Tensioactius aniònics aplicats al destintatge per flotació de barreges de paper premsa i revista

El trabajo presentado se enmarca en el estudio del destintado de papeles viejos con un fuerte contenido en pasta mecánica y con una composición de partida del 60% de papel de periódico y un 40% de paper revista. Se somete el papel al proceso de destintado por flotación. El trabajo centra parte de la atención en la evaluación de la etapa de desintegración, tanto por los conceptos vinculados al destintado (desprendimiento de tinta y su fragmentación-redeposición) como por la individualización de las fibras y el consumo energético asociado. En este sentido se estudia el grado de individualización de los paquetes fibrosos que obtienen las variables mecánicas aplicadas durante la desintegración a partir de la medida del índice de Somerville y se compara con el consumo energético medido en la etapa. Se concluye que con cualquiera de las condiciones mecánicas probadas consiguen un nivel de desfibrado muy bueno, y que su evolución cinética responde a la ley establecida por Bennington. La determinación del consumo energético por tonelada de pasta tratada (consumo específico de energía, SEC) conduce a establecer la máxima consistencia del 12% como la que aprovecha al máximo la energía disipada a la suspensión. Los fenómenos de desprendimiento y fragmentación de partículas de tinta se dan en la etapa de desintegración, donde se observa que el máximo grado de desprendimiento de tinta se obtiene con los tensioactivos que presentan la cadena hidrófoba más larga. Por lo que se refiere a la dispersión de las partículas de tinta, aunque a partir de las medidas de ERIC parece que un tensioactivo, el carboxilato de cadena corta, fragmenta considerablemente más que los otros, la distribución de diámetros evaluada por la técnica de análisis de imagen muestra que todas las condiciones probadas conducen a una distribución de diámetros de partícula centrada entre 0 y 15 µm. El estudio sobre la efectividad de los tensioactivos aplicados en la eliminación de la tinta por flotación pone de manifiesto que los tensioactivos que conducen al mayor grado de desprendimiento de la tinta no se corresponden con el tensioactivo más efectivo en flotación: el tensioactivo sulfatado de cadena corta

MBA – Finanças 1995/97 working paper

O principal objectivo deste estudo centra-se no estudo da influência do capital de risco na performance das empresas que já beneficiaram deste instrumento, procurando assim enriquecer o campo de investigação, ainda incipiente, neste domínio. Tendo como enquadramento o papel daquele instrumento na intermediação financeira, a evolução do sector ao nível internacional e doméstico e sobretudo atendendo aos resultados de análises de estatística multivariada e de clusters efectuadas sobre uma amostra de empresas participadas por capital de risco em Portugal, conclui-se neste estudo que existe efectivamente um impacto relevante da sua intervenção na rentabilidade económica das empresas alvo (ROI), sendo ainda traçado o perfil destas empresa e sugeridas recomendações, não só aos operadores de capital de risco, como também às entidades intervenientes no sector, com especial destaque para o Estado, estas últimas baseadas em posições de entidades nacionais e europeias ligadas ao sector de capital de risco como a APCRI, a EVCA e a própria Comissão Europeia.

Response to Anwar Tlili‘s paper -Efficiency and social inclusion: implications for the museum profession

I have been asked to respond to Anwar Tlili‘s paper, and I propose to do this in four steps. I will follow Anwar‘s line of arguments closely. I will be dealing in turn withStep no. 1: Profession and ProfessionalizationStep no. 2: Social InclusionStep no. 3: ManagerialismStep no. 4: Museum Education and Training

How to write a research paper

This paper consists of a curriculum guide on writing a research paper.

Germany as viewed by other Member States. EPIN Working Paper No. 33, 21 June 2012

Germany’s problem is not so much that it is generally right about the need for fiscal discipline but that it has to learn how to be right: this is the most difficult issue to manage from a political standpoint. This EPIN (European Policy Institutes Network) paper brings together contributions from a cross-section of EU member states and the Gallup World Poll survey on the question of how Germany is being viewed at this time of economic and political crisis. The conclusions, subtitled: The Narcissism of Small Differences is a refreshingly candid and insightful analysis of current European relations, noting that Germany’s current weight reflects only the conjuncture of extraordinary domestic and international economic factors. How Germany and the other member states behave towards one another now will have implications for all long after this moment has passed.

The creation of euro area financial safety nets. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/09, July 2012

The financial crisis has exposed the need to devise stronger and broader international and regional safety nets in order to deal with economic and financial shocks and allow for countries to adjust. The euro area has developed several such mechanisms over the last couple of years through a process of trial and error and gradual enhancement and expansion. Their overall architecture remains imperfect and leaves areas of vulnerabilities. This paper provides an overview of the recent financial stability mechanisms and their various shortcomings and tries to brush the outline of a more comprehensive safety net architecture that would coherently address the banking, sovereign and external imbalances crises against both transitory and more permanent shocks. It aims to provide a roadmap for further improvements of the current mechanism and the creation of new devices including a banking resolution mechanism and amore powerfulmechanismto provide financial assistance addressing both the sovereign and external dimensions of the shocks thereby reducing the need for the ECB to fill the current void.

Path to eurobonds. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/10, July 2012

This paper discusses proposals for common euro area sovereign securities. Such instruments can potentially serve two functions: in the short-term, stabilize financialmarkets and banks and, in the medium-term, help improve the euro area economic governance framework through enhanced fiscal discipline and risk-sharing. Many questions remain onwhether financial instruments can ever accomplish such goals without bold institutional and political decisions, and,whether, in the absence of such decisions, they can create new distortions. The proposals discussed are also not necessarily competing substitutes; rather, they can be complements to be sequenced along alternative paths that possibly culminate in a fully-fledged Eurobond. The specific path chosen by policymakers should allow for learning and secure the necessary evolution of institutional infrastructures and political safeguards.

Productivity, labour cost and export adjustment: Detailed results for 24 EU countries. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/11, 12 July 2012

As a background document for Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/11 ‘Compositional effects on productivity, labour cost and export adjustment’, this working paper presents detailed results for 24 EU countries on: • The sectoral changes in the economy; • The unit labour costs (ULC) based real effective exchange rate (REER) and its main components; • Export performance. • The ULC-REERs are calculated: • For the total economy, the business sector (excluding agriculture, construction and real estate activities), and some main sectors; • Using both actual aggregates and fixed-weight aggregates, as the latter are free from the impacts of compositional changes; • Against 30 trading partners and against three subsets of trading partners: euro-area, non-euro area EU, non-EU.

The simple macroeconomics of North and South in EMU. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/12, 30 July 2012

The euro area today consists of a competitive, moderately leveraged North and an uncompetitive, over-indebted South. Its main macroeconomic challenge is to carry out the adjustment required to restore the competitiveness of its southern part and eliminate its excessive public and private debt burden. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal and competitiveness adjustment in a stylised model with two countries in a monetary union, North and South. To restore competitiveness, South implements a more restrictive fiscal policy than North. We consider two scenarios. In the first, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the North. The South therefore needs to deflate to regain competitiveness, which worsens the debt dynamics. In the second, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the monetary union as a whole. This results in more monetary stimulus, inflation in the North is higher, and this in turn helps the debt dynamics in the South. Our main findings are: •The differential fiscal stance between North and South is what determines real exchange rate changes. South therefore needs to tighten more. There is no escape from relative austerity. •If monetary policy aims at keeping inflation stable in the North and the initial debt is above a certain threshold, debt dynamics are perverse: fiscal retrenchment is self-defeating; •If monetary policy targets average inflation instead, which implies higher inflation in the North, the initial debt threshold above which the debt dynamics become perverse is higher. Accepting more inflation at home is therefore a way for the North to contribute to restoring debt sustainability in the South. •Structural reforms in the South improve the debt dynamics if the initial debt is not too high. Again, targeting average inflation rather than inflation in the North helps strengthen the favourable effects of structural reforms.