Os livros brancos e outros documentos de defesa: fontes da difusão e da orientação doutrinária

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma contribuição teórica para os estudos de defesa, tendo como objeto de análise os livros brancos e também demais documentos oficiais relacionados ao tema. Inspirado no realismo neoclássico e nos conceitos estruturalistas empreendeu-se uma pesquisa quantitativa da dinâmica dos processos de elaboração da política declarada de defesa e seu correspondente alinhamento na construção ou desconstrução das estruturas de defesa no Pós-Segunda Grande Guerra, com vistas a compreender os novos caminhos que os sistemas de defesa selecionaram nesse início de século. Os documentos oficiais de defesa surgiram com escopo principal de promover a estabilidade e reduzir as incertezas no ambiente internacional, e pôde ser verificado que a difusão, desses documentos, ocorreu por ondas, durante o período da Guerra Fria, no Pós-Guerra Fria e depois dos atentados de 11 de setembro. A pesquisa também teve por escopo apresentar fatores domésticos e externos que contribuíram ou não para a difusão da documentação e também para a orientação doutrinária de defesa, usando como método de pesquisa o teste de Wald e a técnica implementada por Benoit, Laver e Garry, que desenvolveram uma forma de análise de textos políticos com auxílio de programa de computador, para estimar o posicionamento de cada documento por meio da contagem de palavras. Em que pese à pesquisa ser basicamente quantitativa, foram produzidos dois capítulos essencialmente qualitativos que tiveram o objetivo de prover os instrumentos quantitativos com um necessário arcabouço teórico, sendo feita uma análise mais qualitativa em 52 documentos de defesa e uma discussão teórica entre as principais correntes de pensamento que tratam do tema defesa. E por fim buscou-se atestar a validade desses documentos de defesa quanto aos propósitos que se destinam.

The abundance of short proteins in the mammalian proteome

Short proteins play key roles in cell signalling and other processes, but their abundance in the mammalian proteome is unknown. Current catalogues of mammalian proteins exhibit an artefactual discontinuity at a length of 100 aa, so that protein abundance peaks just above this length and falls off sharply below it. To clarify the abundance of short proteins, we identify proteins in the FANTOM collection of mouse cDNAs by analysing synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions with the computer program CRITICA. This analysis confirms that there is no real discontinuity at length 100. Roughly 10% of mouse proteins are shorter than 100 aa, although the majority of these are variants of proteins longer than 100 aa. We identify many novel short proteins, including a dark matter'' subset containing ones that lack detectable homology to other known proteins. Translation assays confirm that some of these novel proteins can be translated and localised to the secretory pathway.

Extent and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia

Objective To investigate the extent of heat load problems, caused by the combination of excessive temperature and humidity, in Holstein-Friesian cows in Australia. Also, to outline how milk production losses and consequent costs from this can be estimated and minimised. Procedures Long-term meteorological data for Australia were analysed to determine the distribution of hot conditions over space and time. Fifteen dairy production regions were identified for higher-resolution data analysis. Both the raw meteorological data and their integration into a temperature-humidity thermal index were compiled onto a computer program. This mapping software displays the distribution of climatic patterns, both Australia-wide and within the selected dairying regions. Graphical displays of the variation in historical records for 200 locations in the 15 dairying regions are also available. As a separate study, production data from research stations, on-farm trials and milk factory records were statistically analysed and correlated with the climatic indices, to estimate production losses due to hot conditions. Results Both milk yields and milk constituents declined with increases in the temperature-humidity index. The onset and rate of this decline are dependent on a number of factors, including location, level of production, adaptation, and management regime. These results have been integrated into a farm-level economic analysis for managers of dairy properties. Conclusion By considering the historical patterns of hot conditions over time and space, along with expected production losses, managers of dairy farms can now conduct an economic evaluation of investment strategies to alleviate heat loads. These strategies include the provision of sprinklers, shade structures, or combinations of these.

DETERMINAÇÃO DAS FORMAS DO ARCO DENTÁRIO INFERIOR NA OCLUSÃO NORMAL NATURAL

Com a finalidade de determinar as formas do arco dentário inferior de maior incidência na oclusão normal natural, utilizou-se um método matemático associado ao emprego de uma função polinomial, o qual foi aplicado a 63 modelos de arcadas inferiores selecionados a partir de 6118 adolescentes. Todos os indivíduos eram portadores de dentição permanente, incluindo os segundos molares, e oclusão normal natural. Em cada dente foi fixada uma esfera de vidro, que teve a função de simular o acessório do aparelho ortodôntico, sendo utilizada na medição das distâncias entre o centro da imagem dessas esferas aos eixos x e y. Após a digitalização dos modelos de gesso, as imagens foram plotadas em um programa de computador, a fim de se obterem a função polinomial de sexto grau e o gráfico dessa função para os 126 segmentos de curva, originados das secções das imagens em lado direito e esquerdo. A seguir organizaram-se esses segmentos, de acordo com as características da curvatura anterior dos arcos dentários, em oito grupos diferentes de formas, que receberam as denominações de Forma A, Forma B, Forma C, Forma D, Forma E, Forma F, Forma G, Forma H. Cada grupo foi, então, dividido em três subgrupos, conforme os tamanhos pequeno, médio e grande. Os resultados indicaram 23 formas representativas do arco dentário inferior e uma forma média para a oclusão normal natural.

AVALIAÇÃO DAS ALTERAÇÕES DO SORRISO EM INDIVÍDUOS SUBMETIDOS À EXPANSÃO RÁPIDA DA MAXILA

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as possíveis alterações das características horizontais, verticais, de simetria e do arco do sorriso de pacientes com atresia maxilar submetidos à expansão rápida da maxila. A amostra consistiu de 81 fotografias extra-bucais do sorriso máximo de 27 pacientes com idade média de 10 anos e 3 meses. Foram realizadas fotografias do sorriso máximo nos períodos: inicial (antes da instalação do aparelho expansor); 3 meses após a fixação do parafuso expansor; 6 meses após a fixação do parafuso expansor. Para a calibragem e análise das fotografias foi utilizado o programa CEFX 2001 CDT. Os pontos fotométricos e as medidas a serem analisadas foram escolhidos após revisão da literatura do sorriso realizada. Para avaliar as alterações no sorriso durante as fases, foi utilizada a análise de variância ANOVA, com nível de significância de 5%. A expansão rápida da maxila promoveu aumento estatisticamente significante da dimensão transversal do sorriso; aumento da quantidade de exposição dos incisivos centrais e laterais superiores; manutenção da simetria entre os lados direito e esquerdo e da falta de paralelismo entre a curvatura das bordas dos incisivos superiores com a curvatura do lábio inferior (arco do sorriso).(AU)

Flow patterns and performance of distillation trays

It is known that distillation tray efficiency depends on the liquid flow pattern, particularly for large diameter trays. Scale·up failures due to liquid channelling have occurred, and it is known that fitting flow control devices to trays sometirr.es improves tray efficiency. Several theoretical models which explain these observations have been published. Further progress in understanding is at present blocked by lack of experimental measurements of the pattern of liquid concentration over the tray. Flow pattern effects are expected to be significant only on commercial size trays of a large diameter and the lack of data is a result of the costs, risks and difficulty of making these measurements on full scale production columns. This work presents a new experiment which simulates distillation by water cooling. and provides a means of testing commercial size trays in the laboratory. Hot water is fed on to the tray and cooled by air forced through the perforations. The analogy between heat and mass transfer shows that the water temperature at any point is analogous to liquid concentration and the enthalpy of the air is analogous to vapour concentration. The effect of the liquid flow pattern on mass transfer is revealed by the temperature field on the tray. The experiment was implemented and evaluated in a column of 1.2 m. dia. The water temperatures were measured by thennocouples interfaced to an electronic computerised data logging system. The "best surface" through the experimental temperature measurements was obtained by the mathematical technique of B. splines, and presented in tenos of lines of constant temperature. The results revealed that in general liquid channelling is more imponant in the bubbly "mixed" regime than in the spray regime. However, it was observed that severe channelling also occurred for intense spray at incipient flood conditions. This is an unexpected result. A computer program was written to calculate point efficiency as well as tray efficiency, and the results were compared with distillation efficiencies for similar loadings. The theoretical model of Porter and Lockett for predicting distillation was modified to predict water cooling and the theoretical predictions were shown to be similar to the experimental temperature profiles. A comparison of the repeatability of the experiments with an errors analysis revealed that accurate tray efficiency measurements require temperature measurements to better than ± 0.1 °c which is achievable with conventional techniques. This was not achieved in this work, and resulted in considerable scatter in the efficiency results. Nevertheless it is concluded that the new experiment is a valuable tool for investigating the effect of the liquid flow pattern on tray mass transfer.

The measurements of neutron and gamma dose rates in mixed radiation fields, using a liquid scintillation counter

Measurements of neutron and gamma dose rates in mixed radiation fields, and gamma dose rates from calibrated gamma sources, were performed using a liquid scintillation counter NE213 with a pulse shape discrimination technique based on the charge comparison method. A computer program was used to analyse the experimental data. The radiation field was obtained from a 241Am-9Be source. There was general agreement between measured and calculated neutron and gamma dose rates in the mixed radiation field, but some disagreement in the measurements of gamma dose rates for gamma sources, due to the dark current of the photomultiplier and the effect of the perturbation of the radiation field by the detector. An optical fibre bundle was used to couple an NE213 scintillator to a photomultiplier, in an attempt to minimise these effects. This produced an improvement in the results for gamma sources. However, the optically coupled detector system could not be used for neutron and gamma dose rate measurements in mixed radiation fields. The pulse shape discrimination system became ineffective as a consequence of the slower time response of the detector system.

Mathematical methods in power system stability studies

In this thesis various mathematical methods of studying the transient and dynamic stabiIity of practical power systems are presented. Certain long established methods are reviewed and refinements of some proposed. New methods are presented which remove some of the difficulties encountered in applying the powerful stability theories based on the concepts of Liapunov. Chapter 1 is concerned with numerical solution of the transient stability problem. Following a review and comparison of synchronous machine models the superiority of a particular model from the point of view of combined computing time and accuracy is demonstrated. A digital computer program incorporating all the synchronous machine models discussed, and an induction machine model, is described and results of a practical multi-machine transient stability study are presented. Chapter 2 reviews certain concepts and theorems due to Liapunov. In Chapter 3 transient stability regions of single, two and multi~machine systems are investigated through the use of energy type Liapunov functions. The treatment removes several mathematical difficulties encountered in earlier applications of the method. In Chapter 4 a simple criterion for the steady state stability of a multi-machine system is developed and compared with established criteria and a state space approach. In Chapters 5, 6 and 7 dynamic stability and small signal dynamic response are studied through a state space representation of the system. In Chapter 5 the state space equations are derived for single machine systems. An example is provided in which the dynamic stability limit curves are plotted for various synchronous machine representations. In Chapter 6 the state space approach is extended to multi~machine systems. To draw conclusions concerning dynamic stability or dynamic response the system eigenvalues must be properly interpreted, and a discussion concerning correct interpretation is included. Chapter 7 presents a discussion of the optimisation of power system small sjgnal performance through the use of Liapunov functions.

A detailed design study of leaching and ancillary processes in the hydrometallurgical extraction of iron from iron bearing feedstocks

A systematic survey of the possible methods of chemical extraction of iron by chloride formation has been presented and supported by a comparable study of :feedstocks, products and markets. The generation and evaluation of alternative processes was carried out by the technique of morphological analysis vihich was exploited by way of a computer program. The final choice was related to technical feasibility and economic viability, particularly capital cost requirements and developments were made in an estimating procedure for hydrometallurgjcal processes which have general applications. The systematic exploration included the compilation of relevant data, and this indicated a need.to investigate precipitative hydrolysis or aqueous ferric chloride. Arising from this study, two novel hydrometallurgical processes for manufacturing iron powder are proposed and experimental work was undertaken in the following .areas to demonstrate feasibility and obtain basic data for design purposes: (1) Precipitative hydrolysis of aqueous ferric chloride. (2) Gaseous chloridation of metallic iron, and oxidation of resultant ferrous chloride. (3) Reduction of gaseous ferric chloride with hydrogen. (4) Aqueous acid leaching of low grade iron ore. (5) Aqueous acid leaching of metallic iron. The experimentation was supported by theoretical analyses dealing with: (1) Thermodynamics of hydrolysis. (2) Kinetics of ore leaching. (3) Kinetics of metallic iron leaching. (4) Crystallisation of ferrous chloride. (5) Oxidation of anhydrous ferrous chloride. (6) Reduction of ferric chloride. Conceptual designs are suggested fbr both the processes mentioned. These draw attention to areas where further work is necessary, which are listed. Economic analyses have been performed which isolate significant cost areas, und indicate total production costs. Comparisons are mode with previous and analogous proposals for the production of iron powder.

The steam reforming of hydrocarbons with special reference to methane

From an examination of the literature relating to the catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons, it is concluded that the kinetics of high pressure reforming, particularly steam-methane reforming, has received relatively little attention. Therefore because of the increasing availability of natural gas in the U.K., this system was considered worthy of investigation. An examination of the thermodynamics relating to the equilibria of steam-hydrocarbon reforming is described. The reactions most likely to have influence over the process are established and from these a computer program was written to calculate equilibrium compositions. A means of presenting such data in a graphica1 form for ranges of the operating variables is given, and also an operating chart which may be used to quickly check feed ratios employed on a working naphtha reforming plant is presented. For the experimental kinetic study of the steam-methane system, cylindrical pellets of ICI 46-1 nickel catalyst were used in the form of a rod catalyst. The reactor was of the integral type and a description is given with the operating procedures and analytical method used. The experimental work was divided into two parts, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative study the various reaction steps are examined in order to establish which one is rate controlling. It is concluded that the effects of film diffusion resistance within the conditions employed are negligible. In the quantitative study it was found that at 250 psig and 6500C the steam-methane reaction is much slower than the CO shift reaction and is rate controlling. Two rate mechanisms and accompanying kinetic rate equations are derived, both of which represent 'chemical' steps in the reaction and are considered of equal merit. However the possibility of a dual control involving 'chemical' and pore diffusion resistances is also expressed.

Vapour-liquid equilibrium studies at atmospheric to moderate pressures

A study of vapour-liquid equilibria is presented together with current developments. The theory of vapour-liquid equilibria is discussed. Both experimental and prediction methods for obtaining vapour-liquid equilibria data are critically reviewed. The development of a new family of equilibrium stills to measure experimental VLE data from sub-atmosphere to 35 bar pressure is described. Existing experimental techniques are reviewed, to highlight the needs for these new apparati and their major attributes. Details are provided of how apparatus may be further improved and how computer control may be implemented. To provide a rigorous test of the apparatus the stills have been commissioned using acetic acid-water mixture at one atmosphere pressure. A Barker-type consistency test computer program, which allows for association in both phases has been applied to the data generated and clearly shows that the stills produce data of a very high quality. Two high quality data sets, for the mixture acetone-chloroform, have been generated at one atmosphere and 64.3oC. These data are used to investigate the ability of the new novel technique, based on molecular parameters, to predict VLE data for highly polar mixtures. Eight, vapour-liquid equilibrium data sets have been produced for the cyclohexane-ethanol mixture at one atmosphere, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 11 bar, 90.9oC and 132.8oC. These data sets have been tested for thermodynamic consistency using a Barker-type fitting package and shown to be of high quality. The data have been used to investigate the dependence of UNIQUAC parameters with temperature. The data have in addition been used to compare directly the performance of the predictive methods - Original UNIFAC, a modified version of UNIFAC, and the new novel technique, based on molecular parameters developed from generalised London's potential (GLP) theory.

Studies on the thermal decomposition behaviour, kinetics and electrical conductivity of the non-isothermal decomposition of pyridine mono carboxylic acids and some of their transition metal complexes

The thesis is divided into four chapters. They are: introduction, experimental, results and discussion about the free ligands and results and discussion about the complexes. The First Chapter, the introductory chapter, is a general introduction to the study of solid state reactions. The Second Chapter is devoted to the materials and experimental methods that have been used for carrying out tile experiments. TIle Third Chapter is concerned with the characterisations of free ligands (Picolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and isonicotinic acid) by using elemental analysis, IR spectra, X-ray diffraction, and mass spectra. Additionally, the thermal behaviour of free ligands in air has been studied by means of thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The behaviour of thermal decomposition of the three free ligands was not identical Finally, a computer program has been used for kinetic evaluation of non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry data according to a composite and single heating rate methods in comparison with the methods due to Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The most probable reaction mechanism for the free ligands was the Avrami-Erofeev equation (A) that described the solid-state nucleation-growth mechanism. The activation parameters of the decomposition reaction for free ligands were calculated and the results of different methods of data analysis were compared and discussed. The Fourth Chapter, the final chapter, deals with the preparation of cobalt, nickel, and copper with mono-pyridine carboxylic acids in aqueous solution. The prepared complexes have been characterised by analyses, IR spectra, X-ray diffraction, magnetic moments, and electronic spectra. The stoichiometry of these compounds was ML2x(H20), (where M = metal ion, L = organic ligand and x = water molecule). The environments of cobalt, nickel, and copper nicotinates and the environments of cobalt and nickel picolinates were octahedral, whereas the environment of copper picolinate [Cu(PA)2] was tetragonal. However, the environments of cobalt, nickel, and copper isonicotinates were polymeric octahedral structures. The morphological changes that occurred throughout the decomposition were followed by SEM observation. TG, DTG, and DSC measurements have studied the thermal behaviour of the prepared complexes in air. During the degradation processes of the hydrated complexes, the crystallisation water molecules were lost in one or two steps. This was also followed by loss of organic ligands and the metal oxides remained. Comparison between the DTG temperatures of the first and second steps of the dehydration suggested that the water of crystallisation was more strongly bonded with anion in Ni(II) complexes than in the complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II). The intermediate products of decomposition were not identified. The most probable reaction mechanism for the prepared complexes was also Avrami-Erofeev equation (A) characteristic of solid-state nucleation-growth mechanism. The tempemture dependence of conductivity using direct current was determined for cobalt, nickel, Cl.nd copper isonicotinates. An activation energy (ΔΕ), the activation energy (ΔΕ ) were calculated.The ternperature and frequency dependence of conductivity, the frequency dependence of dielectric constant, and the dielectric loss for nickel isonicotinate were determined by using altemating current. The value of s paralneter and the value of'density of state [N(Ef)] were calculated. Keyword Thermal decomposition, kinetic, electrical conduclion, pyridine rnono~ carboxylic acid, cOlnplex, transition metal compJex.

Dipole moments and Kerr effect of poly(n-vinylcarbazole) and its complexes with trinitrofluorenone

N-vinylcarbazole was polymerised using the free radical catalyst (azo-bisisobutyronitrile) and cationic catalysts (boron-trifluoride etherate and aluminium chloride). The polymers produced were characterised by molecular weight measurements and powder x-ray diffraction. The tacticity of the polymer samples was determined using proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurements of their static dielectric permittivity and electro-optical birefringence (Kerr effect) in solution in 1,4-dioxane were carried out over a range of temperatures. The magnitudes of the dipole moments and Kerr constants were found to vary with changes in the tacticity of poly(N-vinylcarbazole). The results of these measurements support the view that the stereostructure of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is sensitive to the mechanism of polymerisation. These results, together with proton and carbon-13 N.M.R. data, are discussed in terms of the possible conformations of the polymer chains and the relative orientation of the bulky carbazole side groups. The dielectric and molecular Kerr effect studies have also been carried out on complexes formed between 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF) and different stereoregular forms of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) in solution in 1,4-dioxane. The differences in the molar Kerr constants between pure (uncomplexed) and complexed poly(N-vinylcarbazole) samples were attributed to changes in optical anisotropy and dipole moments. A molecular modelling computer program Desktop Molecular Modeller was used to examine the 3/1 helical isotactic and 2/1 helical syndiotactic forms of poly(N-vinylcarbazole). These models were used to calculate the pitch distances of helices and the results were interpreted in terms of van der Waal's radii on TNF. This study indicated that the pitch distance in 3/1 isotactic helices was large enough to accommodate the bulky TNF molecules to form sandwich type charge transfer complexes whereas the pitch distance in syndiotactic poly(N-vinylcarbazole) was smaller and would not allow a similar type of complex formation.

Technical and economic simulation of biomass pyrolysis processes for fuels and electricity

There is considerable concern over the increased effect of fossil fuel usage on the environment and this concern has resulted in an effort to find alternative, environmentally friendly energy sources. Biomass is an available alternative resource which may be converted by flash pyrolysis to produce a crude liquid product that can be used directly to substitute for conventional fossil fuels or upgraded to a higher quality fuel. Both the crude and upgraded products may be utilised for power generation. A computer program, BLUNT, has been developed to model the flash pyrolysis of biomass with subsequent upgrading, refining or power production. The program assesses and compares the economic and technical opportunities for biomass thermochemical conversion on the same basis. BLUNT works by building up a selected processing route from a number of process steps through which the material passes sequentially. Each process step has a step model that calculates the mass and energy balances, the utilities usage and the capital cost for that step of the process. The results of the step models are combined to determine the performance of the whole conversion route. Sample results from the modelling are presented in this thesis. Due to the large number of possible combinations of feeds, conversion processes, products and sensitivity analyses a complete set of results is impractical to present in a single publication. Variation of the production costs for the available products have been illustrated based on the cost of a wood feedstock. The effect of selected macroeconomic factors on the production costs of bio-diesel and gasoline are also given.