El discurso de Polinices (vv. 1284-1345) en Edipo en Colono de Sófocles

Edipo en Colono de Sófocles resulta una obra fuertemente argumentativa por los debates dialécticos que se presentan entre los Episodios II a IV, cuya función dramática consiste en demorar el destino de Edipo y, a su vez, desplegar una densidad intratextual muy rica. Easterling (1999: 95-107) afirma que hay tres rasgos que definen el estilo de Sófocles, ellos son, por un lado, la tensión de opuestos o contradicciones; en segundo lugar, la oscilación entre el sentido literal y el sentido metafórico y, por último, la concentración junto con el uso de repeticiones. En el presente estudio analizamos el discurso de Polinices como el ejemplo de las características mencionadas, las que convierten la intervención del joven guerrero en el punto cultimante de las escenas agonales, que constituyen el núcleo de la obra. Estas instancias disonantes que los enfrentamientos producen son atemperadas por la presencia de Teseo.

El valor de la lectura o cómo eludir el engaño. La trascendencia del romance de la esposa infiel como una lucha indicial

Mediante el estudio de la tradición americana del romance de La esposa infiel, se resalta la importancia que en dicho romance tiene la lucha, por el desciframiento y el encubrimiento de indicios, librada entre el hombre y la mujer. A partir de tal planteo, se propone que su núcleo de interés radica en la problemática del engaño en general y la necesidad de descubrirlo.

Juego y tradición folklórica en una novela de Mario Vargas Llosa

La relación entre la tradición oral y la literatura escrita existe desde antiguo. En este caso, las cancioncillas, las retahílas que acompañan a este tradicional, y universal, juego infantil de Las cuatro esquinas sirven al novelista Mario Vargas Llosa como núcleo generador del relato El paraíso en la otra esquina a la vez que como epítome de la andadura vital de Paul Gauguin. Esta relación entre la vida y la canción nos permite profundizar en la historia del juego de Las cuatro esquinas desde sus orígenes hasta el siglo xxi

Da Apollonio Rodio ad Aristeneto : Persistenze e innovazioni di un paradigma mitico

La principal característica de la quinta carta de las Epistolaí de Aristéneto proviene de la identidad literaria de Medea en el tercer libro de Argonautica de Apolonio Rodio. De tal manera, la carta se observa como un ejemplo interesante de un texto "re-escrito" del tercer libro del poema, el cual, abastecido por la memoria sáfica de los síntomas del amor, es considerado un punto de expansión y difusión de un núcleo teorético de la literatura erótica greco-latina.

El discurso de Polinices (vv. 1284-1345) en Edipo en Colono de Sófocles

Edipo en Colono de Sófocles resulta una obra fuertemente argumentativa por los debates dialécticos que se presentan entre los Episodios II a IV, cuya función dramática consiste en demorar el destino de Edipo y, a su vez, desplegar una densidad intratextual muy rica. Easterling (1999: 95-107) afirma que hay tres rasgos que definen el estilo de Sófocles, ellos son, por un lado, la tensión de opuestos o contradicciones; en segundo lugar, la oscilación entre el sentido literal y el sentido metafórico y, por último, la concentración junto con el uso de repeticiones. En el presente estudio analizamos el discurso de Polinices como el ejemplo de las características mencionadas, las que convierten la intervención del joven guerrero en el punto cultimante de las escenas agonales, que constituyen el núcleo de la obra. Estas instancias disonantes que los enfrentamientos producen son atemperadas por la presencia de Teseo.

El valor de la lectura o cómo eludir el engaño. La trascendencia del romance de la esposa infiel como una lucha indicial

Mediante el estudio de la tradición americana del romance de La esposa infiel, se resalta la importancia que en dicho romance tiene la lucha, por el desciframiento y el encubrimiento de indicios, librada entre el hombre y la mujer. A partir de tal planteo, se propone que su núcleo de interés radica en la problemática del engaño en general y la necesidad de descubrirlo.

Consultoría en el marco económico-financiero de la empresa

Muchas de las grandes iniciativas empresariales, se ven truncadas por falta de un adecuado análisis económico-financiero. Incluso, muchas grandes ideas no son implantadas correctamente en el primer intento por este motivo, y son otras personas las que consiguen posteriormente el éxito de esas brillantes ideas gracias a una correcta aproximación financiera. Las empresas necesitan definir sus objetivos, establecer las para lograrlos, identificar las personas responsables de su ejecución (sus roles y funciones) y elaborar un plan económico-financiero que recoja el estudio de inversiones necesarias, el análisis de costes, la previsión de ingresos, así como la estrategia financiera más adecuada para la captación de los fondos necesarios para llevar a cabo las acciones programadas. Una vez iniciado el proyecto empresarial, será imprescindible realizar un seguimiento y control de la evolución (integración), tomando las medidas que se estimen oportunas para mantener el rumbo adecuado durante todo el tiempo de actividad. En este trabajo, aplicaremos las metodologías y buenas prácticas de la gestión de proyectos, como marco estructurado que nos permita abordar las principales cuestiones económico-financieras a tener en cuenta a la hora de enfrentarnos a un proyecto empresarial, para contribuir, en la medida de lo posible, a que los emprendedores tengan en cuenta estas cuestiones, facilitando así el desarrollo de negocios, en un difícil entorno económico de crisis como el que actualmente estamos viviendo en España, y animando de esta manera a optar por la iniciativa emprendedora, tratando de minimizar el riesgo en base al contenido. ---ABSTRACT---Lack of adequate economic and financial analysis truncates many of the entrepreneurship and innovation programs. Because of that reason, many great ideas are not even correctly implemented on the first attempt, and the person who finds the proper financial approach, succeed. All the enterprises have to establish clear objectives, actions to accomplish those objectives, assign roles, responsibilities and executive functions to specific people. Elaborate funding plan that contains surveys on necessary investments, cost analysis, estimate the income, liquid assets and also financial strategy suitable for fundraising to finance programmed actions. Once the project has been executed it is essential to monitor and control the development and integration adopting measures accordingly to the needs. This thesis applies methodology and best practice of project management as structured framework for the principal economic and financial issues facing business project. It is necessary contribution to entrepreneurs understanding of business, therefore facilitates business development in such rough environment as Spain is at this moment, and at the same time encourages adopting entrepreneur’s solution as less risky one. This document aims to explore all the economic and financial issues from methodological point of view based on my own professional experience, resulting in helping to understand the importance that economy and finances have in developing adequate corporate strategy. Crisis has highlighted inadequate functionality of many companies. Most popular first symptom is lack of cash flow that deteriorates the company, and results in suspension of payments followed by closing. In other cases, difficulties appear due to poor financial management of committed resources; to be observed in lack of prevision and planning or incorrect basic functionality and operational matters on daily basis. What would be your advice to someone who have magnificent business idea however no knowledge on how to handle finances in order to succeed in initiating and executing the project? Despite of the fact that the central nucleus of this paper is at economics and finances area, all the other concepts and topics given during master will be revived; for example business strategy, consultants abilities, organization and standard processes, among others, are impregnated with knowledge of project management.

Osiris— The optical, spectroscopic and infrared remote imaging system for the Rosetta orbiter

The scientific objectives, design, and implementation of the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) for the International Rosetta Mission are described. The instrument comprises two camera systems with a common electronics box. A narrow angle camera will provide high resolution images of the structure and morphology of the nucleus of a comet. A wide angle camera with high straylight rejection and dynamic range will be used to investigate the innermost coma and the emission process at the surface of the comet. An infrared imaging system, which dramatically enhances the scientific return has been included in the narrow angle camera at little extra cost.

R-type Ca2+ currents evoke transmitter release at a rat central synapse

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents evoke synaptic transmitter release. Of six types of Ca2+ channels, L-, N-, P-, Q-, R-, and T-type, only N- and P/Q-type channels have been pharmacologically identified to mediate action-potential-evoked transmitter release in the mammalian central nervous system. We tested whether Ca2+ channels other than N- and P/Q-type control transmitter release in a calyx-type synapse of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Simultaneous recordings of presynaptic Ca2+ influx and the excitatory postsynaptic current evoked by a single action potential were made at single synapses. The R-type channel, a high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel resistant to L-, N-, and P/Q-type channel blockers, contributed 26% of the total Ca2+ influx during a presynaptic action potential. This Ca2+ current evoked transmitter release sufficiently large to initiate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. The R-type current controlled release with a lower efficacy than other types of Ca2+ currents. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptors inhibited the R-type current. Because a significant fraction of presynaptic Ca2+ channels remains unidentified in many other central synapses, the R-type current also could contribute to evoked transmitter release in these synapses.

BRCA1 is a cell cycle-regulated nuclear phosphoprotein

We have characterized the BRCA1 gene product by using four polyclonal antibodies raised against peptides from four different regions of the protein. The antibodies specifically recognize an ≈220-kDa BRCA1 protein that is predominantly expressed in the nucleus of both normal and neoplastic breast cancer cells. It is a serine phosphoprotein that undergoes hyperphosphorylation during late G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and is transiently dephosphorylated early after M phase. We propose that BRCA1 is a phosphoprotein that alters in a qualitative and quantitative manner during cell cycle progression.

Nuclear structure in normal and Bloom syndrome cells

Bloom syndrome (BS) is a rare cancer-predisposing disorder in which the cells of affected persons have a high frequency of somatic mutation and genomic instability. BLM, the protein altered in BS, is a RecQ DNA helicase. This report shows that BLM is found in the nucleus of normal human cells in the nuclear domain 10 or promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. These structures are punctate depots of proteins disrupted upon viral infection and in certain human malignancies. BLM is found primarily in nuclear domain 10 except during S phase when it colocalizes with the Werner syndrome gene product, WRN, in the nucleolus. BLM colocalizes with a select subset of telomeres in normal cells and with large telomeric clusters seen in simian virus 40-transformed normal fibroblasts. During S phase, BS cells expel micronuclei containing sites of DNA synthesis. BLM is likely to be part of a DNA surveillance mechanism operating during S phase.

Nature knows best: An amazing reaction cascade is uncovered by design and discovery

The Daphniphyllum alkaloids are a group of highly complex polycyclic alkaloids. Examination of the structures if several members of this family of natural products led to a hypothesis about their mode of biosynthesis (depicted in Scheme SI). Based on this hypothetical biosynthetic pathway, a laboratory synthesis was designed that incorporated as a key transformation the novel one-pot transformation of dialdehyde 24 to pentacyclic unsaturated amine 25. This process turned out to be an exceptionally efficient way to construct the pentacyclic nucleus of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids. However, a purely fortuitous discovery, resulting from accidental use of methylamine rather than ammonia, led to a great improvement in the synthesis and suggests an even more attractive possible biosynthesis.

Chloroplast protein and centrosomal genes, a tRNA intron, and odd telomeres in an unusually compact eukaryotic genome, the cryptomonad nucleomorph

Cells of several major algal groups are evolutionary chimeras of two radically different eukaryotic cells. Most of these “cells within cells” lost the nucleus of the former algal endosymbiont. But after hundreds of millions of years cryptomonads still retain the nucleus of their former red algal endosymbiont as a tiny relict organelle, the nucleomorph, which has three minute linear chromosomes, but their function and the nature of their ends have been unclear. We report extensive cryptomonad nucleomorph sequences (68.5 kb), from one end of each of the three chromosomes of Guillardia theta. Telomeres of the nucleomorph chromosomes differ dramatically from those of other eukaryotes, being repeats of the 23-mer sequence (AG)7AAG6A, not a typical hexamer (commonly TTAGGG). The subterminal regions comprising the rRNA cistrons and one protein-coding gene are exactly repeated at all three chromosome ends. Gene density (one per 0.8 kb) is the highest for any cellular genome. None of the 38 protein-coding genes has spliceosomal introns, in marked contrast to the chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph. Most identified nucleomorph genes are for gene expression or protein degradation; histone, tubulin, and putatively centrosomal ranbpm genes are probably important for chromosome segregation. No genes for primary or secondary metabolism have been found. Two of the three tRNA genes have introns, one in a hitherto undescribed location. Intergenic regions are exceptionally short; three genes transcribed by two different RNA polymerases overlap their neighbors. The reported sequences encode two essential chloroplast proteins, FtsZ and rubredoxin, thus explaining why cryptomonad nucleomorphs persist.

Poly-ADP ribose polymerase activates nuclear proteasome to degrade oxidatively damaged histones

The 20S proteasome has been shown to be largely responsible for the degradation of oxidatively modified proteins in the cytoplasm. Nuclear proteins are also subject to oxidation, and the nucleus of mammalian cells contains proteasome. In human beings, tumor cells frequently are subjected to oxidation as a consequence of antitumor chemotherapy, and K562 human myelogenous leukemia cells have a higher nuclear proteasome activity than do nonmalignant cells. Adaptation to oxidative stress appears to be one element in the development of long-term resistance to many chemotherapeutic drugs and the mechanisms of inducible tumor resistance to oxidation are of obvious importance. After hydrogen peroxide treatment of K562 cells, degradation of the model proteasome peptide substrate suc-LLVY-MCA and degradation of oxidized histones in nuclei increases significantly within minutes. Both increased proteolytic susceptibility of the histone substrates (caused by modification by oxidation) and activation of the proteasome enzyme complex occur independently during oxidative stress. This rapid up-regulation of 20S proteasome activity is accompanied by, and depends on, poly-ADP ribosylation of the proteasome, as shown by inhibitor experiments, 14C-ADP ribose incorporation assays, immunoblotting, in vitro reconstitution experiments, and immunoprecipitation of (activated) proteasome with anti-poly-ADP ribose polymerase antibodies. The poly-ADP ribosylation-mediated activated nuclear 20S proteasome is able to remove oxidatively damaged histones more efficiently and therefore is proposed as an oxidant-stimulatable defense or repair system of the nucleus in K562 leukemia cells.

Evidence for specific nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways used by leucine-rich nuclear export signals

Various proteins with different biological activities have been observed to be translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in an energy- and signal-dependent manner in eukaryotic cells. This nuclear export is directed by nuclear export signals (NESs), typically characterized by hydrophobic, primarily leucine, amino acid residues. Moreover, it has been shown that CRM1/exportin 1 is an export receptor for leucine-rich NESs. However, additional NES-interacting proteins have been described. In particular, eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) has been shown to be a critical cellular cofactor for the nuclear export of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Rev trans-activator protein. In this study we compared the nuclear export activity of NESs of different origin. Microinjection of export substrates into the nucleus of somatic cells in combination with specific inhibitors indicated that specific nuclear export pathways exist for different NES-containing proteins. In particular, inhibition of eIF-5A blocked the nuclear export of NESs derived from the HIV-1 Rev and human T cell leukemia virus type I Rex trans-activators, whereas nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the protein kinase inhibitor-NES was unaffected. In contrast, however, inhibition of CRM1/exportin 1 blocked the nuclear export of all NES-containing proteins investigated. Our data confirm that CRM1/exportin 1 is a general export receptor for leucine-rich NESs and suggest that eIF-5A acts either upstream of CRM1/exportin 1 or forms a complex with the NES and CRM1/exportin 1 in the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the HIV-1 Rev and human T cell leukemia virus type I Rex RNA export factors.