes should be tested in a larger cohort of individuals with latent tuberculosis (TB) to evaluate its potential to diagnose latent TB and it may be included in ELISPOT-based IFN-γ assays to identify individuals with this condition.

[3 phot. par G. Berthault et fils, Angers, des ardoisières de Trélazé, don E. Reclus en 1886]

Donateur : Reclus, Élisée (1830-1905)