A ciência-ação: fundamentos filosóficos e relevância para a enfermagem

A prática de enfermagem envolve o enfermeiro da clínica como agente de deliberação e ação, confrontando situações do cotidiano e assumindo, através de conhecimento científico, experiências anteriores ou por conceitos próprios e intuitivos, formas específicas de ver e agir na prática. O agir constitui fonte de conhecimento passível de acesso por métodos de investigação interpretativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, analiticamente, a filosofia da Ciência-Ação em sua relação com a construção do conhecimento na enfermagem. Explica-se a Ciência-Ação como método inovador de inquérito e a sua tradição filosófica na abordagem nas ciências sociais, e se discute a sua articulação com a proposta epistemológica da enfermagem. Sugere-se a adoção dessa vertente em estudos de enfermagem, pelo seu enfoque na reflexão sobre as ações do enfermeiro e na prática como fonte de conhecimento. Conclui-se que a Ciência-Ação possui potencial para o avanço da teoria específica da prática da enfermagem, do conhecimento próprio da enfermagem

Enjeux de la cueca chilienne : vocalité et représentations sociales

Cette recherche aborde le chant de la cueca chilienne à travers le spectre de la voix dans la construction de représentations sociales, et ce, sur la base d’une méthodologie mixte qui combine la recherche bibliographique, l’observation participante, les entrevues et l’analyse musicale. Comme point de départ, on remarque la pratique d’une cueca surnommée urbana, brava ou chilenera, caractérisée par un timbre vocal singulier associé au milieu « populaire » des chanteurs. Remontant aux premières traces de la cueca, au Chili, le chapitre 2 aborde les descriptions de la voix de la zamacueca au XIXe siècle publié dans des récits de voyage. L’analyse du contexte dans lequel ces récits se publient permet de constater que l’idée du caractère nasal de la cueca s’associe à la constitution d’altérité. Le chapitre 3 aborde la façon dont une théorie spécifique sur l’origine de la cueca chilienne contribue aux conceptions de la voix dans le genre. Le sujet de la nasalité apparaît encore, cette fois-ci imbriqué dans l’imagination de l’origine arabo-andalouse de la cueca. S’intéressant à la représentation du sujet populaire, le chapitre 4 expose deux figures centrales de la culture chilienne : le huaso et le roto, représentants du paysan et du sujet urbain, tous deux entremêlés avec des discours nationalistes. Le « parler populaire » apparaît représenté dans divers styles de cueca, en produisant des vocalités affectées par l’imagination de la classe sociale, et ce dans le contexte de débats sur l’authenticité. Le chapitre 5 aborde finalement l’expérience vécue par de jeunes chanteurs actifs sur une scène de revitalisation. Leurs dynamiques de chant en groupe soulignent l’impact de la compétition sur le déploiement de la voix. La pratique structurée selon le chant en ronde - chant à la rueda – montrera que la production d’un « bon pito », soit d’une voix adéquate à la cueca, révèle la nécessité d’adapter les voix aux besoins du groupe. La conclusion met en lumière que le rapport entre voix et style se présente comme une correlation cruciale pour comprendre non seulement la diversité des variantes de cuecas existantes à un moment donné, mais également leurs transformations au cours du temps par l’entremise d’un processus de stylisation. Au-delà du style, pourtant, la voix paraît exprimer quelque chose du sujet qui la fait résonner. Par ce biais, les diverses étiquettes accompagnant le terme cueca nous informent sur les caractéristiques ethniques, du genre et de classe des chanteurs, y compris les différentes voix d’un même sujet qui chante.

Nuclei of Nearby Active Galaxies: NIR and Sub-mm Views and Finalizing the LINC-NIRVANA Fringe and Flexure Tracking System: Flexure and Temperature Behavior

The work presented in my thesis addresses the two cornerstones of modern astronomy: Observation and Instrumentation. Part I deals with the observation of two nearby active galaxies, the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1433 and the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 1566, both at a distance of $\sim10$ Mpc, which are part of the Nuclei of Galaxies (NUGA) sample. It is well established that every galaxy harbors a super massive black hole (SMBH) at its center. Furthermore, there seems to be a fundamental correlation between the stellar bulge and SMBH masses. Simulations show that massive feedback, e.g., powerful outflows, in Quasi Stellar Objects (QSOs) has an impact on the mutual growth of bulge and SMBH. Nearby galaxies follow this relation but accrete mass at much lower rates. This gives rise to the following questions: Which mechanisms allow feeding of nearby Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)? Is this feeding triggered by events, e.g., star formation, nuclear spirals, outflows, on $\sim500$ pc scales around the AGN? Does feedback on these scales play a role in quenching the feeding process? Does it have an effect on the star formation close to the nucleus? To answer these questions I have carried out observations with the Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observation in the Near Infrared (SINFONI) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) situated on Cerro Paranal in Chile. I have reduced and analyzed the recorded data, which contain spatial and spectral information in the H-band ($1.45 \mic-1.85 \mic$) and K-band ($1.95 \mic-2.45 \mic$) on the central $10\arcsec\times10\arcsec$ of the observed galaxies. Additionally, Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) data at $350$ GHz ($\sim0.87$ mm) as well as optical high resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images are used for the analysis. For NGC 1433 I deduce from comparison of the distributions of gas, dust, and intensity of highly ionized emission lines that the galaxy center lies $\sim70$ pc north-northwest of the prior estimate. A velocity gradient is observed at the new center, which I interpret as a bipolar outflow, a circum nuclear disk, or a combination of both. At least one dust and gas arm leads from a $r\sim200$ pc ring towards the nucleus and might feed the SMBH. Two bright warm H$_2$ gas spots are detected that indicate hidden star formation or a spiral arm-arm interaction. From the stellar velocity dispersion (SVD) I estimate a SMBH mass of $\sim1.74\times10^7$ \msol. For NGC 1566 I observe a nuclear gas disk of $\sim150$ pc in radius with a spiral structure. I estimate the total mass of this disk to be $\sim5.4\times10^7$ \msol. What mechanisms excite the gas in the disk is not clear. Neither can the existence of outflows be proven nor is star formation detected over the whole disk. On one side of the spiral structure I detect a star forming region with an estimated star formation rate of $\sim2.6\times10^{-3}$ \msol\ yr$^{-1}$. From broad Br$\gamma$ emission and SVD I estimate a mean SMBH mass of $\sim5.3\times10^6$ \msol\ with an Eddington ratio of $\sim2\times10^{-3}$. Part II deals with the final tests of the Fringe and Flexure Tracker (FFTS) for LBT INterferometric Camera and the NIR/Visible Adaptive iNterferometer for Astronomy (LINC-NIRVANA) at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona, USA, which I conducted. The FFTS is the subsystem that combines the two separate beams of the LBT and enables near-infrared interferometry with a significantly large field of view. The FFTS has a cryogenic system and an ambient temperature system which are separated by the baffle system. I redesigned this baffle to guarantee the functionality of the system after the final tests in the Cologne cryostat. The redesign did not affect any scientific performance of LINC-NIRVANA. I show in the final cooldown tests that the baffle fulfills the temperature requirement and stays $<110$ K whereas the moving stages in the ambient system stay $>273$ K, which was not given for the old baffle design. Additionally, I test the tilting flexure of the whole FFTS and show that accurate positioning of the detector and the tracking during observation can be guaranteed.

Different legislations regarding OPA's

An analysis was made of then effectof the Tender Offer Law in Chile, andof the related situation of five countrieswith a more developed marketthan the Chilean one, reaching theconclusion that in order to successfullyimplement a Tender Offer Lawit is necessary to bear in mind thatthe problem is not solved by establishingstandards that regulate transactions,but by creating instancesthat contribute to a more dynamicand efficient market. In addition,there should exist a balance betweenprotection of the minority stockholderand competition for corporate control.Finally, we can conclude that thereis evidence that the Tender Offer Lawhas depressed the Stock Exchange.

A ciência-ação: fundamentos filosóficos e relevância para a enfermagem

ENDERS,Bertha Cruz, FERREIRA,Priscila Brigolini Porfírio, MONTEIRO, Akemi Iwata.A ciencia-açao: fundamentos filosoficos e relevancia para a enfermagem. Revista Texto Contexto em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, v.19, n.1,p.161-7.Jan/Mar.2010.

Studies of Protein-Protein and Protein-Water Interactions by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering, Terahertz Spectroscopy, ASMOS, And Computer Simulation

The protein folding problem has been one of the most challenging subjects in biological physics due to its complexity. Energy landscape theory based on statistical mechanics provides a thermodynamic interpretation of the protein folding process. We have been working to answer fundamental questions about protein-protein and protein-water interactions, which are very important for describing the energy landscape surface of proteins correctly. At first, we present a new method for computing protein-protein interaction potentials of solvated proteins directly from SAXS data. An ensemble of proteins was modeled by Metropolis Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations, and the global X-ray scattering of the whole model ensemble was computed at each snapshot of the simulation. The interaction potential model was optimized and iterated by a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Secondly, we report that terahertz spectroscopy directly probes hydration dynamics around proteins and determines the size of the dynamical hydration shell. We also present the sequence and pH-dependence of the hydration shell and the effect of the hydrophobicity. On the other hand, kinetic terahertz absorption (KITA) spectroscopy is introduced to study the refolding kinetics of ubiquitin and its mutants. KITA results are compared to small angle X-ray scattering, tryptophan fluorescence, and circular dichroism results. We propose that KITA monitors the rearrangement of hydrogen bonding during secondary structure formation. Finally, we present development of the automated single molecule operating system (ASMOS) for a high throughput single molecule detector, which levitates a single protein molecule in a 10 µm diameter droplet by the laser guidance. I also have performed supporting calculations and simulations with my own program codes.

Gait Regulation for Bipedal Locomotion

This work explores regulation of forward speed, step length, and slope walking for the passive-dynamic class of bipedal robots. Previously, an energy-shaping control for regulating forward speed has appeared in the literature; here we show that control to be a special case of a more general time-scaling control that allows for speed transitions in arbitrary time. As prior work has focused on potential energy shaping for fully actuated bipeds, we study in detail the shaping of kinetic energy for bipedal robots, giving special treatment to issues of underactuation. Drawing inspiration from features of human walking, an underactuated kinetic-shaping control is presented that provides efficient regulation of walking speed while adjusting step length. Previous results on energetic symmetries of bipedal walking are also extended, resulting in a control that allows regulation of speed and step length while walking on any slope. Finally we formalize the optimal gait regulation problem and propose a dynamic programming solution seeded with passive-dynamic limit cycles. Observations of the optimal solutions generated by this method reveal further similarities between passive dynamic walking and human locomotion and give insight into the structure of minimum-effort controls for walking.

THE MARKETING OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES: Understanding the concepts of marketing and market orientation of social enterprises within the context of Pakistani market

The concepts of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises have been extensively discussed in the previous two decades, yet the topic is still not matured yet. Most of the available literature is focused on defining these terms. Similarly, limited number of authors has discussed the marketing function of these enterprises or how marketing is interpreted in social entrepreneurship models. However, there is a plethora of literature on marketing entailing many different theories, amongst which the newest one is the “market orientation concept”. Market orientation is a mix of customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination suggesting marketing to be a part of the business philosophy. This study focuses on the marketing and market orientation of social enterprises while giving an overview of the literature of marketing and market orientation in social enterprises. This study aims to provide two basic questions, 1) what is the literature on marketing and market orientation of social enterprises while explaining the literature of social enterprises in Pakistan and 2) how these concepts are interpreted in social enterprises in Pakistani market. Key features of research methodology include case study approach while conducting thematic analysis using thematic networks. The results indicate that only a limited number of authors have discussed market orientation concept in social enterprises. The results from the interview data indicate the usage of marketing by a firm unconsciously without a specific marketing department. In addition to that, it has been found that in social enterprise world competition is tackled through a win-win approach with a view that many enterprises working for society improve the society which is the basic mission of any social enterprise. The data also showed that in Pakistani market, social enterprise concept is not legally used yet, which allows for more room for innovation. This study intends to give a new perspective to the theorists to use market orientation concept in social enterprises and also to managers to use marketing as their business philosophy in order to satisfy the stakeholders for better delivery of their businesses and as well for social good.

Exact Solution of Bayes and Minimax Change-Detection Problems

The challenge of detecting a change in the distribution of data is a sequential decision problem that is relevant to many engineering solutions, including quality control and machine and process monitoring. This dissertation develops techniques for exact solution of change-detection problems with discrete time and discrete observations. Change-detection problems are classified as Bayes or minimax based on the availability of information on the change-time distribution. A Bayes optimal solution uses prior information about the distribution of the change time to minimize the expected cost, whereas a minimax optimal solution minimizes the cost under the worst-case change-time distribution. Both types of problems are addressed. The most important result of the dissertation is the development of a polynomial-time algorithm for the solution of important classes of Markov Bayes change-detection problems. Existing techniques for epsilon-exact solution of partially observable Markov decision processes have complexity exponential in the number of observation symbols. A new algorithm, called constellation induction, exploits the concavity and Lipschitz continuity of the value function, and has complexity polynomial in the number of observation symbols. It is shown that change-detection problems with a geometric change-time distribution and identically- and independently-distributed observations before and after the change are solvable in polynomial time. Also, change-detection problems on hidden Markov models with a fixed number of recurrent states are solvable in polynomial time. A detailed implementation and analysis of the constellation-induction algorithm are provided. Exact solution methods are also established for several types of minimax change-detection problems. Finite-horizon problems with arbitrary observation distributions are modeled as extensive-form games and solved using linear programs. Infinite-horizon problems with linear penalty for detection delay and identically- and independently-distributed observations can be solved in polynomial time via epsilon-optimal parameterization of a cumulative-sum procedure. Finally, the properties of policies for change-detection problems are described and analyzed. Simple classes of formal languages are shown to be sufficient for epsilon-exact solution of change-detection problems, and methods for finding minimally sized policy representations are described.

Ecological and evolutionary effects of dispersal on freshwater zooplankton

A recent focus on contemporary evolution and the connections between communities has sought to more closely integrate the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. Studies of coevolutionary dynamics, life history evolution, and rapid local adaptation demonstrate that ecological circumstances can dictate evolutionary trajectories. Thus, variation in species identity, trait distributions, and genetic composition may be maintained among ecologically divergent habitats. New theories and hypotheses (e.g., metacommunity theory and the Monopolization hypothesis) have been developed to understand better the processes occurring in spatially structured environments and how the movement of individuals among habitats contributes to ecology and evolution at broader scales. As few empirical studies of these theories exist, this work seeks to further test these concepts. Spatial and temporal dispersal are the mechanisms that connect habitats to one another. Both processes allow organisms to leave conditions that are suboptimal or unfavorable, and enable colonization and invasion, species range expansion, and gene flow among populations. Freshwater zooplankton are aquatic crustaceans that typically develop resting stages as part of their life cycle. Their dormant propagules allow organisms to disperse both temporally and among habitats. Additionally, because a number of species are cyclically parthenogenetic, they make excellent model organisms for studying evolutionary questions in a controlled environment. Here, I use freshwater zooplankton communities as model systems to explore the mechanisms and consequences of dispersal and to test these nascent theories on the influence of spatial structure in natural systems. In Chapter one, I use field experiments and mathematical models to determine the range of adult zooplankton dispersal over land and what vectors are moving zooplankton. Chapter two focuses on prolonged dormancy of one aquatic zooplankter, Daphnia pulex. Using statistical models with field and mesocosm experiments, I show that variation in Daphnia dormant egg hatching is substantial among populations in nature, and some of that variation can be attributed to genetic differences among the populations. Chapters three and four explore the consequences of dispersal at multiple levels of biological organization. Chapter three seeks to understand the population level consequences of dispersal over evolutionary time on current patterns of population genetic differentiation. Nearby populations of D. pulex often exhibit high population genetic differentiation characteristic of very low dispersal. I explore two alternative hypotheses that seek to explain this pattern. Finally, chapter four is a case study of how dispersal has influenced patterns of variation at the community, trait and genetic levels of biodiversity in a lake metacommunity.

Disonancias en la reivindicación de Zambrano como discípula de Ortega: sus teorías opuestas para el arte

[es] En sus alusiones a Ortega, María Zambrano oculta o empequeñece con su tratamiento respetuoso las diferencias que los enfrentaron; también las distintas funciones que ambos le asignan al arte, que ella no contrapone con una crítica al escapismo que plantea la estética de la razón vital. De las motivaciones de su actitud, apunto como hipótesis el uso que hace Zambrano de Ortega como respaldo (involuntario) de su razón poética: para legitimar, con la continuidad que da a entender entre ambos, una metodología con la que la poesía reemplaza a la filosofía en sus funciones para ampliar los márgenes de lo cognoscible. [en] María Zambrano hides or diminishes the differences that confronted Ortega. Also, the different roles they assign to art: she does not make a critique of escapism that raises the aesthetics of vital reason. To explain the motivations for her attitude, I propose the hypothesis that Zambrano used Ortega in support (involuntary) of her poetic reason: to legitimize her idea, poetry replaces philosophy in its functions to expand the margins of the knowable.

A ciência-ação: fundamentos filosóficos e relevância para a enfermagem

A prática de enfermagem envolve o enfermeiro da clínica como agente de deliberação e ação, confrontando situações do cotidiano e assumindo, através de conhecimento científico, experiências anteriores ou por conceitos próprios e intuitivos, formas específicas de ver e agir na prática. O agir constitui fonte de conhecimento passível de acesso por métodos de investigação interpretativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, analiticamente, a filosofia da Ciência-Ação em sua relação com a construção do conhecimento na enfermagem. Explica-se a Ciência-Ação como método inovador de inquérito e a sua tradição filosófica na abordagem nas ciências sociais, e se discute a sua articulação com a proposta epistemológica da enfermagem. Sugere-se a adoção dessa vertente em estudos de enfermagem, pelo seu enfoque na reflexão sobre as ações do enfermeiro e na prática como fonte de conhecimento. Conclui-se que a Ciência-Ação possui potencial para o avanço da teoria específica da prática da enfermagem, do conhecimento próprio da enfermagem

Del lujo o la melancolía. Antioquia siglos XIX y XX

Es abundante la bibliografía de estudios regionales de Antioquia que hacen referencia al auge y desarrollo de su comercio en el siglo XIX y de su industrialización en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. Se trata de un amplio abanico de investigaciones referido a la cosa comercial, industrial y empresarial. Parece un asunto ago­tado. Arriesgaremos a mirar un tema poco tratado: el lujo y el confort; ello desde la filosofía fenomenológica para los años en mención. Lo primero que hay que decir es que el lujo trata de un asunto moral y material, el cual presen­tamos como una tragedia melancólica en dos actos.

Chilean IPNV isolates: Robustness analysis of PCR detection

Background: The genomes of several infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses (IPNVs) isolated in Chile were sequenced with a single amplification approach for both segments A and B. The resulting sequences were then used to determine the conservation of the primer-binding regions used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic methods proposed in the literature. Thus, the robustness of each technique was studied, particularly the eventual effect of further mutations within the primer-binding sites. Results: On analysis, most methods currently used to detect Chilean IPNV varieties were deemed adequate. However, the primers were designed to be genogroup specific, implying that most detection methods pose some risk of detecting all strains prevalent in the country, due to the coexistence of genogroups 1 and 5. Conclusions: Negative resultsmust be interpreted carefully given the high genomic variability of IPNVs. Detection techniques (quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR) based on degenerate primers can be used to minimize the possibilities of false-negative detections.

Selection of polyvalent bacteriophages infecting Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis

Background: Ideally, bacteriophages of pathogenic bacterial hosts should be polyvalent to be able to replicate in an alternative nonpathogenic bacterium. Thus, accidental infection by the original host can be avoided when bacteriophage lysates are used in biocontrol protocols. Results: From 15 wastewater samples, collected at different sites in the V Region in Chile, we selected three bacteriophages (FC, FP, and FQ) capable of productively infecting Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, the bacteriophages were found to belong to the order Caudoviridae. Molecular analyses indicated that FC, FP, and FQ contained double-stranded DNA genomes, of sizes similar to bacteriophage P22, and distinct recognition sites for the restriction endonucleases HaeIII and HindIII. Assays of host range revealed that the bacteriophages were polyvalent and thus capable of infecting different strains of Escherichia coli and other serovars of Salmonella . Conclusion: We have isolated newbacteriophages of the serovar Choleraesuiswith various potential applications in relation to this pathogenic bacterium.